Kukumbukira bwino ndi mwayi wosatsutsika kwa ophunzira komanso luso lomwe lingakhale lothandiza m'moyo - mosasamala kanthu za maphunziro anu.
Lero taganiza zotsegula zida zingapo zamomwe mungakulitsire kukumbukira kwanu - tiyamba ndi pulogalamu yayifupi yamaphunziro: ndi kukumbukira kotani komanso njira zoloweza pamtima zimagwira ntchito motsimikizika.
chithunzi - Unsplash
Memory 101: Kuchokera pagawo la sekondi kupita ku infinity
Njira yosavuta yofotokozera kukumbukira ndikutha kudziunjikira, kusunga, ndi kupanganso chidziwitso ndi luso kwakanthawi. “Kanthawi” kungatenge masekondi, kapena kungakhale kwa moyo wonse. Kutengera izi (komanso mbali ziti zaubongo zomwe zimagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi), kukumbukira nthawi zambiri kumagawika m'malingaliro, kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi.
kukhudza - ichi ndi chikumbukiro chomwe chimatsegulidwa pakangotha mphindikati, chimakhala kunja kwa mphamvu zathu ndipo chimakhala chodziwikiratu kusintha kwa chilengedwe: timawona / kumva / kumva chinthu, kuzindikira ndi "kumaliza" chilengedwe ife poganizira zatsopano. Kwenikweni, ndi dongosolo lomwe limatilola kujambula chithunzi chomwe mphamvu zathu zimazindikira. Zoona, kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri - chidziwitso mu kukumbukira kumverera kumasungidwa kwa theka la sekondi kapena kuchepera.
M'masiku ochepa patsogolo kukumbukira "kumagwira ntchito" mkati mwa masekondi angapo (20-40 masekondi). Titha kupanganso zambiri zomwe tapeza panthawiyi popanda kufunsa komwe kwachokera. Zowona, sizinthu zonse: kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa kumakhala kochepa - kwa nthawi yayitali kumakhulupirira kuti kumatha kukhala ndi "zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera ziwiri."
Chifukwa choganiza choncho chinali nkhani ya katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku Harvard George Armitage Miller, "The Magic Number 7±2," yomwe inasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Psychological Review kumbuyoko mu 1956. Mmenemo, adalongosola zotsatira za mayesero pa ntchito yake ku Bell Laboratories: malinga ndi zomwe adaziwona, munthu akhoza kusunga zinthu zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi mu kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa - zikhale mndandanda wa zilembo, manambala, mawu kapena zithunzi.
Ophunzira analoweza ndondomeko zovuta kwambiri poika zinthu m'magulu kuti chiwerengero cha magulu chikhalenso kuyambira 5 mpaka 9. Komabe, maphunziro amakono amapereka zotsatira zochepa kwambiri - "chiwerengero chamatsenga" chimaonedwa kuti ndi 4 ± 1. Kuwunika koteroko , makamaka, pulofesa wa zamaganizo Nelson Cowan m'nkhani yake ya 2001.
chithunzi - Unsplash
Nthawi yayitali kukumbukira kumapangidwa mosiyana - nthawi yosungiramo zidziwitso momwemo ikhoza kukhala yopanda malire, voliyumu imaposa kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati ntchito ya kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa imaphatikizapo kulumikizana kwakanthawi kwa neural m'dera la frontal ndi parietal cortex yaubongo, ndiye kuti kukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali kumakhalapo chifukwa cha kulumikizana kokhazikika kwa neural komwe kumagawika mbali zonse zaubongo.
Mitundu yonse ya kukumbukira kulibe mosiyana - imodzi mwa zitsanzo zodziwika kwambiri za ubale pakati pawo zinaperekedwa ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo Richard Atkinson ndi Richard Shiffrin mu 1968. Malinga ndi malingaliro awo, chidziwitso choyamba chimakonzedwa ndi kukumbukira kukumbukira. Zokumbukira zokumbukira "ma buffers" zimapereka chidziwitso kwakanthawi kochepa. Komanso, ngati chidziŵitso chibwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza, ndiye kuti chimachokera ku kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa "kukasungira kwa nthawi yayitali."
