Chinachake chikundiuza kuti ambiri a inu mumakhala m'mizinda. Kodi mumadziwa bwanji za iwo?

Tsopano ndizowoneka bwino kunena za mizinda ngati machitidwe amoyo, osinthika. Chodabwitsa ichi chinayamba ndi chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso cha kudzikonda bungwe la machitidwe - synergetics - kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20. M'mawu ake, mzindawu umatchedwa "otseguka dynamic dissipative system", ndipo munthu akhoza kupanga chitsanzo chake - "chinthu chosonyeza kudalira kwa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe pakusintha zomwe zili mkati" ndikufotokozera "kusintha kwapangidwe kwamkati, poganizira za kuthekera kwa kusintha kwa zinthu." khalidwe losatha la dongosolo mu nthawi". Ma graph onsewa, matebulo ndi ma aligorivimu mwa munthu wosawonongeka amachititsa kuti munthu asamangodzitchinjiriza. Koma sikuti zonse zilibe chiyembekezo.

Pansi pa odulidwawo padzakhala mafananidwe angapo a bionic omwe angakuthandizeni kuyang'ana mzindawu kuchokera kunja ndikumvetsetsa momwe umakhalira, momwe umakhalira, kusuntha, kudwala ndi kufa. Chifukwa chake tisataye nthawi ndikufika pakudulidwa.

Kuphatikiza pa masamu, ozindikira komanso okhazikika, palinso njira yofananira, yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi munthu kwazaka masauzande ambiri ndipo yadziwonetsera yokha bwino pakuchepetsa kumvetsetsa. Zoonadi, kupanga maulosi pogwiritsa ntchito mafananidwe ndi bizinesi yowopsa, koma mukhoza kuyang'ana zochitika za ndondomekoyi: muzochita zonse zodzilemekeza pali magwero a mphamvu, njira zotumizira, mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito, ma vectors kukula, ndi zina zotero. Kuyesera koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la bionics pakukonzekera tawuni kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1930, koma sanalandire chitukuko chochuluka panthawiyo, popeza palibe fanizo lathunthu la mzindawo mu nyama zakutchire (ngati zikanapezeka, zingakhale zachilendo kwenikweni) . Kumbali ina, mbali zina za "physiology" yamzindawu zimakhala ndi makalata abwino. Monga momwe ndikufunira kusangalatsa mzindawu, umakhala ngati celled imodzi, ndere, gulu la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kapena nyama yambirimbiri yomwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa siponji.

Okonza mapulani amasiyanitsa nyumba zambiri ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono m'mapangidwe a mzindawo, aliyense ali ndi dzina lake, ambiri omwe mwina mwakumanapo nawo, monga kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndi zina zomwe simunamvepo, mwachitsanzo, chimango chowonekera kapena mapu amalingaliro. Komabe, chinthu chilichonse chimakhala ndi cholinga chake chogwira ntchito.

Mafupa

Chinthu choyamba chomwe mungakumane nacho mukachotsa malo aliwonse ndi mawonekedwe ake a nkhwangwa-mafupa ndi ma nodes-joints. Izi ndizomwe zimapereka mawonekedwe ndikuwongolera chitukuko kuyambira masiku oyamba. Selo lililonse limakhala ndi chimango, popanda kutero palibe njira zomwe zingathe kulinganizidwa bwino, kotero ndizomveka kuti mzinda waukulu komanso mudzi wamasamba kwambiri uli nawo. Choyamba, iyi ndi misewu yayikulu yolunjika kumidzi yoyandikana nayo. Mzindawu udzafuna kutambasula pamodzi nawo, ndipo adzakhala mizere yokhazikika pa ndondomekoyi, yosasinthika kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kachiwiri, mafupa amaphatikizapo zopinga: mitsinje, nyanja, madambo, mitsinje ndi zovuta zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula, kufinya kukhazikikako ngati chipolopolo chakunja. Kumbali ina, zinali ndendende zinthu zotere zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkakhala ngati chitetezo cha mizinda yanthawi zakale, ndipo mabungwe olamulira adakokera kwa iwo, kotero kuti mitundu ina ya mpumulo imatha kutchedwa ndi chikumbumtima choyera mafupa a chigaza omwe amabisala. ubongo.

