Moni, okhala ku Khabro! Kodi ndizotheka kulankhula za mafashoni, chikhulupiriro kapena zongopeka mu sayansi yofunikira?
Chilengedwe sichichita chidwi ndi kavalidwe ka anthu. Sayansi siyingatanthauzidwe kukhala chikhulupiriro, chifukwa mfundo za sayansi nthawi zonse zimayesedwa kotheratu ndipo zimatayidwa zikhulupiriro zikayamba kutsutsana ndi zenizeni zenizeni. Ndipo zongopeka kaŵirikaŵiri zimanyalanyaza zowona ndi zomveka. Komabe, Roger Penrose wamkulu sakufuna kukana kwathunthu zochitika izi, chifukwa mafashoni asayansi akhoza kukhala injini yakupita patsogolo, chikhulupiriro chikuwonekera pamene chiphunzitso chimatsimikiziridwa ndi zoyesayesa zenizeni, ndipo popanda kuthawa kwa zongopeka munthu sangathe kumvetsa zovuta zonse za moyo wathu. Chilengedwe.
Mu mutu wa "Fashion", muphunzira za nthano ya zingwe, nthano yapamwamba kwambiri yazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. "Chikhulupiriro" chimaperekedwa ku ziphunzitso zomwe quantum mechanics imayima. Ndipo mawu akuti “Zongopeka” amakhudzanso nthanthi za chiyambi cha Chilengedwe chomwe timachidziwa.
3.4. Big Bang Paradox
Choyamba, tiyeni tiyankhe funso la zimene aona. Ndi umboni wotani womwe ulipo wosonyeza kuti Chilengedwe chonse chowoneka chinali mumkhalidwe wopanikizika kwambiri komanso wotentha kwambiri zomwe zingagwirizane ndi chithunzithunzi cha Big Bang chomwe chili mu Gawo 3.1? Umboni wotsimikizika kwambiri ndi ma radiation a cosmic microwave background (CMB), omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa big bang. Ma radiation a CMB ndi opepuka, koma ndi utali wautali kwambiri, kotero ndizosatheka kuwona ndi maso anu. Kuwala uku kumathirira pa ife kuchokera mbali zonse molingana kwambiri (koma makamaka mosagwirizana). Zimayimira kutentha kwa kutentha kwa ~ 2,725 K, ndiko kuti, kuposa madigiri awiri pamwamba pa ziro. "Kunyezimira" kowoneka kumakhulupirira kuti kudachokera ku chilengedwe chotentha kwambiri (~ 3000 K panthawiyo) pafupifupi zaka 379 pambuyo pa Big Bang - m'nthawi ya kubalalitsidwa komaliza, pomwe chilengedwe chinayamba kuwonekera ku radiation yamagetsi (ngakhale izi sizinachitike konse panthawi ya Big Bang). Kuyambira nthawi yotsiriza yobalalitsa, kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala kumeneku kwawonjezeka pafupifupi mofanana ndi momwe Chilengedwecho chinakulirakulira (ndi pafupifupi 000), kotero kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yatsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kutentha komwe kumawonedwa kwa CMB ndi 1 K.
Mfundo yakuti ma radiationwa ndi osagwirizana (ndiko kuti, kutentha) imatsimikiziridwa mochititsa chidwi ndi momwe ma frequency ake akuwonekera, akuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 3.13. Kuchuluka kwa ma radiation pamafupipafupi aliwonse amapangidwa molunjika pa graph, ndipo ma frequency amawonjezeka kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Mtsinje wopitilira umagwirizana ndi Planck blackbody spectrum yomwe ikukambidwa mu Gawo 2.2 chifukwa cha kutentha kwa 2,725 K. Mfundo zomwe zili pamtunda ndi deta kuchokera kuzinthu zenizeni zomwe mipiringidzo yolakwika imaperekedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, mipiringidzo yolakwika imachulukitsidwa nthawi 500, chifukwa mwina sizingakhale zotheka kuziganizira, ngakhale kumanja, pomwe zolakwikazo zimafika pamlingo waukulu. Mgwirizano wapakati pa mapindikidwe amalingaliro ndi zotsatira zowonera ndiwodabwitsa-mwina mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe amafuta omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe.
