Dziko lotizungulira lili ndi mitundu yonse yazidziwitso zomwe ubongo wathu umasinthasintha mosalekeza. Chidziwitsochi amachilandira kudzera mu mphamvu, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi gawo la zizindikiro zake: maso (masomphenya), lilime (kulawa), mphuno (fungo), khungu (kukhudza), zida za vestibular (kulinganiza, malo mumlengalenga ndi mphamvu ya thupi). kulemera) ndi makutu (phokoso). Mwa kuphatikiza zizindikiro kuchokera ku ziwalo zonsezi, ubongo wathu ukhoza kupanga chithunzi cholondola cha chilengedwe chathu. Koma sizinthu zonse za kukonza zizindikiro zakunja zomwe tikudziwa. Chimodzi mwa zinsinsizi ndi njira yodziwira komwe kumachokera phokoso.
Asayansi ochokera ku Laboratory of Neuroengineering of Speech and Hearing (New Jersey Institute of Technology) apereka chitsanzo chatsopano cha njira ya neural ya kutanthauzira mawu. Ndi njira zotani zomwe zimachitika muubongo panthawi yakumva kwa mawu, momwe ubongo wathu umamvetsetsa malo a gwero la mawu, ndi momwe kafukufukuyu angathandizire polimbana ndi vuto lakumva. Timaphunzira za izi kuchokera ku lipoti la gulu lofufuza. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Chidziwitso chomwe ubongo wathu umalandira kuchokera ku zomverera zathu zimasiyana wina ndi mnzake, potengera komwe umachokera komanso momwe umagwirira ntchito. Zizindikiro zina zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo ku ubongo wathu ngati chidziwitso cholondola, pomwe zina zimafunikira njira zina zowerengera. Kunena mwachidule, timamva kukhudza nthawi yomweyo, koma tikamva mawu, timafunikirabe kupeza komwe akuchokera.
Maziko a localizing phokoso mu yopingasa ndege ndi interaural* kusiyana kwa nthawi (ITD kuchokera kusiyana kwa nthawi ya interaural) phokoso lofika mβmakutu mwa omvera.
Interaural base* - mtunda pakati pa makutu.
Pali malo enaake muubongo (olive wapamwamba kwambiri wapakati kapena MSO) omwe amachititsa izi. Pomwe chizindikiro cha mawu chikulandiridwa mu MVO, kusiyana kwa nthawi ya interaural kumasinthidwa kukhala momwe ma neuroni amachitira. Mawonekedwe a MBO output velocity curves monga ntchito ya ITD amafanana ndi mawonekedwe a cross-correlation ntchito ya zizindikiro zolowetsa khutu lililonse.
Momwe chidziwitso chimasinthidwa ndikumasuliridwa mu MBO sichidziwika bwino, ndichifukwa chake pali malingaliro angapo otsutsana. Chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino komanso chodziwika bwino cha kutanthauzira mawu ndi mtundu wa Jeffress (Lloyd A. Jeffress). Zachokera pa mzere wolembedwa* ma detector neurons omwe amakhudzidwa ndi ma synchrony a binaural a neural inputs kuchokera ku khutu lililonse, ndi neuroni iliyonse imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa ITD (1A).
Mfundo ya mzere wolembedwa* ndi lingaliro lomwe limafotokoza momwe mitsempha yosiyana, yonse yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zofanana za thupi potumiza zikhumbo pamodzi ndi ma axon awo, zimatha kupanga zosiyana siyana. Mitsempha yofananira mwadongosolo imatha kupanga malingaliro osiyanasiyana ngati alumikizidwa ndi ma neuron apadera mkatikati mwa dongosolo lamanjenje lomwe limatha kutulutsa zizindikiro zofanana za mitsempha m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Chithunzi #1
Mtunduwu ndi wofanana ndi ma neural coding, kutengera kulumikizana kosasunthika kwa mawu omwe amafika m'makutu onse.
Palinso chitsanzo chomwe chimasonyeza kuti kumasulira kwa mawu kungathe kutsatiridwa potengera kusiyana kwa liwiro la kuyankha kwa anthu ena a neuroni ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a ubongo, i.e. mtundu wa interhemispheric asymmetry (1B).
Mpaka pano, zinali zovuta kunena mosabisa kuti ndi mfundo ziti (zitsanzo) zomwe zili zolondola, chifukwa aliyense wa iwo amaneneratu kudalira kosiyanasiyana kwa kutanthauzira kwamawu pakukula kwa mawu.
