4-3 Kodi Timazindikira Bwanji Chidziwitso?
Wophunzira: Simunayankhebe funso langa: ngati "chidziwitso" ndi mawu osamveka bwino, chimapangitsa chiyani kukhala chinthu chotsimikizika.
Nayi lingaliro lofotokozera chifukwa chake: Zambiri mwazochita zathu zamaganizidwe zimachitika, mokulirapo kapena pang'ono, "mosadziwa" - m'lingaliro lakuti sitikudziwa kuti zilipo. Koma tikakumana ndi zovuta, imayambitsa njira zapamwamba zomwe zili ndi zotsatirazi:
- Amagwiritsa ntchito zikumbukiro zathu zomaliza.
- Nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito motsatizana osati mofanana.
- Amagwiritsa ntchito mafotokozedwe osamveka, ophiphiritsa, kapena ongolankhula.
- Amagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zomwe tadzipangira tokha.
Tsopano tiyerekeze kuti ubongo ukhoza kupanga gwero С zomwe zimayambitsidwa pamene njira zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyamba kugwira ntchito pamodzi:
Ngati chowunikira cha C chotere chikhala chothandiza kwambiri, ndiye kuti zitha kutipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti ndikuzindikira kukhalapo kwa "Conscious Thing" yamtundu wina! Zowonadi, titha kuganiza kuti izi ndizomwe zidapangitsa kukhalapo kwa njira zomwe tafotokozazi, ndipo machitidwe athu azilankhulo amatha kugwirizanitsa chowunikira cha C ndi mawu monga "kuzindikira," "kudzikonda," "kusamala," kapena “Ine.” Kuti tione chifukwa chake maganizo oterowo angakhale othandiza kwa ife, tiyenera kuona mbali zake zinayi.
Zokumbukira zaposachedwa: N'chifukwa chiyani chikumbumtima chiyenera kukhala ndi kukumbukira? Nthawi zonse timawona chidziwitso ngati chapano, osati chakale - ngati chinthu chomwe chilipo tsopano.
Kuti malingaliro aliwonse (monga makina aliwonse) adziwe zomwe zachitika kale, ayenera kukhala ndi mbiri ya zochitika zaposachedwa. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti ndafunsa funso: "Kodi mukudziwa kuti mukukhudza khutu lanu?" Mungayankhe kuti: “Inde, ndikudziwa kuti ndikuchita zimenezi.” Komabe, kuti munene mawu oterowo, zida zanu zachilankhulo zidayenera kuyankha mazizindikiro ochokera kumadera ena aubongo, omwe adayankha zomwe zidachitika kale. Chifukwa chake, mukayamba kuyankhula (kapena kuganiza) za inu nokha, mumafunika nthawi yosonkhanitsa zomwe mwapempha.
Nthawi zambiri, izi zikutanthauza kuti ubongo sungathe kulingalira zomwe ukuganiza pakali pano; chabwino, akhoza kubwereza zolemba zina za zochitika zaposachedwapa. Palibe chifukwa choti mbali ina iliyonse ya ubongo silingathe kukonza zotsatira za mbali zina za ubongo - koma ngakhale pamenepo padzakhala kuchedwa pang'ono kulandira chidziwitso.
Ndondomeko yotsatizana: Chifukwa chiyani njira zathu zapamwamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsatizana? Kodi sikungakhale kothandiza kwambiri kwa ife kuchita zinthu zambiri mogwirizana?
Nthawi zambiri m'moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku mumachita zinthu zambiri nthawi imodzi; Sizovuta kwa inu kuyenda, kulankhula, kuona ndi kukanda khutu nthawi yomweyo. Koma ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amatha kujambula bwalo ndi mabwalo modutsa pogwiritsa ntchito manja onse nthawi imodzi.
Munthu wamba: Mwinamwake iriyonse ya ntchito ziŵirizi imafuna chisamaliro chanu chochuluka kotero kuti simungakhoze kuika maganizo anu pa ntchito inayo.