Komabe, kodi izi zikusonyeza chiyani? Mfundo yakuti tikuyang'ana dziko lomwe, mwachiwonekere, linali loyandikira kwambiri ku thermodynamic equilibrium (ndicho chifukwa chake mawu oti incoherent anagwiritsidwa ntchito kale). Koma kodi ndi mfundo yotani imene ikutsatira mfundo yakuti Chilengedwe chatsopanocho chinali pafupi kwambiri ndi thermodynamic equilibrium? Tiyeni tibwerere ku Mkuyu. 3.12 kuchokera ku gawo 3.3. Dera lokulirapo kwambiri lokhala ndi mbewu zolimba (mwa tanthawuzo) lidzakhala lokulirapo kuposa madera ena aliwonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala lalikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ena mwakuti onsewo adzachepera! Thermodynamic equilibrium imafanana ndi macroscopic state, yomwe, mwina, dongosolo lililonse lidzabwera posachedwa. Nthawi zina amatchedwa imfa yotentha ya chilengedwe, koma mu nkhani iyi, oddly mokwanira, tiyenera kulankhula za kubadwa kutentha kwa Chilengedwe. Zinthu zafika povuta chifukwa chakuti Chilengedwe chongobadwa kumenecho chinkafutukuka mofulumira, choncho mkhalidwe umene tikuulingalirawo uli wosakwanira. Komabe, kufalikira kwa nkhaniyi kumatha kuonedwa ngati adiabatic - mfundo iyi idayamikiridwa kwathunthu ndi Tolman mu 1934 [Tolman, 1934]. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wa entropy sunasinthe pakukulitsa. (Mkhalidwe wofanana ndi uwu, pamene thermodynamic equilibrium imasungidwa chifukwa cha kukula kwa adiabatic, ikhoza kufotokozedwa mu gawo la danga ngati zigawo za magawo ofanana ndi magawo osakanikirana, omwe amasiyana ndi wina ndi mzake m'mabuku enieni a Chilengedwe. .Titha kuganiza kuti dziko loyambali limadziwika ndi entropy pazipita - ngakhale kukula!).
Mwachionekere, tikukumana ndi chododometsa chapadera. Malinga ndi mikangano yomwe yaperekedwa mu Gawo 3.3, Lamulo Lachiwiri limafuna (ndipo, makamaka, lofotokozedwa ndi) Big Bang kukhala dziko lalikulu lokhala ndi entropy yotsika kwambiri. Komabe, kuwunika kwa CMB kukuwoneka kuti kukuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa Big Bang kudadziwika ndi entropy yayikulu, mwinanso yotheka. Kodi timalakwitsa kwambiri kuti?
Pano pali kufotokozera kofala kwa chododometsa ichi: akuganiziridwa kuti, popeza chilengedwe chatsopano chinali "chochepa kwambiri", pakhoza kukhala malire a entropy pazipita, ndi chikhalidwe cha thermodynamic equilibrium, chomwe mwachiwonekere chinasungidwa panthawiyo. chabe malire mlingo entropy zotheka panthawi imeneyo. Komabe, ili ndi yankho lolakwika. Chithunzi choterocho chikhoza kufanana ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri, chomwe kukula kwa Chilengedwe kumadalira zovuta zina zakunja, mwachitsanzo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mpweya womwe uli mu silinda yokhala ndi pistoni yosindikizidwa. Pankhaniyi, kuthamanga kwa pisitoni kumaperekedwa ndi makina ena akunja, omwe ali ndi gwero lakunja (kapena kutulutsa) kwamphamvu. Koma izi sizikugwira ntchito ku Chilengedwe chonse, chomwe geometry ndi mphamvu zake, komanso "kukula kwake konse," zimatsimikiziridwa ndi dongosolo lamkati ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi ma equations amphamvu a Einstein's general theory of relativity (kuphatikiza ma equations akufotokoza momwe zinthu zilili; onani ndime 3.1 ndi 3.2). Pansi pazifukwa zotere (pamene ma equation ali otsimikiza kwathunthu komanso osasinthika potsata nthawi - onani gawo 3.3), kuchuluka kwa gawo lonse sikungasinthe pakapita nthawi. Zimaganiziridwa kuti gawo la gawo P palokha siliyenera "kusinthika"! Chisinthiko chonse chimangofotokozedwa ndi malo a curve C mu danga P ndipo pamenepa zikuyimira kusinthika kwathunthu kwa Chilengedwe (onani gawo 3.3).
