Kulemba kwa Amaya kunali njira yokhayo yolembera yokwanira ku America, koma chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za ogonjetsa olimba mtima a ku Spain, izo zinaiwalika kotheratu m’zaka za zana la 17. Komabe, masauzande azizindikirozi adasungidwa pamiyala yosemedwa, pazithunzi ndi zoumba, ndipo m'zaka za zana la 20, wophunzira wamba waku Soviet womaliza maphunziro adabwera ndi lingaliro lomwe lidapangitsa kuti azitha kuwamasulira. Ndipo nkhaniyi iwonetsa momwe dongosololi limagwirira ntchito.
Kulemba kwa Mayan ndi kachitidwe ka logosyllabic (mawu-syllabic), momwe zizindikiro zambiri zilili. , kutanthauza mawu kapena malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, "chishango" kapena "nyaguar"), ndi chaching'ono - , zomwe zimaimira phokoso la masilabi pawokha (“pa”, “ma”) ndi kudziwa kamvekedwe ka mawuwo.
Pazonse, zolemba za 5000 zakhalapo mpaka lero, zomwe asayansi a epigraphic apeza ma glyphs oposa chikwi. Zambiri mwazo ndizosiyana za zilembo zomwezo (ma allograph) kapena zimakhala ndi mawu ofanana (mahomofoni). Mwanjira imeneyi, tingathe kuzindikira “zokha” pafupifupi zilembo 500, zomwe ndi zochuluka kwambiri kuposa zilembo zomwe tazolowera, koma zochepa poyerekeza ndi Chitchaina chokhala ndi zilembo 12. Tanthauzo la phonetic limadziwika ndi 000% ya zizindikiro izi, ndipo tanthauzo la semantic limadziwika ndi 80% yokha, koma kumasulira kwawo kumapitirira.
Zolemba zakale kwambiri za Amaya zidachokera m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC, komanso zaposachedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku kugonjetsedwa kwa Spain m'zaka za zana la 16 AD. Kulemba kumeneku kunazimiririka kotheratu m’zaka za zana la 17, pamene maufumu omalizira a Maya anagonjetsedwa.
Kalulu mlembi pa
Momwe mungawerenge ma hieroglyphs a Mayan
Chovuta choyamba pophunzira zolemba za Mayan ndikuti mapangidwe awo anali osinthika mokwanira kuti pali njira zosiyanasiyana zolembera mawu omwewo popanda kusintha kuwerenga kapena tanthauzo. Inde, inali ntchito yolenga, ndipo alembi a Mayan ankawoneka kuti akusangalala nawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wolenga:
Kufotokozera pang'ono# M'mafanizowa, kumasuliridwa kwa zilembo za Mayan m'zilembo zachilatini kumawonetsedwa molimba mtima. Pankhaniyi, zilembo zazikulu zimasonyeza LOGRAMS, ndi zilembo zazing'ono - syllabograms. Kusindikiza lili m’zilembo zopendekera ndipo kumasulira kwake kuli m’mawu ogwidwa mawu “”.
Monga kachitidwe ka Chilatini, mawu a Mayan adapangidwa ndi zilembo zingapo zofananira, koma chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ojambulidwa, zinali zovuta kuzizindikira ndi diso losaphunzitsidwa kuposa machitidwe wamba a zilembo.
Gulu la zilembo zomwe zimapanga mawu zimatchedwa block kapena glyph complex. Chizindikiro chachikulu kwambiri cha chipikacho chimatchedwa chizindikiro chachikulu, ndipo zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimaphatikizidwapo zimatchedwa affixes.
Nthawi zambiri, zilembo zamtundu wa glyph zimawerengedwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja komanso pamwamba mpaka pansi. Mofananamo, malemba a Mayan amalembedwa kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja ndi pamwamba mpaka pansi m'mizere ya midadada iwiri.