Kukumbukira (kolunjika kapena modzidzimutsa) mu chitsanzo ichi ndiko kusintha kwa chidziwitso kuchokera ku nthawi yayitali kupita ku kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa.
Chitsanzo china chinaperekedwa zaka 4 pambuyo pake ndi akatswiri odziwa zamaganizo Fergus Craik ndi Robert S. Lockhart. Zimachokera pa lingaliro lakuti nthawi yayitali bwanji yomwe chidziwitso chimasungidwa komanso ngati chimakhalabe mu kukumbukira kwachidziwitso kapena chimalowa mu kukumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali zimadalira "kuya" kwa processing. Njira yowonongeka kwambiri komanso nthawi yochuluka yogwiritsira ntchito, imakhala ndi mwayi woti chidziwitsocho chidzakumbukiridwa kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zomveka, zomveka, zogwira ntchito - zonsezi zikukhudzanso kukumbukira
Kafukufuku wa maubwenzi pakati pa mitundu ya kukumbukira kwachititsa kuti pakhale magulu ovuta kwambiri ndi zitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo, kukumbukira kwa nthawi yayitali kunayamba kugawidwa m'mawonekedwe omveka (omwe amatchedwanso ozindikira) ndi osamveka (osazindikira kapena obisika).
Kukumbukira momveka bwino - zomwe timakonda kunena tikamalankhula za kuloweza. Iwo, nawonso, anawagawa episodic (zokumbukira za moyo wa munthu) ndi semantic (kukumbukira mfundo, mfundo ndi zochitika) - kugawanika anayamba akufuna mu 1972 ndi zamaganizo Canada chiyambi Estonian Endel Tulving.
chithunzi - Flickr
Zomveka kukumbukira kawirikawiri pa priming ndi procedural memory. Kukhazikitsa, kapena kukonza malingaliro, kumachitika pamene chokondoweza china chikhudza momwe timaonera kukondoweza komwe kumatsatira. Mwachitsanzo Zochitika za mawu osamveka bwino zitha kuwoneka zoseketsa kwambiri (pamene nyimbo ) - ataphunzira china chatsopano, kusiyana kwa mzere wa nyimbo, timayambanso kuyimva. Ndipo mosemphanitsa - chojambulira chomwe sichinalembedwepo chimamveka bwino ngati muwona zolembazo.
Ponena za kukumbukira kachitidwe, chitsanzo chake chachikulu ndikukumbukira zamagalimoto. Thupi lanu "limadziwa" kukwera njinga, kuyendetsa galimoto, kapena kusewera tenisi, monga momwe woimba amaimba nyimbo yodziwika bwino popanda kuyang'ana zolemba kapena kuganizira zomwe bar yotsatira iyenera kukhala. Izi siziri kutali ndi zitsanzo zokha za kukumbukira.
Zosankha zoyambirira zidaperekedwa ndi anthu anthawi ya Miller, Atkinson ndi Shiffrin, komanso mibadwo yotsatira ya ofufuza. Palinso magulu ena ambiri a mitundu ya kukumbukira: mwachitsanzo, kukumbukira autobiographical (chinachake pakati pa episodic ndi semantic) chimagawidwa m'kalasi lapadera, ndipo kuwonjezera pa kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa, nthawi zina amalankhula za kukumbukira ntchito (ngakhale asayansi ena, mwachitsanzo Cowan yemweyo, kukumbukira kuti kugwira ntchito ndi gawo laling'ono la kukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali komwe munthu amagwira ntchito panthawiyi).
Trite, koma odalirika: njira zophunzitsira zokumbukira
Ubwino wa kukumbukira bwino n’zachidziwikire. Osati kokha kwa ophunzira madzulo a mayeso - malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa waku China, maphunziro okumbukira kukumbukira, kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake yayikulu, komanso wongolera malingaliro. Kusunga bwino zinthu mu kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri njira yamagulu (Chingerezi chunking) - pamene zinthu mumndandanda wakutiwakuti ziikidwa m'magulu malinga ndi tanthauzo. Iyi ndiyo njira yomwe imayambitsa "chiwerengero chamatsenga" (poganizira zoyesera zamakono, ndizofunika kuti chiwerengero cha zinthu zomaliza sichidutsa 4-5). Mwachitsanzo, nambala yafoni 9899802801 ndiyosavuta kukumbukira ngati mutayidula midadada 98-99-802-801.