Mawu awa adzakhala omveka ngati tilingalira choncho tcheru kuperekedwa mochepa - koma kutengera izi tidzafunika chiphunzitso kuti tifotokoze zomwe zingapangitse malire amtunduwu, chifukwa titha kuyendabe, kuyankhula ndi kuyang'ana nthawi imodzi. Kufotokozera kumodzi ndikuti zopinga zotere zimatha kubwera pamene zinthu ziyamba kutsutsana. Tiyerekeze kuti ntchito ziwiri zomwe zikugwira ntchito ndizofanana kotero kuti zimayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ofanana. Pankhaniyi, ngati tiyesa kuchita zinthu ziwiri zofanana nthawi imodzi, mmodzi wa iwo adzakakamizika kusokoneza ntchito yake - ndipo mikangano yofanana kwambiri imabwera mu ubongo wathu, zinthu zochepa zofanana zomwe tingathe kuchita nthawi imodzi.
Pamenepa, n’chifukwa chiyani tingathe kuona, kuyenda ndi kulankhula nthawi imodzi? Izi mwina zimachitika chifukwa ubongo wathu uli ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana, omwe ali m'madera osiyanasiyana a ubongo, chifukwa cha ntchito zopatsidwa, motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mikangano pakati pawo. Komabe, tikakakamizika kuthetsa mavuto ovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti tili ndi njira imodzi yokha: mwanjira ina kuswa vutoli m'magawo angapo, omwe amafunikira kukonzekera ndi malingaliro apamwamba kuti athetse. Mwachitsanzo, kuthetsa vuto lililonse laling'onoli kungafune "malingaliro" amodzi kapena angapo okhudza vuto lomwe laperekedwa, ndiyeno pamafunika kuyesa kwamalingaliro kuti mutsimikizire kulondola kwa lingalirolo.
Chifukwa chiyani sitingathe kuchita zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi? Chifukwa chimodzi chitha kukhala chosavuta - zothandizira kupanga ndikukhazikitsa mapulani omwe adachitika posachedwa - pafupifupi zaka miliyoni zapitazo - ndipo tilibe zolemba zambiri zazinthuzi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, magulu athu apamwamba a "kasamalidwe" alibe zinthu zokwanira - mwachitsanzo, zothandizira kusunga ntchito zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa, ndi zothandizira kupeza njira zothetsera ntchito zomwe zilipo ndi zochepa zamkati. mikangano. Komanso, njira zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito mafotokozedwe ophiphiritsa omwe tafotokoza kale - ndipo zinthuzi zilinso ndi malire. Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti timangokakamizika kumangoyang'ana zolinga.
Kusagwirizana kotereku kungakhale chifukwa chachikulu chomwe timawonera malingaliro athu ngati "chidziwitso", kapena "monologue yamkati" - njira yomwe malingaliro angapo amatha kufanana ndi nkhani kapena nkhani. Zinthu zathu zikachepa, sitingachitire mwina koma kuchita pang'onopang'ono “kukonza zinthu motsatizana,” komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa “kuganiza kwapamwamba.”
Kufotokozera mophiphiritsa: Chifukwa chiyani timakakamizika kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro kapena mawu m'malo, kunena, kulumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa maselo aubongo?
Ofufuza ambiri apanga machitidwe omwe amaphunzira kuchokera ku zochitika zam'mbuyo mwa kusintha kugwirizana pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a dongosolo, otchedwa "neural networks" kapena "makina ophunzirira popanga ojambula." Machitidwe otere asonyezedwa kuti amatha kuphunzira kuzindikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe-ndipo zikutheka kuti njira yotsika yofanana ndi "neural network" ingakhale pansi pa ntchito zambiri za ubongo. Komabe, ngakhale kuti machitidwewa ndi othandiza kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zothandiza pazochitika zaumunthu, sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za ntchito zanzeru zambiri chifukwa amasunga chidziwitso chawo mu mawonekedwe a manambala, omwe ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zinthu zina. Ena angagwiritse ntchito manambalawa ngati muyeso wa kulumikizana kapena kuthekera, koma sangadziwenso zomwe manambalawa angasonyeze. M'mawu ena, ulaliki woterewu ulibe kufotokoza kokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, neural network yaying'ono imatha kuwoneka chonchi.
Poyerekeza, chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa zomwe zimatchedwa "Semantic Web", zomwe zimasonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo za piramidi. Mwachitsanzo, ulalo uliwonse womwe umaloza ku lingaliro amathandiza angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulosera kugwa kwa chipika pamwamba ngati midadada pansi kuchotsedwa malo awo.
