Momwe mungakane maulamuliro aulamuliro pa intaneti
Kodi tikuzimitsa? Mayi ali ku Beijing Internet cafe, July 2011
Im Chi Yin/The New York Times/Redux
Hmmm, ndiyenera kutsogoza izi ndi "zolemba za womasulira." Mawu amene anapezedwawo ankaoneka osangalatsa komanso otsutsana kwa ine. Zosintha zokha palembali ndi zolimba mtima. Ndinadzilola kusonyeza maganizo anga pa ma tag.
Nthawi ya intaneti inali yodzaza ndi ziyembekezo zapamwamba. Maboma aulamuliro, akukumana ndi kusankha kukhala gawo la njira yatsopano yolumikizirana padziko lonse lapansi kapena kusiyidwa, adzasankha kulowa nawo. Kutsutsananso ndi magalasi amtundu wa rozi: kutuluka kwa chidziwitso chatsopano ndi malingaliro ochokera ku "dziko lakunja" kudzalimbikitsa chitukuko kuti chikhale chomasuka pazachuma ndi kumasula ndale. Ndipotu, zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimenezi zinachitika. M'malo mofalitsa mfundo za demokalase ndi malingaliro omasuka, intaneti yakhala maziko a ukazitape ndi mayiko aulamuliro padziko lonse lapansi. Maboma ku China, Russia, etc. adagwiritsa ntchito zida zapaintaneti kupanga ma network awoawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akhazikitsa zopinga zaukadaulo ndi zamalamulo kuti athe kuchepetsa nzika zawo kupeza zinthu zina komanso kupangitsa kuti makampani a azungu azitha kupeza misika yawo ya digito.
Koma pamene Washington ndi Brussels akudandaula kuti akukonzekera kugawanitsa intaneti, chinthu chomaliza chomwe Beijing ndi Moscow akufuna ndikutsekeredwa m'magulu awo ndikuchotsedwa pa intaneti yapadziko lonse. Kupatula apo, amafunikira mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti abe zinthu zanzeru, kufalitsa mabodza, kusokoneza zisankho m'maiko ena, komanso kuti athe kuwopseza zomangamanga m'maiko omwe akupikisana nawo. China ndi Russia angafune kupanga intaneti mwatsopano - molingana ndi machitidwe awo ndikukakamiza dziko lapansi kusewera ndi malamulo awo opondereza. Koma alephera kutero—m’malo mwake, achita khama kwambiri kuti athe kulamulira mwamphamvu njira zakunja zopezeka m’misika yawo, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa nzika zawo zofikira pa intaneti, ndi kupezerapo mwayi pa zofooka zimene mosapeŵeka zimabwera ndi ufulu wa digito ndi kutseguka kwa azungu.
United States ndi ogwirizana nawo ndi othandizana nawo ayenera kusiya kudandaula za chiopsezo cha maulamuliro aulamuliro omwe angawononge intaneti. M'malo mwake ayenera gawani nokha, kupanga chipika cha digito m'kati mwake momwe chidziwitso, ntchito ndi zinthu zimatha kuyenda momasuka, kupatula mayiko omwe salemekeza ufulu wolankhula kapena zinsinsi, kuchita nawo zigawenga, kapena kupereka malo otetezeka kwa zigawenga zapaintaneti. M'dongosolo loterolo, mayiko omwe amavomereza lingaliro la intaneti yaulere komanso yodalirika adzasunga ndikukulitsa phindu la kulumikizana, ndipo mayiko omwe amatsutsana ndi lingaliroli sangathe kuvulaza. Cholinga chiyenera kukhala digito ya mgwirizano wa Schengen, yomwe imateteza kuyenda kwaulere kwa anthu, katundu ndi ntchito ku Ulaya. Maiko a 26 a Schengen amatsatira ndondomeko iyi ya malamulo ndi njira zothandizira; mayiko osakhala akutali.