Mu phunziro lomwe tikuyang'ana lero, ochita kafukufuku adaganiza zophatikiza mitundu yonse iwiri kuti amvetsetse ngati malingaliro a phokoso amachokera ku neural coding kapena kusiyana kwa kuyankhidwa kwa neural populations. Zoyeserera zingapo zidachitika pomwe anthu azaka zapakati pa 18 mpaka 27 (akazi 5 ndi amuna 7) adatenga nawo gawo. Otenga nawo mbali audiometry (muyeso wa kumva acuity) anali 25 dB kapena apamwamba pakati pa 250 ndi 8000 Hz. Wochita nawo zoyesererazo adayikidwa m'chipinda chopanda mawu, momwe zida zapadera zidayikidwa, zoyesedwa molondola kwambiri. Ophunzirawo anayenera, atamva phokoso la mawu, kusonyeza kumene likuchokera.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Kuwunika kudalira lateralization * zochitika zaubongo kuchokera kumphamvu yamphamvu poyankha ma neurons olembedwa, deta yokhudzana ndi liwiro la ma neuron mu nyukiliya ya laminar ya ubongo wa kadzidzi idagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Laterality* - asymmetry ya kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa thupi.
Kuti muwone kudalira kwa lateralization ya ntchito yaubongo pa liwiro la momwe ma neuron ena amachitira, deta yochokera ku ntchito ya otsika colliculus a rhesus nyani ubongo idagwiritsidwa ntchito, pambuyo pake kusiyana kwa liwiro la ma neuron kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana kunawerengedwanso. .
Mtundu wodziwika bwino wa ma detector neurons amaneneratu kuti kuchulukira kwa mawu kumachepa, kupendekera kwa gwero komwe kuganiziridwa kumasinthiratu kumatanthawuza zinthu zofanana ndi chiΕ΅erengero cha mawu ofewa kapena okweza (1Π‘).
Mtundu wa hemispheric asymmetry, nawonso, ukuwonetsa kuti kulimba kwa mawu kumatsikira pafupi ndi malo ocheperako, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zam'mbali zimasunthira kumtunda wapakati (1D).
Pakumveka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu konse, lateralization ikuyembekezeka kukhala yosasinthika (kulowa mkati 1Π‘ ΠΈ 1D).
Chifukwa chake, kuwunika momwe kulimba kwa mawu kumakhudzira komwe kumveka kumamvekera kumatipatsa mwayi wodziwa bwino zomwe zimachitika panthawiyo - ma neuron ochokera kudera lomwelo kapena ma neuron ochokera kumadera osiyanasiyana.
Mwachiwonekere, kuthekera kwa munthu kusankha ITD kungasiyane malinga ndi mphamvu ya mawu. Komabe, asayansi akuti ndizovuta kutanthauzira zomwe zapezedwa m'mbuyomu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa chidwi ndi ITD komanso kugamula kwa omvera pamawu omveka bwino ngati ntchito yamphamvu yomveka. Kafukufuku wina amati mphamvu ya mawu ikafika pamalire, kupendekeka komwe kumaganiziridwa kumachepa. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti palibe zotsatira zamphamvu pamalingaliro.
Mwanjira ina, asayansi akuwonetsa "modekha" kuti pali zambiri m'mabuku okhudzana ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa ITD, kulimba kwamphamvu komanso kudziwa komwe akuchokera. Pali malingaliro omwe alipo ngati mtundu wa axioms, omwe amavomerezedwa ndi gulu la sayansi. Choncho, anaganiza kuyesa mwatsatanetsatane ziphunzitso zonse, zitsanzo ndi njira zotheka kumva kuzindikira mu kuchita.
Kuyesera koyamba kunachokera ku psychophysical paradigm yomwe inalola kuti kuphunzira kwa ITD-based lateralization ngati ntchito yamphamvu yomveka mu gulu la anthu khumi omwe amamva bwino.
Chithunzi #2
Magwero amawu adakonzedwa makamaka kuti azitha kuphimba ma frequency angapo omwe anthu amatha kuzindikira ITD, i.e. kuchokera 300 mpaka 1200 Hz (2A).
Pamayesero aliwonse, womvera amayenera kuwonetsa kupendekeka komwe kumayesedwa, kuyeza ngati gawo la zomverera, pamitundu ingapo ya ITD kuyambira 375 mpaka 375 ms. Kuti mudziwe momwe phokoso likukulirakulira, njira yosakanikirana yosakanikirana (NMLE) inagwiritsidwa ntchito yomwe imaphatikizapo kumveka kokhazikika komanso kosasintha.
Zithunzi 2B Imawonetsa kupendekeka koyerekeza ndi phokoso lowoneka bwino pamawu awiri amphamvu kwa omvera oyimira. Ndipo ndondomeko 2Π‘ imasonyeza deta (zozungulira) ndi mtundu wa NMLE woyenerera (mizere) ya omvera onse.
Gulu 1
Gome pamwambapa likuwonetsa magawo onse a NLME. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kupendekera komwe kumawonedwa kudakula ndikuwonjezeka kwa ITD, monga momwe asayansi amayembekezera. Pamene mphamvu ya mawu ikucheperachepera, malingaliro amasunthira mokulira kumtunda wapakati (kuyika mu graph. 2C).