Logograms
Logograms ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimayimira tanthauzo ndi katchulidwe ka mawu athunthu. Ngakhale m'kalembedwe kathu ka zilembo za alfabeti-fonetiki, kutengera zilembo zachilatini, timagwiritsa ntchito logogram:
- @ (commercial at): amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maadiresi a imelo ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, omwe poyamba ankagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba malipiro m'malo mwa liwu lachingerezi lakuti, kutanthauza "pa [mtengo]"
- £: chizindikiro cha mapaundi chabwino
- & (ampersand): m'malo mwa cholumikizira "ndi"
Ambiri mwa anthu omwe ali m'malemba a hieroglyphic a Mayan ndi ma logo:
Dongosolo lokhala ndi ma logo okha lingakhale lovuta kwambiri, chifukwa lingafune chizindikiro cha chinthu chilichonse, lingaliro kapena malingaliro. Poyerekeza, ngakhale zilembo za Chitchaina, zomwe zili ndi zilembo zopitilira 12, sizongolemba chabe.
Syllabograms
Kuphatikiza pa ma logogalamu, Amaya adagwiritsa ntchito masilabogalamu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti asatseke zilembo ndikusunga kusinthasintha kwadongosolo.
Syllabogram kapena phonogram ndi chizindikiro cha foni chosonyeza syllable. M'zilankhulo za Chimaya, zimagwira ntchito ngati sillable SG (konsonanti-vawelo) kapena ngati syllable S(G), (mawu a consonant opanda mavawelo).
Kawirikawiri, chinenero cha Mayan chimatsatira ndondomeko ya consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC), ndipo malinga ndi mfundoyi. mavawelo a syllable yomaliza m'mawu nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa:
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, liwu lililonse lolembedwa mu logogram likhoza kulembedwa m'ma syllabograms. Amaya akale nthawi zambiri amachita izi, koma sanasiyiretu ma logo.
Zowonjezera zamafonetiki
Zowonjezera zamafoni ndi zina mwazolemba zofala kwambiri pakati pa Amaya. Iyi ndi silabogalamu yomwe imathandiza powerenga ma logogramu omwe ali ndi matanthauzo angapo kapena akuwonetsa katchulidwe ka syllable yoyamba, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kuwerenga.
Muchitsanzo chomwe chili pansipa, chizindikiro cha "mwala" (mu imvi) ndi phonogalamu ya mawu akuti "ku", omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu oti "ahk" "kamba" kapena "kutz" "turkey" (mavawelo omaliza. wagwetsedwa muzochitika zonse ziwiri). Koma polemba ngati liwu losiyana, mawu owonjezera a foni "ni" amawonjezeredwa kwa ilo, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ndi liwu loti "mwala":
Zitsanzo za Semantic ndi ma diacritics
Zizindikiritso za semantic ndi zolembera zolembera zimathandiza owerenga kumvetsetsa katchulidwe kapena tanthauzo la liwu, koma, mosiyana ndi mawu omaliza a mawu, samatchulidwa mwanjira iliyonse.
Semantic determinant imatchula ma logogram a polysemantic. Chitsanzo chabwino cha semantic determinant ndi malire okongoletsera kuzungulira chithunzi kapena zilembo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza masiku mu :
Zolemba za Diacritic zimatsimikizira katchulidwe ka glyph. Zilankhulo za ku Europe zimakhala ndi zolembera zofananira, mwachitsanzo.
- cedille : mu French, amasonyeza kuti chilembo c chimatchulidwa ngati s osati k, mwachitsanzo façade
- Diaresis: m'Chijeremani, amasonyeza kusintha kwa mavawelo /a/, /o/ kapena /u/, mwachitsanzo, schön [ʃøːn] - "wokongola", schon [ʃoːn] - "kale".
M'malemba a Mayan, chizindikiro chodziwika bwino ndi madontho awiri kumtunda (kapena kumunsi) kumanzere kwa chipika cha glyphs. Amasonyeza kwa woŵerenga kubwerezabwereza kwa silabo. Kotero mu chitsanzo pansipa syllable "ka" yabwerezedwa:
Polyphony ndi homophony
Polyphony ndi homophony zimasokonezanso kulemba kwa Mayan. Ndi polyphony, chizindikiro chomwecho chimatchulidwa ndikuwerengedwa mosiyana. M’zolemba za kalembedwe ka Chimaya, mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti tuun ndi sillable ku akuimiridwa ndi chizindikiro chomwecho:
kumatanthauza kuti phokoso lomwelo likuimiridwa ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, m'malemba a Mayan, mawu akuti "njoka", "anayi" ndi "thambo" amatchulidwa mofanana, koma amalembedwa mosiyana:
Dongosolo la mawu
Mosiyana ndi Chingerezi, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito pomanga Mutu-Verb-Object, chinenero cha Mayan chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Verb-Object-Subject. Popeza kuti zolemba zakale za Mayan nthawi zambiri zimayamba ndi deti ndipo zilibe mawu owonjezera, malembedwe odziwika bwino amakhala Date-Verb-Subject.