Mapangano amtunduwu ndiofunikira kuti pakhale intaneti yaulere komanso yotseguka. Washington iyenera kupanga mgwirizano womwe umagwirizanitsa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, mabizinesi ndi mayiko ozungulira mfundo za demokalase, kulemekeza malamulo ndi malonda a digito osakondera: Free Internet League. M'malo molola mayiko omwe sagawana nawo mfundozi mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti komanso misika ya digito yaku Western ndi matekinoloje, mgwirizano wotsogozedwa ndi US uyenera kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe yomwe anthu omwe si mamembala atha kukhala olumikizidwa ndikuyika zotchinga zomwe zimachepetsa zofunikira. Angalandire ndi kuononga. League sidzakweza nsalu yotchinga yachitsulo; osachepera poyamba, ambiri Internet traffic adzapitiriza kusamutsidwa pakati pa mamembala ake ndi "kunja", ndipo mgwirizano adzakhala patsogolo kuletsa makampani ndi mabungwe kuti athe ndi kutsogolera cybercrime, osati mayiko lonse. Maboma omwe amavomereza kwambiri masomphenya a intaneti yotseguka, yololera, komanso yademokalase adzalimbikitsidwa kuti apititse patsogolo kuyesetsa kwawo kuti alowe nawo mu ligi ndikupereka kulumikizana kodalirika kwa mabizinesi awo ndi nzika. Inde, maulamuliro aulamuliro ku China, Russia ndi kwina akhoza kupitiriza kukana masomphenyawa. M’malo mochonderera ndi kuchonderera maboma oterowo kuti achitepo kanthu, tsopano kuli kwa United States ndi ogwirizana nawo kukhazikitsa lamulo: kutsatira malamulowo kapena kudulidwa.
Kutha kwa maloto a intaneti opanda malire
Boma la Obama litatulutsa International Cyberspace Strategy mu 2011, lidawona kuti intaneti yapadziko lonse lapansi ikhala "yotseguka, yolumikizana, yotetezeka komanso yodalirika." Pa nthawi yomweyo, China ndi Russia anaumirira kukhazikitsa malamulo awo pa Intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, Beijing inkafuna kutsutsa boma la China zomwe zingakhale zoletsedwa mkati mwa China kuti ziletsedwenso pamasamba aku US. Moscow, kumbali yake, yakhala ikufuna mochenjera kuti ifanane ndi mapangano owongolera zida pa intaneti pomwe ikuwonjezeranso ziwopsezo zake zowononga zida. M'kupita kwa nthawi, China ndi Russia zikufunabe kukhala ndi chikoka pa intaneti yapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma amawona phindu lalikulu pomanga maukonde awo otsekedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kutseguka kwa West kuti apindule nawo.
Njira ya Obama inachenjeza kuti "njira ina yotsegulira dziko lonse lapansi ndi kugwirizanitsa ndi intaneti yogawanika, kumene gawo lalikulu la anthu padziko lapansi lidzakanidwa mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apamwamba komanso zinthu zamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha ndale za mayiko ochepa." Ngakhale kuyesetsa kwa Washington kuti aletse izi, izi ndi zomwe tafika pano. Ndipo olamulira a Trump achita zochepa kwambiri kuti asinthe njira zaku US. Ndondomeko ya National Cyber Strategy ya Purezidenti Donald Trump, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu Seputembara 2018, ikufuna "Internet yotseguka, yolumikizana, yodalirika komanso yotetezeka," kutengera malingaliro a Purezidenti Barack Obama, nthawi zina kusinthanitsa mawu oti "otetezedwa" ndi "odalirika."
Malingaliro a Trump amachokera pakufunika kokulitsa ufulu wa intaneti, womwe umati "kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ufulu wofunikira pa intaneti, monga ufulu wolankhula, kusonkhana, kusonkhana mwamtendere, chipembedzo kapena chikhulupiriro, komanso ufulu wachinsinsi pa intaneti." Ngakhale kuti ichi ndi cholinga choyenera, chikunyalanyaza mfundo yakuti m’mayiko ambiri kumene nzika sizisangalala ndi maufulu amenewa pa intaneti, makamaka pa intaneti, Intaneti simalo otetezeka, koma ndi chida chopondereza. Maboma ku China ndi mayiko ena akugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga kuti awathandize kuyang'anira bwino anthu awo ndipo aphunzira kulumikiza makamera oyang'anira, zochitika zachuma ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ka chuma ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Gulu lankhondo lamphamvu la China lamphamvu mamiliyoni awiri la intaneti likuphunzitsidwa kusonkhanitsa deta kuti liphatikizidwe mu dongosolo lowerengera "Social credits", zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wowunika wokhala ku China aliyense ndikumupatsa mphotho ndi zilango pazochita zomwe zachitika pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti. Gulu lachi China lotchedwa Great Firewall, lomwe limaletsa anthu mdzikolo kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti zomwe chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China chikuwona kuti n'zosayenera, lakhala chitsanzo kwa maulamuliro ena opondereza. Malinga ndi Freedom House, akuluakulu aku China achita maphunziro opangira njira zowunikira pa intaneti ndi anzawo m'maiko 36. China yathandizira kupanga maukonde otere m'maiko 18.