Mwinamwake vutolo lidzamveka bwino ngati tilingalira magawo amtsogolo a kugwa kwa Chilengedwe, pamene chikuyandikira Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu. Kumbukirani chitsanzo cha Friedman cha K> 0, Λ = 0, chosonyezedwa mkuyu. 3.2a mu gawo 3.1. Tsopano tikukhulupirira kuti kusokonezeka kwa chitsanzo ichi kumachokera ku kugawidwa kosasinthasintha kwa zinthu, ndipo m'madera ena kugwa kwapaderalo kwachitika kale, ndikusiya mabowo akuda m'malo mwawo. Kenako tiyenera kuganiza kuti pambuyo pa izi mabowo ena akuda adzalumikizana wina ndi mzake ndikuti kugwa kukhala umodzi womaliza kudzakhala njira yovuta kwambiri, yopanda chilichonse chofanana ndi Big Crash yofananira ya Friedmann yozungulira. chitsanzo choperekedwa mu Fig. 3.6 ndi. M'malo mwake, m'mawu abwino, kugwa kudzakhala kofanana kwambiri ndi chisokonezo chachikulu chomwe chikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 3.14 ndi; zotsatira zake zokha zomwe zimachitika pankhaniyi zikhoza kukhala zogwirizana ndi lingaliro la BCLM lomwe latchulidwa kumapeto kwa gawo 3.2. Dziko lakugwa lomaliza lidzakhala ndi entropy yosayerekezeka, ngakhale kuti Chilengedwe chidzabwerera mpaka kukula kakang'ono. Ngakhale mtundu wa Friedmann (wotsekeka) wobwereranso uku sikukuganiziridwa ngati chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha chilengedwe chathu, malingaliro omwewo amagwiranso ntchito pamitundu ina ya Friedmann, yokhala kapena popanda kukhazikika kwachilengedwe. Kuwonongeka kwa mtundu uliwonse woterewu, kukumana ndi kusokonezeka kofanana chifukwa cha kugawidwa kosagwirizana kwa nkhani, kuyeneranso kusandulika kukhala chipwirikiti chowononga kwambiri, chokhala ngati dzenje lakuda (Mkuyu 3.14 b). Ndi kubweza nthawi mu lililonse la mayiko amenewa, tifika zotheka koyamba singularity (kuthekera Big Bang), amene ali, mogwirizana, entropy lalikulu, amene amatsutsana ndi maganizo opangidwa pano za "denga" la entropy (mkuyu. 3.14 c).
Apa ndiyenera kupita kuzinthu zina zomwe nthawi zina zimaganiziridwanso. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti lamulo lachiwiri liyenera kudzisintha mwanjira ina muzojambula zomwe zikugwa, kotero kuti entropy yonse ya chilengedwe ikhale yaying'ono pang'onopang'ono (pambuyo pa kukula kwakukulu) pamene Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu kukuyandikira. Komabe, chithunzi choterechi chimakhala chovuta kuganiza pamaso pa mabowo akuda, omwe, akapanga, adzayamba kugwira ntchito kuti awonjezere entropy (yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi nthawi ya asymmetry pamalo a zero cones pafupi ndi chochitikacho. onani mkuyu 3.9). Izi zipitilira mpaka mtsogolo - osachepera mpaka mabowo akuda asungunuke mothandizidwa ndi makina a Hawking (onani magawo 3.7 ndi 4.3). Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, kutheka kumeneku sikulepheretsa mfundo zimene zaperekedwa apa. Palinso vuto lina lofunikira lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yovuta kwambiri yakugwa komanso yomwe owerengawo mwina adaganizirapo: mawonekedwe a mabowo akuda mwina sangabwere konse nthawi imodzi, kotero tikadzasintha nthawi, sitipeza Big Bang, zomwe zimachitika "zonse ndi nthawi yomweyo". Komabe, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu za (zomwe sizinatsimikizidwebe, koma zokhutiritsa) malingaliro amphamvu a cosmic censorship [Penrose, 1998a; PkR, gawo 28.8], molingana ndi momwe, nthawi zambiri, umodzi woterewu udzakhala wofanana ndi danga (gawo 1.7), choncho ukhoza kuonedwa ngati chochitika cha nthawi imodzi. Komanso, mosasamala kanthu za kutsimikizika kwa lingaliro lamphamvu la cosmic censorship hypothesis palokha, mayankho ambiri amadziwika kuti amakwaniritsa vutoli, ndipo zosankha zotere (pamene zakulitsidwa) zidzakhala ndi ma entropy apamwamba kwambiri. Izi zimachepetsa kwambiri nkhawa za kutsimikizika kwa zomwe tapeza.
