Jim Clark, director of quantum hardware ku Intel, ndi imodzi mwama processor a quantum akampani. Chithunzi; Intel
- Makompyuta a Quantum ndiukadaulo wosangalatsa kwambiri womwe umakhala ndi lonjezo lopanga luso lamphamvu lamakompyuta kuti athane ndi zovuta zomwe sizingachitike m'mbuyomu.
- Akatswiri amati IBM yatsogolera njira ya quantum computing, chifukwa chake Google, Intel, Microsoft ndi zambiri zoyambira zimakhudzidwa.
- Otsatsa amakopeka ndi zoyambira zamakompyuta, kuphatikiza IonQ, ColdQuanta, D-Wave Systems ndi Rigetti, zomwe zitha kusokoneza msika.
- Komabe, pali chogwira: makompyuta amakono a quantum nthawi zambiri sakhala amphamvu kapena odalirika monga ma supercomputer amasiku ano, ndipo amafunikiranso mikhalidwe yapadera kuti ayambitse ndikuyambanso.
Mu Januware, IBM idapanga mafunde pomwe idalengeza IBM Q System One, kompyuta yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yopezeka pabizinesi. Chipangizocho chinali m'bokosi lagalasi lowoneka bwino lokhala ndi ma kiyubiki 9 mapazi.
Ichi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakompyuta a quantum, omwe akadali m'ma laboratories ofufuza. Malingana ndi IBM, ogula akuyang'ana kale kuti agwiritse ntchito luso lamakono, lomwe limasonyeza kulonjeza m'madera osiyanasiyana: chemistry, zipangizo sayansi, kupanga chakudya, ndege, chitukuko cha mankhwala, kuwonetseratu kwa msika komanso ngakhale kusintha kwa nyengo.
IBM Q System One. Chithunzi: IBM
Chifukwa chosangalalira ndichakuti kompyuta ya quantum ili ndi zinthu zowoneka ngati zamatsenga zomwe zimalola kuti zizitha kusanthula zambiri kuposa dongosolo wamba. Kompyuta ya quantum si kompyuta yothamanga kwambiri; ndendende, ndi paradigm yapakompyuta yosiyana kwambiri yomwe imafuna kuganizanso mozama.
Wopambana mu mpikisano waukadaulo adzakhala kampani yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mwayi woperekedwa ndiukadaulo uwu. IBM, Microsoft, Google ndi zimphona zina zaukadaulo, komanso zoyambira, zikubetcha paukadaulo uwu.
Business Insider idafunsa IBM Q Strategy and Ecosystem Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Bob Sutor za momwe angapangire makinawa kuti azifikika kwa anthu: Kodi anthu azipeza bwanji? Kodi anthu ambiri angaphunzire bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a quantum kuchita ntchito zawo?
Palibe mwayi wowona makompyuta a quantum muofesi posachedwa. Akatswiri omwe tidalankhula nawo amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale akupezeka ku IBM, patenga zaka zisanu mpaka khumi kuti quantum computing igunde kwambiri. IBM Q System One pakali pano ikupezeka ngati ntchito yapakompyuta yosankha makasitomala. Padzatenga nthawi kuti anthu agule chinthu chonga ichi ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito pazolinga zawo.
Inde, akatswiri amanena kuti makompyuta a quantum amasonyeza lonjezo lalikulu, koma ali kutali ndi kupanga kwakukulu. Ndizosalimba kwambiri ndipo zimafunikira mikhalidwe yapadera kuti zigwire ntchito. Komanso, makompyuta a quantum masiku ano si odalirika kapena amphamvu monga makompyuta omwe tili nawo kale.
"Timakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi zaka khumi, kompyuta yochuluka idzasintha moyo wanu kapena wanga," Jim Clark, mkulu wa quantum hardware ku Intel, anauza Business Insider. - M'malo mwake, tangotsala pang'ono kufika pamtunda wamtunda woyamba. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti sitikudandaula nazo.
Kodi kompyuta ya quantum ndi chiyani?
Bill Gates adanenapo kuti masamu kumbuyo kwa quantum anali osamvetsetsa, koma si onse omwe adavomereza.
"Ndi malingaliro olakwika pang'ono kuti quantum physics ndi physics ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri," Chris Monroe, CEO ndi woyambitsa nawo IonQ, akuuza Business Insider. "Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri asamvetsetseke ndi chakuti sizomveka, koma ndizovuta kwa ine monga momwe zimakhalira kwa inu." Ngati chinachake chikhoza kukhala chapamwamba, zikutanthauza kuti chikhoza kukhala m'madera awiri nthawi imodzi. Ndizodabwitsa chifukwa sitikumana ndi izi m'dziko lenileni.