Kunja kwa ofesi ya Google ku Beijing patatha tsiku lomwe kampaniyo idalengeza kuti ikufuna kuchoka pamsika waku China, Januware 2010
Gilles Sabrie / The New York Times / Redux
Kugwiritsa ntchito manambala ngati mwayi
Kodi dziko la United States ndi mabungwe ogwirizana nawo angachepetse bwanji kuwonongeka kwa maulamuliro opondereza pa intaneti ndi kulepheretsa mabomawo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za intaneti popondereza anthu osagwirizana? Pakhala pali malingaliro olangiza bungwe la World Trade Organization kapena UN kuti likhazikitse malamulo omveka bwino kuti awonetsetse kuti chidziwitso ndi deta yaulere. Koma dongosolo lililonse loterolo likanakhala lofa, chifukwa kuti livomerezedwe liyenera kupeza chichirikizo cha maiko omwewo amene zochita zawo zoipazo zinafuna. Pokhapokha popanga chipika cha mayiko omwe deta ingasamutsidwe, komanso kukana mwayi wopita kumayiko ena, mayiko a Kumadzulo angakhale ndi mwayi wosintha khalidwe la anthu oipa pa intaneti.
Dera la Schengen ku Ulaya limapereka chitsanzo chotheka chomwe anthu ndi katundu amayenda momasuka, osadutsa miyambo ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu othawa kwawo. Munthu akaloŵa m’derali kudzera m’malire a dziko lina, akhoza kuloŵa m’dziko lina lililonse popanda kudutsa m’miyambo ina kapenanso macheke a anthu otuluka m’dziko lina. (Pali zina, ndipo mayiko angapo adayambitsa macheke a malire pambuyo pa vuto la osamukira ku 2015.) Mgwirizano wokhazikitsa chigawochi unakhala mbali ya malamulo a EU mu 1999; mayiko omwe si a EU Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway ndi Switzerland pamapeto pake adalowa nawo. Mgwirizanowu sunaphatikizepo Ireland ndi UK pa pempho lawo.
Kulowa m'dera la Schengen kumaphatikizapo zofunikira zitatu zomwe zingakhale chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa digito. Choyamba, maiko omwe ali mamembala ayenera kupereka ma visa ofananirako ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo champhamvu pamalire awo akunja. Kachiwiri, ayenera kusonyeza kuti ali okhoza kugwirizanitsa zochita zawo ndi mabungwe azamalamulo m'mayiko ena omwe ali mamembala. Ndipo chachitatu, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira wamba kutsatira zolowa ndi kutuluka m'deralo. Mgwirizanowu umapereka malamulo oyendetsera ntchito zowunika malire ndi momwe aboma angatsatire anthu omwe akuwakayikira podutsa malire. Kumalolanso kuti anthu amene akuganiziridwa zaupandu atulutsidwe m’mayiko ena.
Mgwirizanowu umapanga zolimbikitsa zomveka za mgwirizano ndi kumasuka. Dziko lililonse ku Europe lomwe likufuna nzika zake kukhala ndi ufulu woyenda, kugwira ntchito kapena kukhala kulikonse mu EU liyenera kubweretsa malire ake kuti agwirizane ndi miyezo ya Schengen. Mamembala anayi a EU - Bulgaria, Croatia, Kupro ndi Romania - sanaloledwe kulowa m'dera la Schengen mwa zina chifukwa sanakwaniritse izi. Bulgaria ndi Romania, komabe, ali mkati mokonza zowongolera malire kuti athe kulowa nawo. M'mawu ena, zolimbikitsa zimagwira ntchito.
Koma zolimbikitsa zamtunduwu zikusowa pazoyesayesa zonse zogwirizanitsa anthu apadziko lonse lapansi kuti athane ndi umbava wa pa intaneti, ukazitape wachuma ndi mavuto ena azaka za digito. Bungwe la Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (lomwe limadziwikanso kuti Budapest Convention), limafotokoza zonse zoyenera kuchita kuti mayiko athane ndi umbanda pa intaneti. Amapereka malamulo achitsanzo, njira zolumikizirana bwino komanso njira zosavuta zotulutsira. Mayiko XNUMX avomereza mgwirizanowu. Komabe, n'zovuta kupeza otsutsa a Msonkhano wa Budapest chifukwa sizinagwire ntchito: sizimapereka phindu lililonse lolowa nawo kapena zotsatira zenizeni chifukwa cholephera kutsatira zomwe zimapanga.
