Anthu a m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages ankakonda nthabwala za anthu akuda. Ichi ndichifukwa chake luso la epitaphs lakhala lodziwika kwambiri. Ankalemba mawu anzeru kapena oseketsa pamwala wawo wapamanda m’moyo wawo ndipo nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito ma epitaphists akatswiri.
Chizoloŵezi cholemba ma epitaphs chapitilira mpaka nthawi yathu ino. Koma ngati m'dziko lathu amalembedwa kawirikawiri, ndiye kuti m'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi kulemba misozi kapena zoseketsa pamanda ndizofala.
Lero tidzakuuzani za epitaphs pamanda a anthu otchuka, omwe angatchedwe kuti luso.
Chifukwa chiyani amalemba ma epitaphs konse?
Kuchokera pamalingaliro amaganizo, epitaph ndi kuyesa kwa achibale kuti achepetse pang'ono ululu wawo chifukwa cha imfa ya wokondedwa. Ndipo ngati idapangidwa ndi wakufayo (pamene anali moyo, ndithudi), ndiye kuti ndi mtundu woyesera kusiya chinachake - choseketsa, filosofi kapena chachilendo.
M'mayiko a post-Soviet, epitaphs sanazike mizu. Ngakhale zitalembedwa, makamaka mapemphero kapena ndime za m’Baibulo. Mwambo uwu ndi wa ku Europe ndi America.
Anthu ambiri otchuka omwe adasiya mbiri yawo sanakanenso kulemba epitaph yawo. Kwa ena, linalembedwa ndi achibale. Komabe, tisakoke mawu oyamba kwa nthawi yayitali, tiyeni tipite ku bizinesi.
William Shakespeare
Wolemba ndakatulo wodziwika bwino komanso wolemba masewero amakhala ku Great Britain, mumzinda wa Stratford-upon-Avon. Malo ake oikidwa m'manda ndi alendo enieni a Mecca. Koma lero tiyang'ana pa epitaph osati pa chikumbutso chapamwamba, koma pa quatrain yolembedwa ndi Shakespeare, yomwe ili pamanda ake.
Pali nthano yakuti Shakespeare ankawopa kwambiri kunyozedwa kwa manda ake kuti iye mwini adadza ndi epitaph momwe adatemberera aliyense amene amayesa kukhudza phulusa lake.
Mnzanu wabwino chifukwa cha Iesvs lekani,
Kukumba dvst yotsekedwa imvani.
Wodala munthu amene amaleka miyala,
Ndipo akhale iye amene amasuntha mafupa anga.Nayi kumasulira kwamalemba (womasulira A. Velichansky):
Bwenzi, chifukwa cha Mulungu, usasefukire
Zotsalira zotengedwa ndi dziko lino;
Iye amene sanakhudzidwe wodalitsika kwa zaka mazana ambiri;
Ndipo wotembereredwa ndi amene wakhudza phulusa langa.
Ma quatrains ndi osangalatsa kwa akatswiri a zinenero komanso olemba mbiri. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri a philologists amawona kuti epitaph iyi ndi yocheperako kuchokera ku ndakatulo. Palinso lingaliro lakuti epitaph inalembedwa osati ndi Shakespeare, koma ndi munthu wina. Komabe, ofufuzawo akuwoneka kuti apeza kuti mlembi wake ndi Shakespeare mwiniwake.
Ndipo ofufuza ena ochita chidwi kwambiri amakhulupirira kuti chinsinsi china chabisika mmenemo. . Izi sizokayikitsa, koma kafukufuku akuchitidwabe.
Tiyeni tiyang'ane pang'ono pa epitaph kuchokera pamalingaliro achilankhulo.
Tawonani momwe chilembo V chimalowa m'malo mwa chilembo U? Chowonadi ndi chakuti kalata U inalibe mwalamulo panthawiyo. Malinga ndi kaikidwe kake m’mawu, chilembo V chinkaimiranso mawu amene tsopano akuperekedwa ku zilembo U ndi W.
Ndipo ngakhale olemba ena a m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX mpaka XNUMX anagwiritsa ntchito kale chilembo U, Shakespeare analemba epitaph mwachikale.
Ndipo mwawonadi mawu achidule akuti - inu, kuti - yt, momwe chilembo chimodzi chimalembedwa pamwamba pa chimzake. Zolemba izi zinali zofala kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - osindikiza nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe otere. Ndipo popeza tazikhudza kale, yang'ananinso kalembedwe kake kosalekeza m'mawu akuti, kumva, thes - izi zinali zofala kwambiri.
"Wodala munthuyo" - apa mawuwo ayenera kutengedwa ngati "Munthu akhale wanzeru"
"cvrst be he" - ofanana ndi "akhale wotembereredwa."
Ambiri, malinga ndi zinenero kusanthula epitaphs Shakespeare pali ngakhale , momwe mulinso zofanana ndi zolemba zakale, kuphatikizapo za Ovid. Koma sitipita kutali choncho. Tiyeni tipitirire.