Ngati gawo la magawowa lakhazikitsidwa kale, ndizotheka kuneneratu mawonekedwe a kukhazikikako m'tsogolomu komanso momwe maukonde amisewu ang'onoang'ono adzakulirakulira, pomwe nyama ndi matumbo zidzakula. Ndipo ngati m'mizinda yakale zonse zinkagwira ntchito palokha, ndiye mu nthawi za Soviet, polemba mapulani a mizinda yatsopano, olemba ntchitoyo anayenera kusuntha ma convolutions awo, kuphatikiza (osati nthawi zonse bwino) zizoloŵezi zachilengedwe ndi zomwe zimawalamulira. utsogoleri wachipani.

Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani pa izi:

• Mafupa ayenera kulumikizidwa, zinthu zatsopano nthawi zonse zimalumikizana ndi zakale - ngati mzindawu uli ndi mavuto ndi kulumikizana kwa misewu, udzakhala ndi mavuto ndi kukula komanso kukhazikika kwachuma.
• Mitsempha yozungulira pamalumikizidwe amalumikizana ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso achilendo - mphambano zamisewu zimakopa malonda, mautumiki, ma network oyenda pansi, ndi mosemphanitsa "kufinya" nyumba wamba.
• Chamoyo chokhala ndi zinthu zambiri za "chipolopolo" chimasiya kukula ndikukula, kapena chimakakamizika kuziwononga - chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mizinda yambiri ndikuwoloka mtsinje kapena kukhetsa dambo, ndipo ngati pali zosakwanira zothandizira projekiti yayikuluyi, mzindawu ukhoza kukhala pachimake kwazaka zambiri, popanda kuwonjezera gawolo komanso popanda kuwonjezera kufunikira kwake kwachuma;
• Ndikopindulitsa kuyala mitsempha yayikulu yamagazi pamodzi ndi zinthu za mafupa, popeza ndizosasinthika kwambiri munthawi yake - misewu ndi kulumikizana kwaukadaulo zimakokerana pazifukwa zina, koma zambiri pazomwe zili pansipa.

Nyama yochepa

Nyama, imakhalanso minofu ndi mafuta, ndipo m'maselo, cytoplasm ndi chinthu choterocho chomwe chimazungulira mafupa, kupanga kuchuluka kwa thupi lamoyo, kusonkhanitsa ndi kutulutsa chuma, kumapereka kayendetsedwe kake komanso kumatsimikizira kuti zitheka. Kwa mzindawu, izi ndi zomwe akatswiri a zomangamanga amatcha "nsalu zam'tawuni", "kudzaza" ndi mawu ena otopetsa: malo wamba, makamaka okhalamo.

Monga cholengedwa chilichonse chimamangirira misa pa mwayi uliwonse, motero mzindawu, wokhala ndi zinthu zabwino, umayamba kukopa anthu ambiri ndikumanga malo ogona atsopano, ngakhale ngati sungathe kupereka nthawi zonse "othawa kwawo" awa ndi moyo wabwino ndi ntchito. Madera otsika amakhala osangalatsa, koma osagwira ntchito - awa ndi mafuta, osalowetsedwa bwino ndi mitsempha yamagazi ndipo amakhala ndi maselo ochepa othandiza thupi.

Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani pa izi:

• Minofu imakonda kukhala yofanana molingana ndi mafupa; fupa lalitali limakhala ndi minofu yambiri. Malo okhalamo adzachita chimodzimodzi: pafupi ndi misewu yayikulu, kuchuluka kwa anthu kudzakhala kwakukulu kuposa pafupi ndi yachiwiri.
• Ngati minofu imaperekedwa bwino ndi magazi, imafa - madera omwe ali ndi mwayi wopita kumtunda amakula pang'onopang'ono kuposa ena, nyumba zomwe zimakhala zotsika mtengo ndipo sizikukonzedwanso, chiwerengero cha anthu chimachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono.
• Ngati zidutswa zamafuta zimakanikizidwa kuchokera kumbali zonse ndi minofu (ndipo madera akale otsika ndi okwera kwambiri), titha kupeza "kutupa", komwe kungayambitse kutha kwa chitukuko chamtunduwu (ndiye ganizirani kuti kwanthawi yochepa chabe. sungani bukuli), kapena kusintha madera onse ozungulira kukhala "chigawenga" kapena kusintha nyumbayo kukhala malo osankhika, okhala ndi zidole ndi mipanda - iyi ndi "chotupa" kale.
• Thupi likakhala lonenepa pamwamba (ndipo mzindawo uli pamtunda), zimakhala zovuta kuti linyamule minofu yambiri yosagwira ntchito, imafooketsa, mitsempha ya magazi imakula ndikutsekeka ndi magazi, ndipo ziwalo zamkati zimakhala ndi katundu wambiri. ndi kulephera. Zosangalatsa zonse za subburbanization monga momwe zilili: kuchulukana kwa magalimoto, kulephera kufika kuntchito ndi zomangamanga, katundu pazitukuko zapakati nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe amawerengera, kufota kwa maubwenzi, ndi zina zotero.