Chifukwa chake, sitipeza umboni wosonyeza kuti, poganizira kukula kwa malo ang'onoang'ono a Chilengedwe, pangakhale "denga lochepa" la entropy yotheka. M'malo mwake, kudzikundikira kwa zinthu ngati mabowo akuda ndikuphatikizana kwa "bowo lakuda" kukhala chipwirikiti chimodzi ndi njira yomwe imagwirizana bwino ndi lamulo lachiwiri, ndipo njira yomalizayi iyenera kutsagana ndi kuwonjezereka kwakukulu. mu entropy. Mkhalidwe womaliza wa Chilengedwe, "kang'ono" malinga ndi miyezo ya geometrical, ukhoza kukhala ndi entropy yosayerekezeka, yokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe zimayambira kugwa kwa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe, ndipo malo ang'onoang'ono pawokha samayika "denga" pamtengo wokwanira. ya entropy, ngakhale "denga" loterolo (potembenuza nthawi) limatha kufotokoza chifukwa chake entropy inali yotsika kwambiri panthawi ya Big Bang. M'malo mwake, chithunzi chotere (mkuyu 3.14 a, b), chomwe chimayimira kugwa kwa chilengedwe chonse, chimapereka njira yothetsera vutoli: chifukwa chiyani panthawi ya Big Bang panali entropy yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe zikanakhalapo, ngakhale mfundo yakuti kuphulika kunali kotentha (ndipo dziko loterolo liyenera kukhala ndi entropy yaikulu). Yankho ndiloti entropy ikhoza kuwonjezereka kwambiri ngati kupatuka kwakukulu kuchokera ku kufanana kwa malo kumaloledwa, ndipo kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwamtunduwu kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zolakwika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mabowo akuda. Chifukwa chake, Big Bang yofanana ndi malo imatha kukhala ndi entropy yotsika kwambiri, ngakhale kuti zomwe zili mkati mwake zinali zotentha kwambiri.
Umboni umodzi wotsimikizika kwambiri wosonyeza kuti Big Bang inalidi yofanana kwambiri, yogwirizana ndi geometry ya chitsanzo cha FLRU (koma osati chogwirizana ndi nkhani yowonjezereka ya kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono yomwe ikufotokozedwa mkuyu 3.14c), ikubweranso. kuchokera ku RI, koma nthawi ino ndi homogeneity yake ya angular, osati ndi chikhalidwe chake cha thermodynamic. Homogeneity iyi ikuwonekera chifukwa kutentha kwa RI kumakhala kofanana nthawi iliyonse yakumwamba, ndipo zopatuka kuchokera ku homogeneity siziposa 10-5 (zosinthidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu ya Doppler yaying'ono yokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kathu kudzera pazozungulira. ). Kuphatikiza apo, pali pafupifupi kufanana konsekonse pakugawa milalang'amba ndi zinthu zina; Chifukwa chake, kugawa kwa baryon (onani Gawo 1.3) pamiyeso yayikulu kwambiri kumadziwika ndi kufanana kwakukulu, ngakhale pali zowoneka bwino, makamaka zomwe zimatchedwa voids, pomwe kusachulukira kwa zinthu zowoneka ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa pafupifupi. Kawirikawiri, zikhoza kutsutsidwa kuti homogeneity ndi yapamwamba kwambiri m'mbuyomu ya Chilengedwe chomwe timayang'ana, ndipo RI ndi umboni wakale kwambiri wa kugawidwa kwa zinthu zomwe tingathe kuziwona mwachindunji.
