Ngakhale kuti mutuwu ndi wovuta kwambiri, pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Princeton, Stephen Gubser, akupereka mawu achidule, ofikirika, komanso osangalatsa a mbali imodzi yomwe imatsutsana kwambiri ndi sayansi masiku ano. Mabowo akuda ndi zinthu zenizeni, osati kungoyesa kulingalira! Mabowo akuda ndi osavuta kwambiri kuchokera kumalingaliro amalingaliro, chifukwa ndi osavuta masamu kuposa zinthu zambiri zakuthambo, monga nyenyezi. Zinthu zimakhala zodabwitsa zikapezeka kuti mabowo akuda siakuda kwenikweni.
Kodi m’kati mwawo muli chiyani kwenikweni? Kodi mungayerekeze bwanji kugwera mu dzenje lakuda? Kapena mwina tagwa kale ndipo sitikudziwabe za izo?
Mu Kerr geometry, pali mizere ya geodesic, yotsekedwa kwathunthu mu ergosphere, ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda m'mphepete mwake timakhala ndi mphamvu zopanda mphamvu zomwe zimaposa mtengo wake wonse ndi mphamvu za kinetic za tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe tatengedwa pamodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zonse za particles izi ndi zoipa. Ndizochitika izi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndondomeko ya Penrose. Ali mkati mwa ergosphere, sitimayo yotulutsa mphamvu imawotcha projectile m'njira yoti imasuntha limodzi mwa njirazi ndi mphamvu zoipa. Malingana ndi lamulo la kusunga mphamvu, sitimayo imapeza mphamvu zokwanira za kinetic kuti zipereke ndalama zotsalira zomwe zinatayika mofanana ndi mphamvu ya projectile, komanso kuwonjezera pakupeza mphamvu yofanana ndi mphamvu yolakwika ya projectile. Popeza projectile iyenera kutayika mu dzenje lakuda pambuyo pothamangitsidwa, zingakhale bwino kuti apange kuchokera ku zinyalala zamtundu wina. Kumbali imodzi, dzenje lakuda lidzadyabe chilichonse, koma kumbali ina, lidzabwerera kwa ife mphamvu zambiri kuposa momwe tidayikamo. Kotero, kuwonjezera apo, mphamvu zomwe timagula zidzakhala "zobiriwira"!
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zitha kuchotsedwa mu dzenje lakuda la Kerr zimatengera kuthamanga kwa dzenjelo. Muzochitika zowopsa kwambiri (pa liwiro lokwanira lozungulira), mphamvu yozungulira ya nthawi ya mlengalenga imakhala pafupifupi 29% ya mphamvu yonse ya dzenje lakuda. Izi sizingawoneke ngati zambiri, koma kumbukirani kuti ndi gawo limodzi la mpumulo wonse! Poyerekeza, kumbukirani kuti zida zanyukiliya zoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yakuwola kwa radioactive zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosakwana gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a mphamvu yofanana ndi kupumula.
Geometry ya nthawi ya mlengalenga mkati mwa dzenje lakuda lozungulira ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi nthawi ya Schwarzschild. Tiyeni titsatire kafukufuku wathu ndikuwona zomwe zikuchitika. Poyamba, zonse zikuwoneka zofanana ndi mlandu wa Schwarzschild. Monga kale, nthawi ya mlengalenga imayamba kugwa, kukokera zonse pamodzi ndi izo mpaka pakati pa dzenje lakuda, ndipo mphamvu zamafunde zimayamba kukula. Koma mu nkhani ya Kerr, radius isanapite ku ziro, kugwa kumachepetsa ndikuyamba kubwerera. Mu dzenje lakuda lomwe limazungulira mwachangu, izi zidzachitika kalekale mphamvu za mafunde zisanakhale zamphamvu kuwopseza kukhulupirika kwa kafukufukuyo. Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake izi zimachitika, tiyeni tikumbukire kuti mu Newtonian mechanics, panthawi yozungulira, pali mphamvu yotchedwa centrifugal. Mphamvu iyi si imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zakuthupi: zimayamba chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa mphamvu zoyambira, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kusinthasintha. Chotsatira chake tingachiganizire ngati mphamvu yogwira ntchito yolunjika kunja—mphamvu yapakati. Mumamva mokhotakhota m'galimoto yothamanga kwambiri. Ndipo ngati munalipo pa carousel, mumadziwa kuti ikamazungulira mwachangu, mumangogwira njanji kwambiri chifukwa mukaisiya, mumatayidwa. Chifaniziro ichi cha nthawi ya danga sichabwino, koma chimamveketsa bwino mfundo yake. Kuthamanga kwa angular mu danga la dzenje lakuda la Kerr kumapereka mphamvu yapakati yomwe imalimbana ndi mphamvu yokoka. Pamene kugwa komwe kuli m'chizimezime kumakokera nthawi ya mlengalenga kupita ku radii yaying'ono, mphamvu yapakati imawonjezeka ndipo pamapeto pake imatha kuthana ndi kugwa ndikubwezeretsanso.