Zambiri mwazolemba zomwe zapezedwa ndizojambula pazinyumba zazikuluzikulu ndikulongosola moyo wa mafumu ndi mbiri ya mafumu. M'zolemba zotere, masiku amakhala mpaka 80% ya danga. Ma verebu nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ndi midadada imodzi kapena ziwiri za glyphs, zotsatiridwa ndi mayina autali ndi maudindo.
Matchulidwe
Amaya anali ndi magulu awiri a matchulidwe. Seti A idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma verb osinthika ndi Seti B yokhala ndi ziganizo zosasinthika. Nthawi zambiri, Amaya ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti munthu wachitatu mmodzi (“iye, iye, izo,” “iye, iye, wake”) kuchokera pa seti A. Malowedwe a m'gululi amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mayina ndi maverebu. Munthu wachitatu mmodzi amapangidwa ndi ma prefixes awa:
- u- pamaso pa mawu kapena mneni kuyamba ndi konsonanti
- ya-, ye-, yi-, yo-, yu- pamaso pa mawu kapena verebu kuyambira ndi mavawelo a, e, i, o, u, motsatana.
Poyamba, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
Iliyonse mwa zilembo izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimira munthu wachitatu m'modzi:
Zindikirani /u/ prefix pachitsanzo choyamba. Ili ndi mtundu wosavuta wa munthu woyamba pamzere wachitatu wa chithunzi cham'mbuyocho.
Ma Syllabograms a prefix -ya:
Kwa inu-:
Muchitsanzo chomwe chili pansipa, ye- sign imalembedwa ngati dzanja:
Za iyi:
Muchitsanzo ichi, yi imazunguliridwa ndi 90 ° motsatana ndi mawotchi pazifukwa zokongola:
Kwa inu-:
Za inu-:
Mayina
Amaya anali ndi mayina amitundu iwiri: "ogwidwa" ndi "mtheradi" (wopanda).
Mayina enieni alibe zomata, kupatulapo ziwiri:
- suffix - ndi amatanthauza ziwalo za thupi
- suffix -aj imasonyeza zinthu zomwe anthu amavala, monga zodzikongoletsera
Kugonana
Palibe jenda m'chinenero cha Mayan, kupatulapo mayina ofotokozera ntchito kapena udindo, mwachitsanzo, "mlembi", "mfumukazi", "mfumu", ndi zina zotero. Pamawu otere timagwiritsa ntchito:
- prefix Ix- kwa akazi
- mawu oyamba Aj- kwa amuna
Vesi
Zambiri mwazolemba zakale za Mayan zimasungidwa pazinyumba zazikuluzikulu, ndipo zimafotokozera mbiri ya olamulira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi maverebu onse amalembedwa mwa munthu wachitatu ndipo amapezeka nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pake. Nthawi zambiri m'zolemba zotere pali ma verbs osasinthika omwe sangathe kulumikiza zinthu.