Chithunzichi chikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko chake Chilengedwe chinalidi chofanana kwambiri, koma chokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono. M'kupita kwa nthawi (komanso mothandizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "kukangana" - njira zomwe zimachepetsa kusuntha kwachibale), zosokoneza za kachulukidwe izi zimakula mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi lingaliro la kugwedezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zinthu. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kuphatikizikako kumawonjezereka, kumapangitsa kupanga nyenyezi; amaunjikana kukhala milalang’amba, iliyonse imene imapanga dzenje lalikulu lakuda pakati. Pamapeto pake, kugwedezeka uku kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka yosapeŵeka. Njira zoterezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa entropy ndikuwonetsa kuti, poganizira mphamvu yokoka, mpira wonyezimira woyambirira, womwe RI yokhayo yatsala lero, ikhoza kukhala kutali ndi entropy. Kutentha kwa mpirawu, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi mawonekedwe a Planck omwe akuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 3.13, ikunena izi: ngati tilingalira za Chilengedwe (m'nthawi ya kubalalitsidwa kotsiriza) monga dongosolo lopangidwa ndi zinthu ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwirizana wina ndi mzake, ndiye kuti tikhoza kuganiza kuti zinalidi mu thermodynamic equilibrium. Komabe, ngati tiganiziranso mphamvu yokoka, chithunzi chimasintha kwambiri.
Ngati tiyerekeze, mwachitsanzo, mpweya mu chidebe losindikizidwa, ndiye mwachibadwa kuganiza kuti adzafika entropy wake pazipita mu dziko macroscopic pamene wogawana anagawira mu chidebe (mkuyu. 3.15 a). Pachifukwa ichi, idzafanana ndi mpira wotentha womwe umatulutsa RI, yomwe imagawidwa mofanana mumlengalenga. Komabe, ngati mutasintha mamolekyu a gasi ndi dongosolo lalikulu la matupi ogwirizana ndi mphamvu yokoka, mwachitsanzo, nyenyezi, mumapeza chithunzi chosiyana (mkuyu 3.15 b). Chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka, nyenyezi zidzagawidwa mosagwirizana, monga magulu. Pamapeto pake, entropy yayikulu kwambiri idzakwaniritsidwa pamene nyenyezi zambiri zigwa kapena kuphatikiza mabowo akuda. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ingatenge nthawi yayitali (ngakhale idzayendetsedwa ndi kukangana chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mpweya wa interstellar), tidzawona kuti pamapeto pake, pamene mphamvu yokoka ikulamulira, entropy ndi yapamwamba, momwe nkhaniyo imagawidwa mofanana mu dongosolo. .
Zotsatira zoterezi zimatha kutsatiridwa ngakhale pamlingo wa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Wina angafunse kuti: Kodi ntchito ya Lamulo Lachiwiri posunga moyo padziko lapansi ndi yotani? Nthawi zambiri mumamva kuti tikukhala padziko lapansi chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe timalandira kuchokera ku Dzuwa. Koma izi sizowona kwenikweni ngati tilingalira Dziko Lapansi lonse, popeza pafupifupi mphamvu zonse zomwe dziko lapansi limalandira masana posakhalitsa zimasanduka nthunzi mumlengalenga, kulowa mumlengalenga wamdima wausiku. (Zowonadi, kulinganiza kwenikweni kudzasinthidwa pang’ono ndi zinthu monga kutentha kwa dziko ndi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi chifukwa cha kuwola kwa radioactive.) Kupanda kutero, Dziko lapansi likanangotentha kwambiri ndi kukhala losakhalika m’masiku oŵerengeka! Komabe, ma photon omwe amalandiridwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku Dzuwa amakhala ndi ma frequency apamwamba kwambiri (amakhazikika mu gawo lachikasu la sipekitiramu), ndipo Dziko Lapansi limatulutsa mafotoni otsika kwambiri mu infuraredi sipekitiramu mumlengalenga. Malinga ndi ndondomeko ya Planck (E = hν, onani gawo 2.2), chithunzi chilichonse chomwe chimabwera kuchokera ku Dzuwa pachokha chili ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa ma photon omwe amatulutsidwa mumlengalenga, choncho, kuti akwaniritse bwino, ma photon ambiri ayenera kuchoka pa Dziko Lapansi kusiyana ndi kufika. onani mkuyu 3.16). Ngati ma photon ochepa afika, ndiye kuti mphamvu yomwe ikubwerayi idzakhala ndi madigiri ochepa a ufulu ndipo mphamvu yotuluka idzakhala ndi zambiri, choncho, malinga ndi ndondomeko ya Boltzmann (S = k log V), ma photon omwe akubwera adzakhala ndi entropy yocheperapo kusiyana ndi omwe atuluka. . Timagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zomwe zili muzomera kuti tichepetse entropy yathu: timadya zomera kapena herbivores. Umu ndi momwe moyo Padziko Lapansi umakhalira ndikuyenda bwino. (Mwachiwonekere, malingaliro awa adapangidwa momveka bwino ndi Erwin Schrödinger mu 1967, pomwe adalemba buku lake losinthira Life as It Is [Schrödinger, 2012]).