Mzindawu ukukula mozungulira. Nthawi yomweyo zikuwonekeratu kuti zidawuka mwachilengedwe, ndipo sizinamangidwe kuyambira pachiyambi.

Mayendedwe ozungulira

Njira iliyonse imafunikira zothandizira. Kwa mzinda, awa ndi anthu, katundu, madzi, mphamvu, chidziwitso ndi nthawi. Kuzungulira kwa magazi kumagawanso zinthu pakati pa ziwalo. Anthu ndi katundu amayendetsedwa ndi kayendedwe ka mzindawo, mphamvu ndi chidziwitso zimayendetsedwa ndi maukonde a engineering. Sizopindulitsa nthawi zonse kunyamula mphamvu mtunda wautali, chifukwa chake zida zopangira zimatha kutumizidwa, popeza glucose amaperekedwa ku mitochondria.

Maukonde aukadaulo amitundu yonse nthawi zambiri amaikidwa m'magulu ndi mitsempha yoyendetsa pazifukwa zingapo: choyamba, amabweretsedwa kumadera atsopano nthawi yomweyo ndipo sikuli kopindulitsa kugwira ntchito m'malo awiri nthawi imodzi; chachiwiri, monga tanenera kale, ichi ndi chilumba chokhazikika, "chokwiriridwa ndi kuiwalika", ndipo mawa skyscraper sidzakula pano; chachitatu, pali mwayi wopulumutsa pa "chipolopolo chotengera" pomanga zodzitchinjiriza wamba ndi zomangamanga zomangamanga-osonkhanitsa; chachinayi, ndikofunika kusunga malo pa ma indents, chifukwa pali madera ndi zinthu zomwe zingathe kukhalira limodzi, pamene zina zimakhala zovulaza wina ndi mzake.

Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani pa izi:

• Ziwiya zazikulu zimanyamula magazi mtunda wautali, kotero pali kukana pang'ono, ndipo pamphepete mwake amatuluka ndipo liwiro limachepa.
• Minofu imaperekedwa ndi magazi kudzera mumagulu a ziwiya zing'onozing'ono, kugwirizana kwapadera ndikofunikira pano, ndipo zazikulu zimapita ku ziwalo zofunika.
• Magazi samangobweretsa zinthu zokha, komanso amachotsa zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, kotero kuti zonyansa zimamvera malamulo omwewo.
• Ngati mauthenga ofunikira abweretsedwa kale kuderalo, amayamba kukula mofulumira komanso moyenera. Kukula kwa mzindawo mozungulira kukufalikira: chigawo chilichonse chotsatira chili pafupi ndi chakale komanso nyumba zakale, ntchito yayikulu nthawi zambiri simachitika m'malo awiri nthawi imodzi (m'mizinda ikuluikulu yamakono pangakhale "zokulirapo" zingapo zotere, mwachitsanzo, ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo, ndiye kuti zozungulira sizimawonekera).