Kwa nthawi yapitayi (yomwe ikukambidwabe) mawuwo ndi -iiy, ndipo m'tsogolomu mawuwo ndi -oom:
Nthawi zambiri mutatha verebu mutha kuwona chizindikiro -aj, chomwe chimatembenuza chosinthika (chotha kuwongolera chinthu) kukhala liwu losasinthika, mwachitsanzo, chuhk-aj ("iye wagwidwa"):
Imodzi mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma verebu osinthika imazindikirika mosavuta ndi mawu oyambira u- (malowero a munthu wachitatu) ndi wokwanira -aw. Mwachitsanzo, chakumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro, malembawo amagwiritsira ntchito mawu akuti uch’am-aw K’awiil – “akutenga K’awiil” (olamulira a Maya sanalandire mpando wachifumu, koma ndodo yachifumu, yosonyeza munthu. ):
Mawu omasulira
M'zolemba zakale za Mayan, ma adjectives amatsogolera maina, ndi syllable (-al, -ul, -el, -il, -ol) amawonjezedwa ku dzina, kutsatira lamulo la synharmony. Chifukwa chake mawu akuti "moto" ndi k'ahk ' ("moto") + -al = k'ahk'al:
Chiyambi cha Mayan kulemba
Kulemba kwa Mayan sikunali koyamba kulemba ku Mesoamerica. Mpaka posachedwapa ankakhulupirira kuti izo zinachokera (kapena Epiolmec) kulemba, koma mu 2005 adapezeka , zomwe zinachedwetsa kupanga zolemba za Mayan.
Makina oyamba olembera ku Mesoamerica akukhulupirira kuti adawonekera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Olmec (cha m'ma 700-500 BC), kenako adagawidwa m'miyambo iwiri:
- kumpoto kumapiri a Mexico
- kumwera kumapiri ndi kumapiri a Guatemala ndi dziko la Mexico la Chiapas.
Kulemba kwa Mayan ndikwachikhalidwe chachiwiri. Zolemba zakale kwambiri ndizojambula mkati (Guatemala, 3rd century BC) ndi zolembedwa pamiyala yamabwinja (Belize, 1st century BC).
Zolemba zoyambirira za Mayan ndi chithunzi
Kumvetsetsa zolemba za Mayan
/Apa ndi kupitilira apo ndidakulitsa nkhani yoyambirira ndi zida zochokera kunyumba - pafupifupi. womasulira/
Kutanthauzira kwa zolemba za Mayan kunatenga zaka zana ndi theka. Ilo likulongosoledwa m’mabuku angapo, otchuka kwambiri mwa iwo ndi Michael Co. Filimu yojambulidwa idapangidwa kutengera izo mu 2008.
Zolemba za Mayan zinasindikizidwa koyamba m'zaka za m'ma 1810, pamene mabuku a Mayan osungidwa mozizwitsa anapezeka m'mabuku a ku Ulaya, omwe amatchedwa ma codecs poyerekezera ndi a ku Ulaya. Iwo adakopa chidwi, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma 1830, kafukufuku wambiri wa malo a Mayan ku Guatemala ndi Belize anayamba.
Mu 1862, wansembe wa ku France adapeza mu Royal Academy of History ku Madrid "Report of Affairs ku Yucatan," zolemba pamanja zolembedwa cha 1566 ndi Bishopu waku Yucatan, Diego de Landa. De Landa m'chikalatachi molakwika anayesa kufanana ndi zilembo za Mayan ndi zilembo za Chisipanishi:
Ngakhale njira yolakwikayi, zolemba pamanja za De Landa zidathandizira kwambiri kumasulira zolemba za Mayan. Zinthu zinasintha kwambiri m’ma 1950.
Yuri Knorozov, 19.11.1922/30.03.1999/XNUMX - XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX
Malinga ndi nthano ina, mu May 1945, katswiri wodziwa zida zankhondo Yuri Knorozov anapeza mabuku okonzedwa kuti asamutsidwe mu Laibulale ya Boma la Prussia m’mabwinja oyaka moto a Berlin. Chimodzi mwa izo chinakhala chosowa chamitundu itatu ya Mayan yomwe idatsala. Knorozov, amene anaphunzira pa dipatimenti ya mbiri ya Kharkov University pamaso pa asilikali, chidwi mipukutu imeneyi, pambuyo pa nkhondo anamaliza maphunziro a mbiri ya Moscow State University ndipo anayamba kumasulira Mayan kulemba. Umu ndi momwe nkhaniyi ikufotokozedwera ndi Mayanist Michael Ko, koma mwinamwake Knorozov, yemwe anakumana ndi mapeto a nkhondo ku gulu lankhondo pafupi ndi Moscow, adakometsera mfundozo pazokambirana zaumwini kuti asokoneze mnzake wodabwitsa wa ku America.