Mel Blanc
Mwina simukudziwa dzina la munthu ameneyu, mwina simukudziwa mmene ankaonekera, koma mwamvadi mawu ake. Chifukwa ndizo zomwe ambiri mwa ojambula ojambula a Warner Bros.
"Munthu wa mawu chikwi" - ndi zimene anzake anamutcha. Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Tweety Chick, Willie Coyote ndi ena ambiri otchulidwa amalankhula m'mawu ake.
Epitaph pamanda ake ndi mzere wodziwika bwino womwe unathetsa zojambula zonse za Looney Tunes kuchokera ku Warner Bros. "Ndizo zonse anthu" - "Ndizo zonse, abwenzi."
Mel Blanc adawonetsa momveka bwino mu chifuniro chake kuti mawu awa ayenera kukhala ngati epitaph. Ndipo kunena zoona, izi zimamveka ngati kudzikonda kwambiri komanso kuzindikira zomwe munthu ayenera kuchita. Izi ndizabwino.
Jack Lemmon
Wosewera waku America yemwe adasankhidwa kukhala Oscar kasanu ndi katatu ndipo adapambana chifanizirocho kawiri.
Lemmon ankaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa ochita masewera abwino kwambiri ku United States mu 70s ndi 80s. Adasewera m'mafilimu opitilira zana, koma okonda mafilimu olankhula Chirasha ayenera kuti amamudziwa kuchokera pazomwe adachita mufilimu ya Some Like It Hot (1959).
Lemoni ali ndi mndandanda wopatsa chidwi kwambiri wa mphotho. Kuphatikiza pa ma Oscars awiri, ali ndi mphotho zina 2 za Cannes Palme d'Or, mphotho 3 za BAFTA, 3 Golden Globes ndi gulu lonse la mphotho zing'onozing'ono.
Epitaph pa manda a Lemmon ndi mwachidule - Chekhov akanasangalala. Muli mawu atatu okha, awiri omwe ndi dzina la wosewera.
Nthabwala ndikuti zolemba zapamanda zimawoneka chimodzimodzi ngati chimango chochokera ku mbiri ya kanema. Monga ngati mumphindi yotsatira mutu wa chithunzicho udzawonekera. Ndipo muyenera kumvetsetsa zolembedwa ndendende ngati "Jack Lemmon mufilimu ..."
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mawu olembedwawo angatengedwe kuti: “Jonn Lemmon mu [dziko].” Epitaph yabwino kwambiri kwa wojambula mafilimu.
Robert Louis Stevenson
Pakati pa olemba ndakatulo ndi olemba zakale, zinali zolemekezeka kwambiri kuti alembe epitaph.
Robert Stevenson, mlembi wa "Treasure Island" yodziwika bwino komanso mabuku ena khumi ndi awiri pamitu yam'madzi, adadzilemberanso zomwe akufuna.
Mu 1884 anadwala mwakayakaya. Wolembayo anali akukonzekera kale imfa ndipo adapanga ndakatulo yaifupi, ndikuyiyika kuti ilembedwe pamwala wake wamanda. N’zoona kuti “zinamuthandiza” patapita zaka 10, mu 1894.
Stevenson anaikidwa m'manda ku Samoa. Chifuniro chake chinakwaniritsidwa ndipo “Chofunika” chake chakongoletsa manda ake.
Pansi pa thambo lalikulu ndi nyenyezi,
Kumba manda ndikunama.
Wokondwa ndinakhala ndi moyo ndipo ndinasangalala,
Ndipo ndidagona pansi ndi chifuniroIli ndiye vesi lomwe mudandifunira:
Apa agona pomwe amafuna kuti akhale;
Kunyumba ndi woyendetsa ngalawa, kwawo kunyanja,
Ndipo wosaka kwawo kuchokera kuphiri.
"Requiem" ili ndi dongosolo lanyimbo losangalatsa aaab cccb, pomwe mizere itatu ya quatrain imakhala ndi nyimbo zofananira, ndipo mizere yonse yachinayi ya ma stanzas imagwirizana.
"Requiem" imawonedwa ngati ntchito yovuta kumasulira. Mwina chifukwa cha kamvekedwe ka nyimbo, mwina chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kake. Pali njira zingapo zomasulira m'Chirasha, koma palibe imodzi yodziwika. Nayi imodzi mwazabwino kwambiri, m'malingaliro athu (womasulira - Mikhail Lukashevich):
Pansi pa thambo la kumwamba, pamene nyenyezi ili pamwamba;
Lolani bokosilo lindivomereze,
Ndinakhala mosangalala, ndipo imfa inali yosavuta kwa ine.
Dongosolo langa lomaliza ndi ili.Lembani vesi pamanda anga:
Apa wagona mwa kufuna kwake,
Woyendetsa ngalawayo anabwerera kwawo kuchokera kunyanja.