Kuti Free Internet League igwire ntchito, msampha uwu uyenera kupewedwa. Njira yothandiza kwambiri yobweretsera mayiko kuti azitsatira ligi ndi kuwawopseza ndi kukana katundu ndi ntchito makampani monga Amazon, Facebook, Google ndi Microsoft, ndikuletsa makampani awo kupeza zikwama za ogula mamiliyoni mazana ku US ndi Europe. League sichidzaletsa magalimoto onse kuchokera kwa omwe si mamembala - monga momwe dera la Schengen silimaletsa katundu ndi ntchito zonse kuchokera kwa omwe si mamembala. Kumbali imodzi, kuthekera kosefa momveka bwino magalimoto onse oyipa padziko lonse lapansi sikungatheke ndiukadaulo masiku ano. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zingafunike kuti maboma azitha kutsitsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu, zomwe zingawononge chitetezo kuposa kuchithandizira komanso kuphwanya zinsinsi komanso ufulu wa anthu. Koma ligiyi iletsa malonda ndi ntchito kuchokera kumakampani ndi mabungwe omwe amadziwika kuti amathandizira umbanda wapaintaneti m'maiko omwe si mamembala, komanso kuletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu kuti asakhumudwitse opereka chithandizo pa intaneti m'maiko omwe si mamembala.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani ngati dziko la Ukraine, lomwe ndi malo otetezeka kwa anthu ophwanya malamulo a pa Intaneti, likuopsezedwa kuti liletsa mwayi wopeza ntchito zomwe nzika zake, makampani ndi boma adazolowera kale, komanso zomwe chitukuko chake chaumisiri chingadalire. Boma la Ukraine likumana ndi chilimbikitso champhamvu kuti pamapeto pake lichitepo kanthu polimbana ndi umbanda wa pa intaneti womwe wakula m'malire a dzikolo. Zoterezi ndizopanda ntchito motsutsana ndi China ndi Russia: pambuyo pake, China Communist Party ndi Kremlin achita kale chilichonse chotheka kuti achotse nzika zawo pa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, cholinga cha Free Internet League sikusintha khalidwe la anthu oukira “malingaliro” oterowo, koma kuchepetsa mavuto omwe amayambitsa ndikulimbikitsa mayiko monga Ukraine, Brazil, ndi India kuti apite patsogolo polimbana ndi umbava wa pa intaneti.
Kusunga Intaneti Yaulere
Mfundo yoyambira ligiyi ikhala kuthandizira ufulu wolankhula pa intaneti. Mamembala, komabe, adzaloledwa kupanga zosiyana pazochitika ndi zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale dziko la US silingakakamizidwe kuvomereza ziletso za EU pazaufulu, makampani aku US adzafunika kuyesetsa kuti asagulitse kapena kuwonetsa zoletsedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ku Europe. Njirayi idzapititsa patsogolo momwe zinthu zilili. Koma zikakamizanso mayiko aku Western kuti achite ntchito yoletsa mayiko ngati China kutsatira masomphenya a Orwellian a "chitetezo chazidziwitso" poumirira kuti mawu ena angawopseze chitetezo cha dziko lawo. Mwachitsanzo, Beijing imapempha maboma nthawi zonse kuti achotse zomwe zili pa maseva m'gawo lawo zomwe zimatsutsa boma la China kapena zomwe zimakambirana zamagulu oletsedwa ndi boma ku China, monga Falun Gong. Dziko la United States lakana zopempha zoterezi, koma ena akhoza kukopeka, makamaka China itabwezera kukana kwa US poyambitsa ma cyberattacks pa magwero a zinthu. Internet Freedom League ingapatse mayiko ena chilimbikitso chokana zomwe aku China akufuna: zingakhale zosemphana ndi malamulo, ndipo mayiko ena omwe ali mamembala angathandize kuwateteza kuti asabwezere.