Makompyuta omwe timagwiritsa ntchito amawonetsa deta ngati mzere wa 1s kapena 0s wotchedwa binary code. Komabe, makompyuta a quantum amatha kuyimira deta monga 1, 0, kapena, chofunika kwambiri, manambala onse nthawi imodzi.
Dongosolo likatha kukhala m'malo angapo nthawi imodzi, limatchedwa "superposition," imodzi mwazinthu zowoneka ngati zamatsenga za quantum computing. Mfundo ina yofunika apa ndi "entanglement", yomwe ndi katundu wa quantum yomwe imalola kuti tinthu ting'onoting'ono tisunthike molumikizana bwino, ziribe kanthu kuti atalikirana bwanji.
Monga momwe akufotokozera mu Scientific American, makhalidwe awiriwa amaphatikiza kupanga kompyuta yomwe imatha kupanga deta yochuluka kwambiri panthawi imodzi kuposa machitidwe aliwonse pamsika lero.
Mphamvu ya kompyuta ya quantum imayesedwa mu qubits, gawo loyambira la kuyeza mu kompyuta ya quantum. Monga momwe makompyuta amakono ali ndi 32-bit kapena 64-bit processors (muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe angakhoze kukonza nthawi imodzi), makompyuta a quantum omwe ali ndi ma qubits ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zogwirira ntchito.
M'kati mwa kompyuta ya quantum. Chithunzi: IBM
Kumwamba ndiko malire
Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti makompyuta a quantum amatha kuthetsa mavuto omwe poyamba anali ochepa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamakompyuta.
Mwachitsanzo, kompyuta yochulukirachulukira imatha kuthana ndi vuto lodziwika bwino la ogulitsa oyendayenda, vuto lalikulu lowerengera lomwe limafunikira kupeza njira yachidule kwambiri pakati pa mizinda ingapo musanabwerere kwawo. Zikumveka zosavuta, koma ngati mungaziyang'ana pa masamu, kupeza njira imodzi yabwino kumakhala kovuta pamene mukuwonjezera mizinda yambiri panjira yake.
Momwemonso, kompyuta yochuluka imatha kudutsa m'mavuto ovuta kwambiri, owononga nthawi, kusanthula kuchuluka kwazachuma, zamankhwala, kapena zanyengo kuti ipeze mayankho oyenera. Zowonadi, kuyambika kwa kuchuluka kwa D-Wave ikugwirizana kale ndi Volkswagen kusanthula machitidwe oyendetsa ndikusefa phokoso lalikulu kuti ifike pansi.
Zothandiza zake m'munda wa cryptography zimakambidwa. Kompyuta ya quantum imatha kudziwa njira yobisira yomwe ili yosiyana ndi cipher yomwe imadziwika kale, yomwe imalola kuti imvetsetse zinsinsi za boma mosavuta. Pali chidwi chachikulu kuchokera ku maboma apadziko lonse lapansi pantchito yothandizayi, pomwe omenyera ufulu wawo akuwopa kuti kubwera kwa quantum computing kungawononge zinsinsi.
Vuto la physics
"Chifukwa makompyuta a quantum akadali koyambirira, pali zambiri zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe," adatero Matthew Briss, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa R&D ku Gartner. "Koma ogula akuyang'ana kale mapulogalamu kuti adziwe ubwino wampikisano wa quantum computing pa bizinesi yawo," akutero.
Ngakhale pali chipwirikiti chonsecho, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti makompyuta a quantum ali kutali kwambiri ndi kutsogolera njira monga makompyuta analiri m'ma 1950s. Inde, akupita patsogolo, koma pang'onopang'ono.
"Quantum computing ingayerekezedwe ndi sitima yoyenda pang'onopang'ono," Brian Hopkins, wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti komanso katswiri wamkulu wa Forrester, anauza Business Insider. "Ngati asuntha inchi imodzi pa sekondi imodzi, ndiye kuti m'mwezi amadutsa kale mainchesi awiri pa sekondi imodzi." Posachedwapa ayamba kuyenda mofulumira."
Vuto lalikulu tsopano ndikuti kompyuta ya quantum singachite chilichonse chomwe kompyuta yachikale sinathe kuchita. Makampaniwa akuyembekezera mphindi yotchedwa quantum supremacy, pamene makompyuta a quantum adzapitirira malire omwe alipo.
“Makasitomala akabwera kwa ife, chachikulu chimene amatiuza n’chakuti sasamala za mtundu umene uli nawo malinga ngati uli wothandiza pa bizinesi yawo,” anatero katswiri wina wamaphunziro Briss. - Palibe chitsanzo chomwe chingapitirire ma algorithms akale. Tiyenera kudikirira mpaka zida zamakompyuta za quantum zitayamba bwino. ”
Mnzake wofufuza wa IBM Katie Pooley amawunika cryostat yomwe imathandiza makompyuta a quantum kusunga kutentha kwawo. Chithunzi: Andy Aaron, IBM
Vuto lalikulu likadali kusowa kwa mphamvu zamakompyuta. Zimaganiziridwa kuti kukula kwa quantum kudzafuna kompyuta yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 50 qubits. Ngakhale kuti chochitika ichi chakwaniritsidwa mu labotale, sichiri chokhazikika ndipo sichikhoza kukhazikika. Zowonadi, ma qubits amatha kukhala ndi zolakwika komanso kusakhazikika, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto ndi m'badwo wawo ndikuchepetsa kuthekera kwawo.