Nervous System

Dongosolo la manjenje lili ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito deta ndikutumiza zizindikiro ndi njira zotumizira zizindikiro. Popeza zambiri zathu zidapita pansi pa gawo la "zothandizira", zikutanthauza kuti izi sizokhudza intaneti. Ndi za kasamalidwe. Ndipo ndili ndi nkhani yomvetsa chisoni kwa inu: mizinda ndi zamoyo zakale kwambiri, ndipo siziyendetsedwa bwino. Zolinga zonse sizikukwaniritsidwa, zochitika zenizeni sizikugwirizana ndi deta ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake

Koma ndizoipanso kukhala m'malo osinthika popanda oyang'anira konse, chifukwa chake mzindawu nthawi zambiri umagawika m'malo omwe ali ndi "ganglia" am'deralo, omwe amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi nthawi yokonza zinazake ndikuletsa kuti zinthuzo zifike kumapeto (anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo). sacral "kumbuyo" ubongo wa ma dinosaurs akuluakulu amatsimikizira kuti amagwira ntchito). Pa nthawi yomweyi, ngati kugawanika kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kake Chitsanzo kuchokera ku moyo: mtsinjewo umagawanitsa mzinda kukhala zigawo zakumpoto ndi kumwera, ndipo zigawo zoyang'anira kumadera a kummawa ndi kumadzulo. Chotsatira chake, timagawanika m'magulu ndi kufunikira kosalekeza kogwirizanitsa zochita pakati pa maulamuliro awiriwa.

Mwa njira, Russian Federation tsopano ikudutsa nthawi yovuta yosintha dongosolo la "mapulani onse" omwe amakokedwa mokhazikika, omwe, kwenikweni, sanagwire bwino ntchito, kukhala dongosolo la njira zosinthika - "mapulani apamwamba", omwe mpaka pano ndi anthu ochepa amene amamvetsa zoti achite. Chifukwa chake, mpira wanga wa kristalo umaneneratu: musayembekezere ngakhale chitukuko chokhazikika komanso chomveka bwino chamatawuni m'zaka zikubwerazi.

Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani pa izi:

• Mizinda ikuluikulu silinganiza bwino zosowa ndi ziyembekezo za zigawo zawo. Ndalama zimagawidwa mosagwirizana komanso mopanda nzeru. Mwachionekere, dongosolo lokonzekera bwino lidzatha kuthana ndi vutolo, “koma izi siziri zotsimikizirika” (c).
• Mizinda yokhala ndi anthu opitilira 400 idadziwika ngati machitidwe odzilamulira okha m'nthawi ya Soviet, kotero ngati mukukhala mu imodzi mwa izi, musayang'ane malingaliro pamasikelo opitilira makilomita angapo. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito pulojekiti yomwe imakhudza zigawo zingapo nthawi imodzi, mukufunikira ndalama zazikulu ndi gwero lamphamvu loyang'anira, komabe wina adzawononga, ndipo makilomita otsiriza a msewu wa mphete adzamangidwa kwa zaka khumi ..
• M'madera omwe ali pamtunda wa zigawo, mitundu yonse ya masewera osamvetsetseka nthawi zambiri imachitika, amatha ngakhale "kulowa m'malo" wina ndi mzake, mwachitsanzo, pomanga nyumba yaikulu kumene msewu wofunikira chigawo china ungadutse.

Mzindawu wagawanika pakati. Chinthu chachikulu si kusokoneza momwe.

Digestive dongosolo

Chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi zinthu zomwe zikubwera mumzindawu? Amakonzedwa mopitirira kudziwika kapena kuphwanyidwa bwino ndikugawidwa m'thupi lonse mothandizidwa ndi kayendedwe ka magazi. Monga momwe mafuta acid amasinthira m'chiwindi kukhala acetoacetic acid, ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa chiwindi, m'matenda osiyanasiyana ndi ziwalo, momwemonso chakudya ndi katundu kuchokera kumalo osungira zimasamutsidwa mumzinda wonse. M'mafakitale, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kumachitika, koma zotsatira zake zimakhala zofanana nthawi zonse: zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisunge zamoyo. Sizinthu zonse zomwe zimapita mwachindunji kwa okhalamo, pali mafakitale omanga ndi oyendetsa omwe amayang'ana kukula (amatha kufananizidwa ndi kagayidwe ka protein, komanso katundu watsiku ndi tsiku wokhala ndi chakudya).

Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani pa izi:

• Dongosolo la m'mimba limagwirizana kwambiri ndi dongosolo la excretory ndipo silingathe kugwira ntchito popanda izo.
• Madera a mafakitale amafunikira ndalama zambiri (kuphatikiza anthu) ndi mphamvu. Mitsempha ikuluikulu ndi yokwera mtengo, choncho ndizomveka kuigwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zingapo zofanana. Izi zimatsogolera kumagulu mogwirizana ndi mfundo zoyendera.
• Kubwezeretsanso zinthu nthawi zambiri kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo metabolite ya njira imodzi ndiyo poyambira ina. Izi zimapanga "kuphatikiza" kusanja kwa magawo otsatizana.
• Ziwalo zazikulu zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi thupi pazigawo zochepa chabe, kotero kuti ziwalo zina zimagwira ntchito yolepheretsa magazi. Izi zikutanthauza kutsimikizika kwa malo omwe ali ndi mafakitale mumzindawu. Mizinda yomwe yakhala ikupitilira chiwembu chawo ikufunika "opaleshoni" yadzidzidzi - kuchotsedwa kwa zigawo zamakampani ndikuwunikanso madera. Mwa njira, ntchito zambiri zapadera zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izi m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, a Britons omwe ali ndi zida zolimba adachita zomanganso padziko lonse lapansi madoko ndi malo osungiramo katundu ku London pansi pa mbendera yokonzekera maseŵera a Olimpiki.

excretory system

Popanda zimbudzi, palibe chitukuko, aliyense amadziwa zimenezo. M'thupi, magazi amasefedwa kuchokera ku zinthu zovulaza ndi ziwalo ziwiri: chiwindi ndi impso (chiwerengero cha impso mu zamoyo ndizosiyana, kotero sitidzafufuza momwemo). Impso zimachotsa zomwe sizingasinthe, ndipo chiwindi chimatembenuza zinyalalazo (nthawi zina kukhala ma metabolites owopsa). Matumbo amangotulutsa zinthu zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito, mu fanizo lathu, uku ndikuchotsa zinyalala zolimba kupita kumtunda. Dongosolo la zonyansa limagwira ntchito ngati impso (pokhapokha mutakhala ndi matanki a methane omwe amasintha zinyalala kukhala mphamvu). Malo opangira zinyalala, malo opangira zinyalala ndi matanki a methane amagwira ntchito yachiwindi.

Kodi mungaphunzire chiyani pa izi:

• Zinyalala zobwezerezedwanso zitha kukhala zapoizoni kwambiri kuposa zinyalala zosakonzedwa, monga mowa wa methyl, womwe umapangidwa ndi mowa dehydrogenase m'chiwindi kukhala formaldehyde ndi formic acid. Moni, moni, zowotcha, ndikukuwonani.
• Kutaya kungakhale gwero lamtengo wapatali. Pambuyo pa ntchito yolimbitsa thupi, lactate, yomwe imapangidwa panthawi ya anaerobic glycolysis mu minofu ya chigoba, imabwerera ku chiwindi ndipo imasandulika kukhala shuga, yomwe imalowanso mu minofu. Mzinda ukayamba kukonzanso zinyalala zake ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zatuluka mkati mwawo, izi ndizabwino kwambiri posunga zopangira komanso potengera momwe zinthu ziliri.
• Kukonzanso kosakonzedwa bwino ndi kusungirako zinyalala kungathe kuwononga moyo wa madera onse, kumbukirani zionetsero zotsutsana ndi zotayiramo, "fungo" lochokera kumalo osungiramo zinthu ndi malo otenthetsera, "nkhondo" pakati pa okhalamo ndi makampani oyang'anira pa kuchotsa zinyalala zolimba zapakhomo. Mwachibadwa, nyumba m'madera omwe ali ndi mavuto oterowo zidzachepa, kukhala lendi, kukopa anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa, osaphunzira bwino komanso osakhala abwino kwambiri, omwe adzawonjezera chithunzi chake. Ghettoization ndi njira yabwino yoyankhira, ndipo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuyambitsa.

M’chenicheni, nkhaniyi siifotokoza zambiri, ndipo kuposa pamenepo sinena kuti n’njolondola mwasayansi. Za kukula kwa mizinda, kayendetsedwe kake, matenda, chimbudzi cha danga ndi zina "zokhudza thupi" ndikuuzani nthawi ina, kuti musawononge zonse pamodzi. Ngati muli ndi china choti muwonjezere, kapena muli ndi mafunso, ndikuyembekezera ndemanga zanu. Zikomo powerenga, ndikhulupilira sizinali zotopetsa.

Source: www.habr.com