Chilolezo cha mapulojekiti otseguka omwe amakakamiza ogwiritsa ntchito "kusavulaza"

Pa Habr! Ndikupereka kwa inu kumasulira kwa nkhaniyi "License Yotsegula Yomwe Imafuna Ogwiritsa Ntchito Kuti Asamavulaze" ndi Klint Finley.

China amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wozindikira nkhope, kuwerengera Asilamu achiUyghur. Asitikali aku US amagwiritsa ntchito ma drones kuti aphe anthu omwe akuwakayikira za uchigawenga, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anthu wamba pafupi. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement - omwewo omwe amasunga ana m'makola pafupi ndi malire a Mexico - amadalira mapulogalamu oyankhulana ndi kugwirizana, monga mabungwe onse amakono.

Winawake ayenera kulemba code yomwe imapangitsa kuti zonsezi zitheke. Mochulukirachulukira, opanga mapulogalamu akupempha mabwana awo ndi maboma kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zawo pazifukwa zosayenera. Ogwira ntchito pa Google adatsimikizira kampaniyo kuti iyime gwiritsani ntchito kusanthula zojambula za drone, ndikuletsa mapulani onse oyitanitsa ma computing amtambo a Pentagon. Ogwira ntchito a Microsoft adachita ziwonetsero mgwirizano wa kampani ndi Immigration Police ndi zankhondo, ngakhale kuti ndi zopambana zochepa.

Komabe, nkovuta kuletsa makampani kapena maboma kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu omwe adalembedwa kale, makamaka pulogalamuyo ikakhala pagulu. Mwezi watha, mwachitsanzo, Seth Vargo adachotsa mapulogalamu anga ena gwero lotseguka lochokera kumalo osungira pa intaneti potsutsana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ndi a Immigration Police. Komabe, popeza code yotseguka imatha kukopera ndikugawidwa mwaufulu, ma code onse akutali adapezeka posachedwa kuzinthu zina.

Coraline Ida Emki akufuna kupatsa anzake opanga mapulogalamu kuti azilamulira momwe mapulogalamu awo amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mapulogalamu omasulidwa pansi pa atsopano "Hippocratic License" ikhoza kugawidwa ndikusinthidwa pazifukwa zilizonse, kupatulapo chimodzi chachikulu: pulogalamuyo singagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu, mabungwe, maboma, kapena magulu ena pamakina kapena zochitika zomwe zimayika pachiwopsezo, kuvulaza, kapena kuyika anthu pangozi. umoyo wamaganizidwe kapena chuma kapena umoyo wina wa anthu kapena magulu a anthu, kuphwanya lamulo la UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Kufotokozera momveka bwino zomwe zikutanthawuza kuvulaza ndizovuta komanso zotsutsana, koma Emki akuyembekeza kuti kugwirizanitsa chilolezochi ndi zomwe zilipo padziko lonse lapansi zithandiza kuchepetsa kusatsimikizika pankhaniyi. "Chidziwitso cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi chikalata cha zaka 70 chomwe chimavomerezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha matanthauzo ake ovulaza komanso zomwe kwenikweni zimaphwanya ufulu wa anthu," adatero Emkey.

Zachidziwikire, iyi ndi lingaliro lolimba mtima, koma Emki wotchuka polankhula zinthu ngati izi. Mu 2014, adalemba mtundu woyamba wa malamulo oyendetsera ntchito zotseguka zotchedwa "Code of Conduct for Participants." Poyamba adakumana ndi zokayikitsa, koma mapulojekiti opitilira 40000 otseguka adatengera kale malamulowa, kuchokera pa nsanja ya Google ya TensorFlow AI kupita ku Linux kernel.
Zowona, pakadali pano, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amasindikiza zolemba pansi pa "Hippocratic License"; ngakhale Emki mwiniwake sakugwiritsabe ntchito. Layisensiyo ikufunikabe kuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo, omwe Emki adalemba ganyu loya, kuphatikiza zopinga zosiyanasiyana ndizotheka, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ogwirizana ndi zilolezo zina, zomwe ziyenera kuthana nazo mwanjira ina.