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokhudzana ndi kutsika kwa entropy iyi ndi iyi: Dzuwa ndi malo otentha mumlengalenga wamdima kotheratu. Koma kodi mikhalidwe yoteroyo inayamba bwanji? Njira zambiri zovuta zidathandizira, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi machitidwe a nyukiliya, ndi zina zotero, koma chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti Dzuwa liripo konse. Ndipo zinayamba chifukwa dzuwa (monga chinthu chomwe chimapanga nyenyezi zina) chinayamba kupyolera mu ndondomeko ya mphamvu yokoka, ndipo zonsezi zinayamba ndi kugawidwa kofanana kwa gasi ndi zinthu zakuda.
Apa tiyenera kutchula chinthu chodabwitsa chotchedwa dark matter, chomwe mwachiwonekere chimapanga 85% ya zinthu (zosakhala Λ) zomwe zili m'Chilengedwe, koma zimangodziwika ndi kugwirizana kwa mphamvu yokoka, ndipo mapangidwe ake sakudziwika. Lero tikungoganizira za nkhaniyi poyerekezera kuchuluka kwa misa, komwe kumafunika powerengera kuchuluka kwa manambala (onani ndime 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, komanso kuti ndi chiyani chofunikira kwambiri pankhani yamdima, onani gawo 4.3). Mosasamala kanthu za nkhani yamdima, tikuwona momwe chikhalidwe chochepa cha kugawa kwa yunifolomu yapachiyambi chatsimikizira kukhala chofunikira pa miyoyo yathu. Kukhalapo kwathu, monga tikudziwira, kumadalira mphamvu yokoka yapansi ya entropy yomwe ili chizindikiro cha kugawidwa kofanana kwa zinthu.
Apa tikufika ku chochititsa chidwi—kwenikweni, chochititsa chidwi—cha Big Bang. Chinsinsi sichimangokhalira momwe zidachitikira, komanso kuti chinali chochitika chochepa kwambiri cha entropy. Komanso, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri si zinthu izi monga chakuti entropy anali otsika pa mbali imodzi yokha, ndicho: mphamvu yokoka ufulu anali, pazifukwa zina, kwathunthu kuponderezedwa. Izi ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi madigiri a ufulu wa zinthu ndi (electromagnetic) cheza, popeza iwo ankawoneka kuti maximally okondwa mu dziko otentha ndi entropy pazipita. M'malingaliro anga, ichi mwina ndi chinsinsi chakuya kwambiri cha cosmological, ndipo pazifukwa zina sichimaganiziridwabe!
Ndikofunikira kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane momwe chikhalidwe cha Big Bang chinali chapadera komanso zomwe entropy ingayambike panthawi yamphamvu yokoka. Chifukwa chake, choyamba muyenera kuzindikira kuti entropy yodabwitsa imakhala yotani mu dzenje lakuda (onani mkuyu 3.15 b). Tikambirana nkhaniyi mu gawo 3.6. Koma pakadali pano, tiyeni titembenukire ku vuto lina lokhudzana ndi zotsatirazi, zomwe zingatheke: pambuyo pake, Chilengedwe chikhoza kukhala chopanda malire (monga momwe zinalili ndi zitsanzo za FLRU ndi K. 0, onani gawo 3.1) kapena zambiri Zachilengedwe sizingawonekere mwachindunji. Choncho, tikuyandikira vuto la cosmological horizons, lomwe tidzakambirana m'gawo lotsatira.
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Source: www.habr.com