Kumbali ina, kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa sikuyenera kukhala kovutirapo kwambiri, kutumiza zenizeni zonse zolandilidwa "zosungidwa". Zokumbukirazi ndi zanthawi yochepa chabe chifukwa zochitika zambiri zomwe zimatizungulira sizikhala ndi chilichonse chofunikira kwambiri: menyu mu malo odyera, mndandanda wazinthu zogulira ndi zomwe mumavala lero sizikuwonekeratu kuti sizomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kuzisunga. kukumbukira kwa zaka.
Ponena za kukumbukira kwa nthawi yayitali, mfundo zoyambirira ndi njira zophunzitsira zake nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri komanso zowononga nthawi. Ndipo zowoneka bwino.
chithunzi - Unsplash
Kukumbukira mobwerezabwereza. Malangizowo ndi oletsedwa, koma odalirika: amayesa mobwerezabwereza kukumbukira chinachake chomwe chimapangitsa kuti "kuyika" chinthucho chisungidwe kwa nthawi yayitali ndi mwayi waukulu. Pali ma nuances angapo apa. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kusankha nthawi yoyenera yomwe mudzayese kukumbukira (osati motalika, osati lalifupi kwambiri - zimatengera momwe kukumbukira kwanu kumapangidwira kale).
Tiyerekeze kuti mwatenga tikiti ya mayeso ndikuyesera kuiloweza. Yesani kubwereza tikiti mumphindi zochepa, mu theka la ola, mu ola limodzi, awiri, tsiku lotsatira. Izi zidzafuna nthawi yochulukirapo pa tikiti iliyonse, koma kubwerezabwereza pafupipafupi pakapita nthawi yayitali kumathandizira kugwirizanitsa bwino zinthuzo.
Kachiwiri, ndikofunikira kuyesa kukumbukira nkhani yonse, osayang'ana mayankho pavuto loyamba - ngakhale mukuwoneka kuti simukumbukira kalikonse. Mukatha "kutuluka" m'chikumbukiro chanu pakuyesera koyamba, m'pamenenso yotsatira idzagwira ntchito.
Kuyerekeza m'mikhalidwe pafupi ndi zenizeni. Poyang'ana koyamba, izi zimangothandiza kuthana ndi nkhawa zomwe zingatheke (panthawi ya mayeso kapena panthawi yomwe, mwachidziwitso, chidziwitso chiyenera kukhala chothandiza kwa inu). Komabe, njira iyi imakulolani kuti musamangokhalira kulimbana ndi mitsempha yanu, komanso kukumbukira chinthu chabwino - izi, mwa njira, sizimagwira ntchito pamtima wa semantic, komanso kukumbukira magalimoto.
Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi , luso lomenya mipira linapangidwa bwino mwa osewera mpira wa baseball omwe anayenera kutenga maulendo osiyanasiyana mu dongosolo losayembekezereka (monga masewera enieni), mosiyana ndi omwe amaphunzitsidwa nthawi zonse kuti azigwira ntchito ndi mtundu wina wa phula.
Kubwereza/kulemba m'mawu anuanu. Njirayi imapereka kuzama kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso (ngati tiyang'ana pa chitsanzo cha Craik ndi Lockhart). M'malo mwake, zimakukakamizani kuti muzitha kukonza zidziwitso osati mongoganizira chabe (mumawunika kudalirana pakati pa zochitika ndi maubwenzi awo), komanso "potengera za inu nokha" (Kodi chodabwitsachi mungachitcha chiyani? mawu okhutira ndi nkhani ya mawu kapena tikiti?). Onse awiri, malinga ndi lingaliro ili, ndi milingo yazambiri yozama yomwe imapereka kukumbukira kothandiza.
Zonsezi ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, ngakhale zothandiza. M'nkhani yotsatirayi, tiwona njira zina zomwe zimathandizira kukumbukira kukumbukira, komanso ngati pali ma hacks amoyo pakati pawo omwe angakuthandizeni kusunga nthawi ndikuchepetsa pang'ono pakuloweza.
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Source: www.habr.com