Emkey akuvomereza kuti kusintha momwe mainjiniya amavomerezera ntchito yawo sikungathetse kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu pawokha. Komabe, akufuna kupatsa anthu chida choletsera makampani, maboma, kapena mabungwe ena oyipa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo awo kuchita zachiwembu.
Bungwe lopanda phindu la Open Source Initiative linati mapulogalamu otsegula "siyenera kusankha anthu kapena magulu a anthu" ndipo "siyenera kuletsa aliyense kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyo m'madera ena a ntchito."

Kaya kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi "malo enieni a ntchito" zikuwonekerabe (pafupifupi. msewu pali zonyodola zambiri pano), popeza Emki sanaperekebe "Hippocratic License" yake ku OSI kuti iwunikenso. Komabe mu tweet mwezi watha Bungweli lidawonetsa kuti chilolezochi sichikugwirizana ndi tanthauzo la pulogalamu yaulere. Woyambitsa nawo OSI Bruce Pierence nayenso analemba pa blog yakekuti chilolezochi ndi chosiyana ndi tanthauzo loperekedwa ndi bungwe lawo.

Emki akuyembekeza kugwirizanitsa gulu lotseguka kuti akakamize OSI kusintha tanthauzo lawo, kapena kupanga lina. "Ndikuganiza kuti tanthauzo la OSI ndilakale kwambiri," adatero Emkee. "Pakadali pano, gulu lotseguka lilibe zida m'manja mwake zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje athu, mwachitsanzo, ndi ma fascists."

Zodetsa nkhawa za Emka zimagawidwa ndi opanga ena. Michael Caferella, woyambitsa nawo malo otchuka otsegulira ma data Hadoop, adawona zida zake zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zomwe sanaganizirepo, kuphatikiza ndi National Security Agency. "Ndibwino ngati anthu ayamba kuganizira za omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu awo komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito. Inemwini, ndimada nkhawa kwambiri ndi kuzunzidwa kochitidwa ndi mayiko opanda demokalase omwe ali ndi zida zaumisiri zosintha ndikuyika ntchito zatsopano. Ndilibe chidziwitso chofunikira chonena ngati (Hippocratic License) ikhala yokwanira kuthetsa nkhanza zotere, "adatero.

Kuyesera kusintha matanthauzo a magwero otseguka kuti aganizire nkhani zamakhalidwe ali ndi mbiri yayitali komanso yotsutsana. Emki sali kutali ndi woyamba kuyesa kulemba layisensi yomwe ingalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito gwero lotseguka ndi cholinga chovulaza. Kenako yang'anani GPU computing utility: Global Processing Unit inatulutsidwa mu 2006 pansi pa chilolezo choletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asilikali. Pakadali pano, njira zotere sizinaphule kanthu, koma izi zitha kusintha. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino mapulogalamu ambiri a mapulogalamu alandiridwa Layisensi ya Anti-996, yomwe imafuna kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azitsatira miyezo yapantchito yakunyumba ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi, poyankha nkhani zonyansa zogwirira ntchito kumakampani aku China chatekinoloje. Emkey akuyembekeza kuti kubweza kwa anthu motsutsana ndi apolisi aku US Immigration, komwe kwafalikira kupitilira gawo laukadaulo, kungakhale kofunikira.

Ena amalozera ku kuthekera kotenga mawu atsopano a kachidindo komwe ena amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito koma otsekedwa kwa ena. "Mwina tiyenera kusiya kuitana mapulogalamu athu 'otseguka' ndikuyamba kuyitcha 'open for good'," Vargo adalemba mu tweet yake, wolemba mapulogalamu yemweyo yemwe adachotsapo kale code yake potsutsa apolisi a Immigration.

Mawu akuti "open source software" adatengedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ngati njira ina ya "pulogalamu yaulere", ndipo adalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro ena panthawiyo. Ndipo tsopano, pamene otukula akukhala amalingaliro ambiri, mwina ndi nthawi yoti mawu ena awonekere.

Source: www.habr.com