Chidwi chachikulu cha Knorozov chinali chiphunzitso cha magulu, ndipo anayamba kumasulira malemba a Mayan osati mwangozi, koma ndi cholinga choyesa malingaliro ake pa mfundo za kusinthanitsa zidziwitso zomwe zimafanana ndi anthu onse. "Palibe chomwe chimachitidwa ndi munthu m'modzi chomwe sichingamvetsetsedwe ndi wina."
Ngakhale zitakhala choncho, kutengera kukodzedwa kwa ma codec atatu Mayan ndi de Landa, Knorozov anazindikira kuti zizindikiro mu "Report wa Affairs mu Yucatan" si zilembo, koma syllables.
Knorozov njira
Pofotokoza za wophunzira wa Knorozov, Doctor of Historical Sciences G. Ershova, njira yake inkawoneka motere:
Gawo loyamba ndikusankha njira yongoganizira: kukhazikitsa njira yolemberana makalata pakati pa zizindikiro ndi kuwerenga kwawo m'malo omwe chilankhulo sichidziwika kapena chasintha kwambiri.
Gawo lachiwiri - kuwerenga kolondola kwa mawu amtundu wa hieroglyphs, chifukwa ichi ndiye njira yokhayo yowerengera mawu osadziwika momwe anthu odziwika amapezeka.
Gawo lachitatu ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera positi. Mtundu wa zolemba (malingaliro, mamorphic, syllabic, alfabeti) zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zilembo komanso kuchuluka kwa zilembo. Ndiye kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi malo omwe chizindikirochi chikuwonekera chikuwunikidwa - umu ndi momwe ntchito za zizindikiro zimatsimikiziridwa. Deta iyi imayerekezedwa ndi zida , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira galamala, ma semantic ofotokozera, mizu ndi mautumiki a morphemes. Kenako kuwerengedwa koyambira kwa zizindikiro kumakhazikitsidwa.
Gawo lachinayi ndikuzindikira ma hieroglyphs omwe amatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito "Report on Affairs in Yucatan" ngati kiyi. Knorozov adanenanso kuti chizindikiro "cu" chochokera m'mabuku a Landa m'makodi a Mayan chinatsatira chizindikiro china ndipo awiriwa anali ogwirizana ndi chifaniziro cha Turkey. Liwu la Chimaya lotanthauza “turkey” ndilo “kutz”—ndipo Knorozov analingalira kuti ngati “cu” chinali chizindikiro choyamba, ndiye kuti chachiwiri chiyenera kukhala “tzu” (malinga ngati vowel yomaliza yatsitsidwa). Kuti ayese chitsanzo chake, Knorozov anayamba kufufuza m'mabuku a glyph kuyambira chizindikiro "tzu", ndipo adachipeza pamwamba pa fano la galu (tzul):
Tsatanetsatane kuchokera и kodi
Gawo lachisanu - kuwerengera mozungulira motengera zizindikiro zodziwika.
Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi - chitsimikiziro cha ulamuliro wa synharmony. Chizindikiro chomwecho chikhoza kutanthauza syllable ndi mawu osiyana. Zinapezeka kuti zizindikiro za mawu amodzi ziyenera kukhala ndi mavawelo ofanana ndi morpheme.
Gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi umboni wakuti pa mavawelo onse mu zolemba za Mayan panali zizindikiro zodziimira zoperekedwa mu zilembo za Landa.
Gawo lachisanu ndi chitatu - kusanthula mwachindunji malemba. Knorozov adatsimikiza kuti mipukutu itatuyi ili ndi zilembo 355, koma chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma graphemes ndi allographs, chiwerengero chawo chimachepetsedwa kufika pa 287, koma osapitirira 255 omwe amawerengedwa - ena onse ndi opotoka kwambiri kapena mwina anali kusiyana kodziwika. zilembo.
Gawo lachisanu ndi chinayi - kusanthula pafupipafupi kwa mawu. Chitsanzo chotsatirachi chatulukira: pamene mukudutsa m'malemba, chiwerengero cha zilembo zatsopano chimachepa, koma sichifika pa ziro. Zizindikirozo zinali ndi ma frequency amtundu wosiyanasiyana: pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zizindikiro zonse zidapezeka mu hieroglyph imodzi yokha; pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malemba osakwana 50, koma zilembo zamtundu umodzi zinali zofala kwambiri.