Zochitika izi zinathandizidwa ndi chitsanzo cha NLME, chomwe chinasonyeza zotsatira zazikulu za ITD ndi kumveka kwamphamvu pamlingo waukulu wa lateral, kuthandizira chitsanzo cha kusiyana kwapakati pa hemispheric.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma audiometric ang'onoang'ono a ma toni oyera anali ndi zotsatira zochepa pamalingaliro owoneka bwino. Koma kulimba kwa mawu sikunakhudze kwambiri zizindikiro za ntchito za psychometric.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kuyesera kwachiwiri chinali kudziwa momwe zotsatira zomwe zinapezedwa muzoyesera zam'mbuyomu zingasinthire poganizira za mawonekedwe a spectral of stimuli (phokoso). Kufunika koyesa phokoso la spectrally lathyathyathya pamawu otsika kwambiri ndikuti mbali za sipekitiramu sizingakhale zomveka ndipo izi zitha kukhudza kutsimikiza kwamayendedwe amawu. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za kuyesa koyamba zitha kuganiziridwa molakwika chifukwa m'lifupi mwa gawo lomveka la sipekitiramu imatha kuchepa ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kwamawu.
Chifukwa chake, adaganiza zopanga kuyesa kwina, koma pogwiritsa ntchito chosinthira A-lemedwe * phokoso
A-kuyezera* Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamilingo ya mawu kuti aganizire kukweza kwamphamvu komwe khutu la munthu limamva, popeza khutu silimva kwambiri ndi mafunde otsika. Kulemera kwa A kumakhazikitsidwa powonjezera masamu amtengo wapatali omwe amalembedwa m'magulu a octave ku milingo yamphamvu yamawu mu dB.
Pa tchati 2D limasonyeza deta yaiwisi (zozungulira) ndi deta (mizere) ya NMLE ya onse omwe atenga nawo mbali pakuyesera.
Kufufuza kwa deta kunasonyeza kuti pamene mbali zonse za phokoso zimakhala zomveka mofanana (zonse zoyambirira ndi zachiwiri), zimaganiziridwa motsatira komanso kutsetsereka kwa graph kufotokoza kusintha kwa lateral ndi ITD kuchepa ndi kuchepa kwamphamvu kwa mawu.
Choncho, zotsatira za kuyesa kwachiwiri zinatsimikizira zotsatira za choyamba. Ndiko kuti, pochita zawonetsedwa kuti chitsanzo chomwe Jeffress adapereka mu 1948 sicholondola.
Zikuoneka kuti kutanthauzira kwa mawu kumakulirakulira pamene mphamvu ya mawu imachepa, ndipo Jeffress ankakhulupirira kuti phokoso limamveka ndikusinthidwa ndi anthu mofanana, mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu zawo.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana .
Epilogue
Malingaliro ongoyerekeza ndi zoyeserera zenizeni zomwe zimawatsimikizira zawonetsa kuti ma neuron a muubongo mu nyama zoyamwitsa amayatsidwa pamitengo yosiyana kutengera komwe amamveka. Ubongo umafananiza kuthamanga uku pakati pa ma neuron onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi njirayi kuti apange mapu omveka bwino.
Mtundu wa Jeffresson kwenikweni siwolakwika 100%, chifukwa ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokozera bwino momwe magwero amawu amamvekera mu kadzidzi. Inde, kwa akadzidzi kuchulukira kwa phokoso kulibe kanthu, mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, iwo adzadziwa kumene akuchokera. Komabe, chitsanzochi sichigwira ntchito ndi anyani a rhesus, monga momwe zoyesera zam'mbuyomu zasonyezera. Chifukwa chake, mtundu uwu wa Jeffresson sungathe kufotokozera za kumveka kwa mawu a zamoyo zonse.
Kuyesera ndi anthu omwe atenga nawo mbali kwatsimikiziranso kuti kumasulira kwa mawu kumachitika mosiyana ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali sanathe kudziwa bwino malo omwe magwero amamvekedwe amawu chifukwa cha kutsika kwamphamvu kwa mawuwo.
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yawo imasonyeza kufanana pakati pa mmene timaonera ndi kumva. Njira zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi liwiro la ma neuroni m'madera osiyanasiyana a ubongo, komanso kuyesa kusiyana kumeneku kuti mudziwe malo a zinthu zomwe timawona mumlengalenga komanso malo a gwero la phokoso lomwe timamva.
M'tsogolomu, ochita kafukufuku adzachita zoyesera kuti afufuze mwatsatanetsatane kugwirizana pakati pa kumva kwa anthu ndi masomphenya, zomwe zidzatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe ubongo wathu umapangira mapu a dziko lozungulira.
Zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu, khalani ndi chidwi ndikukhala ndi sabata yabwino nonse! π
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