Chinthu china chofunika ndi zinthu zambiri. Makompyuta a Quantum ayenera kukhala olekanitsidwa ndi chilengedwe chawo kuti agwire ntchito ndipo amafuna kutentha kwambiri. Ngakhale kunjenjemera kwakung'ono kwambiri kungapangitse ma qubits kugwa, kuwatulutsa pamwamba pake, monga momwe mwana akugogoda patebulo kumapangitsa kuti ndalama zozungulira zigwere patebulo.
Makompyuta am'mbuyomu, monga IBM Q System One, ndi ochulukirapo kotero kuti kudzipatula koyenera komanso kuziziritsa kumakhala kovuta. Kuchulukitsa vutoli ndi kusowa kwa zigawo zofunika: zingwe zopangira superconducting ndi mafiriji otsika kwambiri. Akusowa kwambiri.
Pamapeto pake, izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale chidziwitso chikuyenda bwino komanso ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, quantum computing ikadali yosatheka.
"Limodzi mwazovuta m'gulu langa lantchito ndikuwongolera zida, silicon, zitsulo, kuti titha kupanga malo ofanana," adatero Intel's Clark. - Iyi ndiye ukadaulo wabwino kwambiri wa semiconductor. Ukadaulo womwe tikufunika kuti tipange quantum computing pamlingo ulibe. ”
Vuto lina ndilakuti makompyuta a quantum ali ndi mwayi wosatsutsika wopereka mphamvu zamakompyuta zosayembekezereka. Komabe, palibe anthu ambiri padziko lapansi pano omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chokonzekera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makinawa, ndipo ogula amasangalala kuyesa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito.
Mpikisano Waukulu wa Quantum
Ofufuza akuti IBM pakali pano ikutsogolera mpikisano wa quantum computing chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malonda a IBM Q System One. Chifukwa imapezeka kudzera mumtambo, IBM imatha kusunga zinthu zapaderazi kuti kompyuta iyi ikhale yogwira ntchito ndikulola makasitomala osankhidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito.
"Ndikuganiza [kompyuta ya quantum ya IBM] ikugwedezeka," adatero Briss. "Ndikuganiza kuti quantum computing ngati chitsanzo chautumiki ndiye chitsanzo choyenera." Pochiika m’chidebe ndi kuchisamalira mwachindunji, akuyesetsa kuti chikhale bwino.”
Sarah Sheldon wa IBM ndi Pat Gumann akugwira ntchito pafiriji yosungunuka yomwe imaziziritsa makompyuta a quantum. Chithunzi: IBM
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri amawona kuti aliyense wa osewera pamsika uno akhoza kukhala ndi nthawi yopambana nthawi iliyonse yomwe ingalole kuti ipite patsogolo, ndipo izi zikadali mpikisano wofunikira.
Zimphona zosiyanasiyana za IT zimatengera vutoli mosiyana. Intel, IBM, Google ndi quantum computing startup Rigetti akumanga makina ozikidwa pa mabwalo apamwamba kwambiri, oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri.
ikutenga njira yosiyana kwambiri komanso mwina yowopsa poyesa kupanga qubit yabwinoko. The topological qubit yomwe Microsoft ikuyesera kupanga zidutswa za ma elekitironi kuti zisunge zidziwitso m'malo angapo nthawi imodzi, kuzipangitsa kukhala zokhazikika komanso zosavuta kuwononga. Ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zomwe opikisana nawo akuyesera kumanga, koma zotsatira zake zingakhale sitepe yaikulu pa gawo lonse la quantum computing, katswiri wa Hopkins adanena.
"Iwo ali pa juga ndipo anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti sangapambane," adatero Hopkins.
Kumbali yoyeserera kwambiri, oyambitsa ngati IonQ ndi D-Wave akubetcha pamatekinoloje otsogola monga kutchera ma ion ndi quantum annealing. Mwachidule, akuyesera m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti akwaniritse ntchito zazikulu ndi kukhazikika kuchokera ku qubit iliyonse, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano.
"Izi zimatipatsa mwayi wopanga makompyuta ochuluka omwe amathetsa mavuto ovuta ndikupitirizabe kutero," a Mark Johnson, wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa purosesa ndi quantum product design and development ku D-Wave, anauza Business Insider.