Gawo lakhumi ndi kutsimikiza kwa galamala, zomwe zinali zofunika kusanthula zolemba za hieroglyphs. Yu. Knorozov adakhala nthawi yayitali kuti adziwe dongosolo la kulemba zilembo zamtundu uliwonse m'midadada. Malinga ndi udindo wawo mu mzere, iye anagawa hieroglyphs m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi. Kuwunika kwa kugwirizana kwawo ndi zizindikiro zosinthika kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira zizindikiro za galamala - mamembala akuluakulu ndi achiwiri a chiganizocho. Zizindikiro zosinthika mkati mwa midadada ya hieroglyphic zimayimira zomata ndi mawu ogwira ntchito. Zitatha izi, ntchito inayamba ndi madikishonale ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha zilembo zowerengeka.
Kuzindikira njira ya Knorozov
Njira ya syllabic ya Knorozov imatsutsana ndi malingaliro , amene anathandiza kwambiri pophunzira zolemba za Mayan m’zaka za m’ma 1940 ndipo ankaonedwa kuti ndi katswiri wolemekezeka kwambiri pa nkhaniyi. Thomson adagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira: adayesa kudziwa dongosolo ndi cholinga cha ma glyphs a Mayan potengera kugawa kwawo m'zolembedwa. Ngakhale kuti adachita bwino, Thomson adatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane kuti mwina zolemba za Mayan zinali phonetic ndipo zimatha kujambula chinenero cholankhulidwa.
Mu USSR ya zaka zimenezo, ntchito iliyonse ya sayansi inayenera kukhala ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa malingaliro a Marxist-Leninist, ndipo pamaziko a kuyikapo mwadzina, Thomson anaimba mlandu Knorozov kuti amalimbikitsa maganizo a Marxism pakati pa asayansi a Mayan. Chifukwa chinanso chodzudzula chinali mawu a olemba mapulogalamu ochokera ku Novosibirsk, omwe adalengeza za chitukuko, pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya Knorozov, ya "lingaliro la makina osindikizira" a malemba akale ndipo adayipereka kwa Khrushchev.
Ngakhale kuti adatsutsidwa mwamphamvu, asayansi akumadzulo (Tatyana Proskuryakova, Floyd Lounsbury, Linda Schele, David Stewart) anayamba kutembenukira ku chiphunzitso cha foni ya Knorozov, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa ya Thomson mu 1975, kutanthauzira kwakukulu kwa malemba a Mayan kunayamba.
Mayan akulemba lero
Mofanana ndi njira iliyonse yolembera, zojambula za Mayan zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, zipilala zokhala ndi mbiri ya olamulira zafika kwa ife. Kuwonjezera apo, anayi apulumuka : "Dresden Codex", "Paris Codex", "Madrid Codex" ndi "Grolier Codex", yopezeka mu 1971 kokha.
Komanso, mabuku ovunda amapezeka m’manda a Mayan, koma sanamasuliridwebe, popeza mipukutuyo imamangiriridwa pamodzi ndipo yanyowetsedwa mu laimu. Komabe, ndi kupangidwa kwa makina ojambulira, mipukutu imeneyi yakhala nayo . Ndipo ngati tilingalira kuti 60% yokha ya hieroglyphs yafotokozedwa, maphunziro a Mayan adzatipatsa chidwi.
P.S. Zothandiza:
- Matebulo a Syllabogram kuchokera kwa Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Mau Oyamba a Maya Hieroglyphs:
- Harri Kettunen & Christophe Helmke (2014), Mau oyamba a Maya Hieroglyphs, []
- Mark Pitts & Lynn Matson (2008), Kulemba mu Maya Glyphs Maina, Malo, & Ziganizo Zosavuta Mawu Osagwiritsa Ntchito Mwaukadaulo, []
- - nkhokwe ya zolemba za Mayan muzithunzi
- ndi tsatanetsatane wa zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
Source: www.habr.com