League ifunika njira yowunika momwe mamembala ake akutsatirira malamulo ake. Chida chothandiza pa izi chikhoza kukhala kusunga ndi kusindikiza zizindikiro za ntchito kwa wophunzira aliyense. Koma chitsanzo cha kuwunika kowonjezereka chikhoza kupezeka mu Financial Action Task Force, bungwe lotsutsana ndi ndalama zowonongeka lomwe linapangidwa ndi G-7 ndi European Commission ku 1989 ndipo amathandizidwa ndi mamembala ake. Maiko 37 omwe ali membala wa FATF ndi omwe amapanga ndalama zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mamembala akuvomera kutsatira mfundo zambiri, kuphatikiza zomwe zimaphwanya ndalama mwachinyengo ndi zigawenga, ndipo amafuna kuti mabanki azisamalira makasitomala awo. M'malo mongoyang'anitsitsa pakati, bungwe la FATF limagwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe membala aliyense amasinthana ndikuwunika zomwe mnzake wachita komanso kupanga malingaliro. Maiko omwe satsatira malamulo ofunikira amayikidwa pa FATF yotchedwa mndandanda wa imvi, womwe umafunika kuunikanso. Zigawenga zitha kulembedwa m'ndandanda, zomwe zimakakamiza mabanki kukhazikitsa macheke atsatanetsatane omwe angachedwetse kapena kuyimitsa malonda ambiri.
Kodi Free Internet League ingaletse bwanji kuchita zoipa m'maiko omwe ali mamembala ake? Apanso, pali chitsanzo cha kayendetsedwe ka zaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi. League idzapanga ndikupereka ndalama zothandizira bungwe lofanana ndi la World Health Organization lomwe lidzazindikiritse machitidwe omwe ali pachiopsezo cha intaneti, kudziwitsa eni ake a machitidwewo, ndikugwira ntchito kuti awalimbikitse (mofanana ndi makampeni a katemera padziko lonse a WHO); kuzindikira ndi kuyankha ku pulogalamu yaumbanda ndi botnets zomwe zikubwera zisanawononge kwambiri (zofanana ndi kuyang'anira kuphulika kwa matenda); ndikukhala ndi udindo woyankha ngati kupewa kulephera (kufanana ndi kuyankha kwa WHO ku miliri). Mamembala a League angavomerenso kuti apewe kuyambitsa zigawenga zowononga pa intaneti panthawi yamtendere. Lonjezo lotere silingalepheretse dziko la United States kapena ogwirizana nawo kuyambitsa zigawenga zapaintaneti motsutsana ndi adani omwe atsala pang'ono kukhala kunja kwa ligi, monga Iran.
Kukhazikitsa zotchinga
Kupanga Free Internet League kungafune kusintha kwakukulu pamaganizidwe. Lingaliro loti kulumikizidwa kwa intaneti pamapeto pake kusinthe maulamuliro aulamuliro ndi lingaliro lolakalaka. Koma izi sizowona, izi sizichitika. Kusafuna kuvomereza chowonadi ichi ndi chopinga chachikulu cha njira ina. Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi zidzaonekeratu kuti utopianism wamakono wa nthawi ya intaneti ndi wosayenera m'dziko lamakono.
Makampani aukadaulo aku Western akuyenera kutsutsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Free Internet League pomwe akuyesetsa kusangalatsa China ndikupeza mwayi pamsika waku China chifukwa maunyolo awo amadalira kwambiri opanga aku China. Komabe, ndalama zamabizinesi oterowo zidzathetsedwa pang'ono chifukwa, podula China, ligi iwateteza ku mpikisano.
Mpikisano wa Free Internet League wa mtundu wa Schengen ndiyo njira yokhayo yotetezera intaneti ku ziwopsezo zobwera ndi maboma olamulira ndi anthu ena oyipa. Dongosolo loterolo mwachiwonekere lidzakhala locheperako padziko lonse lapansi kuposa intaneti yamakono yogawidwa mwaufulu. Koma pongokweza mtengo wa khalidwe loipa limene dziko la United States ndi abwenzi ake likhoza kuyembekezera kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha umbava wa pa intaneti ndi kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kumene maboma monga aku Beijing ndi Moscow angabweretse pa intaneti.
Olemba:
RICHARD A. CLARKE ndi Wapampando ndi Chief Executive Officer wa Good Harbor Security Risk Management. Adatumikira ku Boma la US ngati Mlangizi Wapadera kwa Purezidenti wa Cyberspace Security, Wothandizira Wapadera kwa Purezidenti wa Global Affairs, ndi National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism.
ROB KNAKE ndi mkulu wa bungwe la Council on Foreign Relations komanso mkulu wa bungwe la Institute for Global Sustainability ku Northeastern University. Anali director of cyber policy ku National Security Council kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2015.
Source: www.habr.com