Mlenjeyo anatsika kuchokera kumapiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti vesilo lili ndi magawo atatu, koma pamwala wamanda pali awiri okha. Zinapezeka kuti mlembi wa wolembayo adachotsa gawo lachiwiri pantchitoyo. Sizikudziwikabe ngati izi zidachitika ndi pempho la mlembi kapena ngati zidachitika mwachisawawa kwa mlembi. Ndipo ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi yotsirizira.
Nayi gawo lachiwiri losowa:
Apa mulole mphepo zozungulira ine ziwombe;
Kumeneko mitambo ikhoza kubwera ndi kupita;
Pano padzakhala mpumulo kunthawi za nthawi.
Ndipo moyo udzakhala bata kwamuyaya.
Charles Bukowski
Bukowski wakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa zolemba zamakono zaku America. Iye analemba mabuku asanu ndi limodzi, nkhani zoposa mazana awiri ndi ndakatulo pafupifupi chikwi.
Monga woimira "zenizeni zonyansa," ntchito zake zidawunikira zowona zonyansa komanso zankhanza za anthu aku America. Nkhani za Bukowski zajambulidwa kangapo.
Bukowski ndi nthumwi ya mabuku mobisa molimba, kotero ntchito zake sanalandire mphoto, koma ali ndi malo amphamvu kwambiri chikhalidwe American.
Epitaph ya Bukowski ndi yosavuta momwe ndingathere: "Musayese." Koma kwenikweni, tanthauzo lake silokayikitsa monga momwe zingawonekere poyang'ana koyamba.
Mawu oti "Musayese" akhala ngati moyo wa wolemba. M'makalata opita kwa abwenzi komanso m'mabuku a wolemba, lingaliro lomwelo linkabwerezedwa nthawi zambiri:
“Timagwira ntchito molimbika kwambiri. Timayesetsa kwambiri. Osayesera. Osagwira ntchito. Ndi mmenemo. Zakhala zikuyang'ana pa ife, zowawa kutulutsa m'mimba yotsekedwa. Pakhala pali njira zambiri. Zonse ndi zaulere, sitiyenera kuuzidwa. Maphunziro? Maphunziro ndi a abulu. Kulemba ndakatulo ndikosavuta monga kumenya nyama kapena kumwa botolo la mowa."
“Timagwira ntchito molimbika kwambiri. Tikuyesera molimbika kwambiri. Osayesera. Osagwira ntchito. Zonse pano. Imayang'ana molunjika kwa ife ndipo imayesetsa mwachidwi kutuluka m'mimba yotsekedwa. Tili ndi otsogolera ambiri. Zonsezi ndi zaulere, sitiyenera kuphunzitsidwa izi. Maphunziro? Ndi za abulu. Kulemba ndakatulo n’kosavuta monga kugwetsa kapena kumwa botolo la mowa.”
Nzeru zonse za moyo wa wolembayo anazifotokoza mwachidule m’sentensi imodzi yosavuta. "Osayesa, ingokhala wekha ndikuchita zomwe ukufuna." Koma kwa omwe sadziwa malingaliro a Bukowski, epitaph imamveka ngati "Musayese," koma kwa iwo omwe amadziwa zomwe wolembayo amatanthauza, amasinthidwa kwathunthu: "Musayese zomwe mulibe moyo."
Bonasi: kudzitamandira nokha
Tanthauzo lachiwiri la mawu oti “epitaph” ndi mawu amaliro. Chaka chatha, kanema adawonekera pa Reddit momwe kujambula koseketsa kwa mawu a wakufayo kudaseweredwa pamaliro. Iye anaseketsa anthu amene analipo n’kuchepetsa chisoni cha achibale awo.
"Moni? Moni? Nditulutseni! Kodi ndili kuti? Nditulutseni! Kuli mdima wandiweyani! Kodi ameneyo ndi wansembe amene ndimamumva? Uyu ndi Shay, ndili m'bokosi. Ndipo ndafa… Moni kachiwiri, moni, ndangoimba foni kuti ndisanzike.”
Hei! Hei! Nditulutseni! Zowopsa, ndili kuti? Nditulutseni! Kuli mdima wandiweyani! Kodi wansembe ameneyo akulankhula pamenepo? Ndi Shay, ndili m'bokosi. Ndipo ine ndafa. Moni, moni kachiwiri. Ndangoimba foni kuti ndisanzike."
Bamboyo anayimba mawu omaliza motere . "Moni" womaliza yekha adasinthidwa ndi "zabwino".
PS Kodi mwawona katchulidwe kakale kachi Irish muvidiyoyi? Fucking [ˈfʌk.ɪŋ] imakhala [ˈfɔːk.ɪŋ] ndi mawu omveka bwino a "o".
Ndizodabwitsa momwe mawu ochepa angasinthire malingaliro a anthu. Mphindi imodzi anali akumva chisoni, ndipo yotsatira anali akuseka. Ndipo kuti mumve mphamvu yeniyeni ya chilankhulo cha Chingerezi osati kumasulira, koma pachiyambi, phunzirani molondola.
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