Wasayansi wa IBM quantum akuyenda kudutsa IBM Q Computing Center ku Thomas J. Watson Research Center ku Yorktown Heights, New York. Chithunzi: Connie Zhou wa IBM
Zoyambira za Quantum
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa computing ya quantum kwadzetsa chidwi cha osunga ndalama pazoyambira zina. Robert Sutor wa IBM akuyerekeza kuti pali pafupifupi 100 quantum software, hardware komanso ngakhale kufunsira oyambira padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi msika waukulu woyambira, koma waukulu kwambiri kuposa kale.
"Ndakhala m'malo ano kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyambira pachiyambi," adatero Monroe wa IonQ. - Kwa nthawi yayitali inali yakhanda, mpaka zaka 5-8 zapitazo idakopa chidwi ndikukopa ndalama zazikulu. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti nthawi yakwana.”
Chris Monroe, CEO ndi woyambitsa nawo quantum computing startup IonQ. Chithunzi: IonQ
Ena, monga Rigetti, ali okonzeka kupita ku chala-to-chala ndi ma tech titans okhala ndi tchipisi tawo tambiri komanso makina apamwamba kwambiri apakompyuta.
"Ndilo maziko abizinesi yathu," a Betsy Masiello, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wazogulitsa ku Rigetti, adauza Business Insider. - Pali makampani ambiri omwe ali mu quantum space omwe akugwira ntchito pamapulogalamu apakompyuta a quantum computing. Timapanga ma microchips ndikupanga makina apakompyuta. ”
Matthew Kinsella, woyang'anira wamkulu wa Maverick Ventures, akuti ali ndi chidwi pa gawo la quantum computing. Kampani yake yapita mpaka kukayika ndalama ku ColdQuanta, kampani yomwe imapanga zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a quantum. Akuyembekeza kuti makompyuta a quantum azichita bwino kuposa machitidwe amasiku ano mkati mwa zaka zisanu mpaka XNUMX. Maverick Ventures akubetcha pakapita nthawi.
"Ndimakhulupiriradi mu computing ya quantum, ngakhale zingatenge nthawi yaitali kuposa momwe zimayembekezeredwa kuti kompyuta ya quantum ikhale yabwino kuposa makompyuta achikhalidwe kuti athetse mavuto a tsiku ndi tsiku. Tidzawona ubwino wa makompyuta a quantum kuthetsa mavuto ang'onoang'ono m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, "adatero Kinsella.
Ma laboratories a D-Wave a 2000Q Systems. Chithunzi: D-Wave
Kinsella, monga akatswiri omwe tidalankhula nawo, akuyembekezera zomwe zimatchedwa "nyengo yachisanu". Pakhoza kukhala hype kuzungulira makompyuta a quantum, koma anthu akupeza chiyembekezo, akatswiri akuchenjeza. Makinawa sanakhale angwiro, ndipo padzakhala zaka zambiri kuti osunga ndalama aone zotsatira zake.
M'malingaliro
Ngakhale kupitirira kukula kwa quantum, akatswiri amatitsimikizira kuti pali malo a makompyuta achikhalidwe ndi makompyuta apamwamba. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, pali nkhani za mtengo, kukula, kudalirika, ndi kukonza mphamvu kuti tikambirane tisanakambirane.
"Tiyenera kupuma pang'ono," adatero katswiri wofufuza Briss. "Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zikuchitika mderali zomwe zimatenga nthawi." Ndi gulu la physics, sayansi yamakompyuta komanso, kunena zoona, kusanthula kwasayansi. Sitikadayenera kuphunzira izi tikadadziwa mayankho onse, koma pali ntchito yofufuza zambiri kutsogolo.
Koperani quantum kompyuta. Chithunzi: Rigetti
Komabe, kwa ambiri n’zachidziŵikire kuti ili ndilo mtsogolo. Monga momwe opanga kompyuta yoyamba ya mainframe sanazindikire kuti izi zitha kubweretsa mafoni ambiri amtundu wa kanjedza. Kompyuta ya quantum ikhoza kukhala sitepe yoyamba panjira yatsopano.
Ochepa, monga Microsoft Wachiwiri kwa Wachiwiri kwa Corporate Governance Todd Holmdahl, ali ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira kunena kuti zitha kukhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa luntha lochita kupanga komanso kuphunzira pamakina lero. Iye ankakonda kuuza ana ake kuti ayenera kuchita zimene amakonda ndiponso kuti nthawi zonse angapeze ntchito mwanzeru zopangapanga. Tsopano anena zomwezo za quantum computing.
“Ili ndi gawo lomwe litukuke. Tikufuna anthu kuti azidzaza ndi kuti zisafote, "adatero Holmdahl. "Zimathandiza kwambiri m'badwo wathu, kutipatsa mwayi wopanga zinthu zodabwitsa m'tsogolomu."
Source: www.habr.com