Pamene kugwako kuyima, kufufuzako kumafika pamtunda wotchedwa mkatikati mwa dzenje lakuda. Panthawiyi, mphamvu za mafunde zimakhala zazing'ono, ndipo kufufuza, kukadutsa pachimake, kumatenga nthawi yochepa kuti ifike. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti nthawi ya mlengalenga yasiya kugwa sizikutanthauza kuti mavuto athu atha komanso kuti kuzungulirako kwathetsa kusamvana mkati mwa dzenje lakuda la Schwarzschild. Izi zidakali kutali! Kupatula apo, kumbuyo kwapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, Roger Penrose ndi Stephen Hawking adatsimikizira dongosolo la chiphunzitso chaumodzi, chomwe chinatsatira kuti ngati pali kugwa kwamphamvu yokoka, ngakhale kwakanthawi kochepa, ndiye kuti mtundu wina waumodzi uyenera kupanga. Pankhani ya Schwarzschild, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zonse komanso zosweka zomwe zimagonjetsa danga lonse mkati mwachizimezime. Mu yankho la Kerr, mawonekedwe amodzi amachita mosiyana ndipo, ndiyenera kunena, mosayembekezereka. Kufufuzako kukafika pachimake chamkati, mawonekedwe a Kerr amawulula kukhalapo kwake - koma zidapezeka kuti zinali m'mbuyomu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zinali ngati kuti umodziwo unalipo nthawi zonse, koma tsopano pamene kafukufukuyo adamva kuti mphamvu yake ikufikira. Mudzanena kuti izi zikumveka bwino, ndipo ndi zoona. Ndipo pali zosagwirizana zingapo pachithunzi cha nthawi ya danga, zomwe zikuwonekeranso kuti yankho ili silingaganizidwe kuti ndi lomaliza.
Vuto loyamba lokhala ndi mawonekedwe amodzi omwe amawonekera m'mbuyomu kwa wowonera yemwe amafika pachimake chamkati ndiloti panthawiyo ma equation a Einstein sangathe kuneneratu mwapadera zomwe zidzachitike kumlengalenga kunja kwa mlengalenga. Ndiko kuti, m’lingaliro lina, kukhalapo kwa munthu mmodzi kungapangitse chirichonse. Mwina zomwe zidzachitike zitha kufotokozedwa kwa ife ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum gravity, koma ma equation a Einstein amatipatsa mwayi wodziwa. Chifukwa cha chidwi, tikufotokozera m'munsimu zomwe zingachitike ngati titafuna kuti mphambano ya mlengalenga ikhale yosalala monga momwe tingathere masamu (ngati ntchito za metric zinali, monga akatswiri a masamu amanenera, "analytic"), koma palibe maziko omveka bwino. kwa lingaliro lotero No. M'malo mwake, vuto lachiwiri loyang'ana mkati likuwonetsa zosiyana: m'chilengedwe chenicheni, momwe zinthu ndi mphamvu zimakhala kunja kwa mabowo akuda, nthawi yapakati pakatikati imakhala yovuta kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe ofanana ndi loop amawonekera pamenepo. Sizowononga monga mphamvu yosawerengeka yamtundu umodzi mu njira ya Schwarzschild, koma mulimonse momwe kupezeka kwake kumakayikitsa zotsatira zomwe zimachokera ku lingaliro la ntchito zowunikira bwino. Mwina ichi ndi chinthu chabwino - lingaliro la kukulitsa kusanthula kumaphatikizapo zinthu zachilendo kwambiri.
M'malo mwake, makina ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi amagwira ntchito m'malo otsekedwa ndi nthawi yokhotakhota. Kutali ndi umodzi, palibe mipiringidzo yotsekeka ngati nthawi, ndipo kupatula mphamvu zonyansa m'chigawo chaumodzi, nthawi yamlengalenga imawoneka ngati yachilendo. Komabe, pali ma trajectories (iwo si a geodesic, chifukwa chake mumafunika injini ya rocket) yomwe ingakufikitseni kudera la ma curve otsekedwa ngati nthawi. Mukakhala komweko, mutha kusuntha mbali iliyonse motsatira t coordinate, yomwe ndi nthawi ya wowonera kutali, koma munthawi yanu mudzapitabe patsogolo nthawi zonse. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mutha kupita nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukufuna, ndikubwerera kudera lakutali la nthawi ya danga - ndipo mukafikeko musanapite. Inde, tsopano zododometsa zonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la ulendo wa nthawi zimayamba kukhala ndi moyo: mwachitsanzo, bwanji ngati mutayenda pang'ono, mutatsimikizira kuti muli ndi moyo wakale kuti musiye? Koma ngati mitundu yotere ya nthawi ya m’mlengalenga ingakhalepo ndi mmene zododometsa zogwirizanitsidwa nayo zingathetsedwere ndi mafunso opitirira kukula kwa bukhuli. Komabe, monga momwe zilili ndi vuto la "blue singularity" mkati mwachizimezime, mgwirizano wamba uli ndi zisonyezo kuti madera okhala ndi nthawi yotsekeka ngati nthawi yotsekeka ndi osakhazikika: mukangoyesa kuphatikiza mtundu wina wa misa kapena mphamvu. , maderawa akhoza kukhala amodzi. Komanso, m'mabowo akuda ozungulira omwe amapanga m'Chilengedwe chathu, ndi "umodzi wabuluu" womwe ungalepheretse kupangidwa kwa chigawo cha anthu oipa (ndi madera ena onse a Kerr omwe mabowo oyera amatsogolera). Komabe, mfundo yakuti kugwirizana kwachinthu chilichonse kumapereka mayankho odabwitsa otere n’kochititsa chidwi. Inde, n'zosavuta kulengeza kuti ndi matenda, koma tisaiwale kuti Einstein mwiniwake ndi ambiri a m'nthawi yake adanena zomwezo za mabowo akuda.
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Source: www.habr.com