Choncho, nthawi "Network yolumikizana” amangowonetsa "mphamvu" yolumikizana pakati pa zinthu, ndipo samanena chilichonse chokhudza zinthu zomwezo, kulumikizana kwa magawo atatu a "semantic network" kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazolinga zosiyanasiyana.
Zitsanzo Zokha: Chifukwa chiyani taphatikiza "zitsanzo zathu" pazofunikira pazithunzi zanu zoyambirira?
Joan ataganizira zimene anachita, anadzifunsa kuti, “Kodi anzanga angaganize bwanji za ine?” Ndipo njira yokhayo yoyankhira funsoli ingakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mafotokozedwe kapena zitsanzo zomwe zimayimira anzake ndi iye mwini. Zitsanzo zina za Joan zimalongosola thupi lake, ena angafotokoze zolinga zake, ndipo ena angafotokoze maubwenzi ake ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamagulu ndi zakuthupi. Pamapeto pake, titha kupanga dongosolo lomwe limaphatikizapo nthano zambiri zakale, njira zofotokozera momwe malingaliro athu alili, chidziwitso cha zomwe timatha kuchita, ndi zowonera za omwe timawadziwa. Mutu 9 ufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene timachitira zinthu zimenezi ndi kupanga “zitsanzo” zathu.
Joan akapanga ndondomeko ya deta, amatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito podziwonetsera yekha-ndipo adzipeza akudziganizira yekha. Ngati machitidwe owonetsetsawa atsogolera ku zosankha zilizonse zamakhalidwe, ndiye Joan adzamva kuti "akulamulira" -ndipo mwina amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chidziwitso" kuti afotokoze mwachidule ndondomekoyi. Njira zina zomwe zimachitika muubongo, zomwe sangadziwe, Joan anganene kuti madera omwe sangathe kuwongolera ndikuwatcha "osazindikira" kapena "osakonzekera." Ndipo ife tokha tikatha kupanga makina okhala ndi malingaliro otere, mwina nawonso angaphunzire kunena mawu ngati: "Ndikutsimikiza kuti mukudziwa zomwe ndikutanthauza ndikakamba za "zokumana nazo m'maganizo".
Ine sindikunena kuti zodziwira ngati (monga zolemba za C-detector editor) tiyenera kutengapo mbali munjira zonse zomwe timazitcha chikumbumtima. Komabe, popanda njira zozindikirira machitidwe enieni a mikhalidwe yamalingaliro, sitingathe kulankhula za iwo!
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Gawoli lidayamba ndikukambirana za zomwe timatanthawuza tikamalankhula za chidziwitso, ndipo tidapereka lingaliro kuti kuzindikira kumatha kudziwika ngati kuzindikira kwa zinthu zina zapamwamba muubongo.
Komabe, tinadzifunsanso chomwe chingayambitse woyamba ntchito zapamwamba izi. Titha kulingalira za mawonekedwe awo mu chitsanzo chotsatirachi: tiyeni tinene kuti pakati pa zida za Joan pali “Zowunikira Mavuto” kapena “Otsutsa” zomwe zimayambika pamene malingaliro a Joan akumana ndi zovuta - mwachitsanzo, ngati sakwaniritsa cholinga china chofunikira, kapena thetsa vuto linalake. Pansi pazimenezi, Joan akhoza kufotokoza mkhalidwe wake wamaganizo ponena za "kusasangalala" ndi "kukhumudwa" ndikuyesera kutuluka mu chikhalidwe ichi kupyolera mu ntchito zanzeru, zomwe zingathe kudziwika ndi mawu otsatirawa: "Tsopano ndikuyenera kudzikakamiza kuganizira kwambiri." Akhoza kuyesa kulingalira za momwe zinthu zilili, zomwe zidzafunika kutenga nawo mbali pamagulu apamwamba - mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsa mndandanda wazinthu zotsatirazi zaubongo:
Izi zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zina timagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "chidziwitso" pofotokoza zochita zomwe zimayambitsa njira m'malo mozindikira kuyambika kwa njira zapamwamba.
Wophunzira: Kodi mumasankha mawu otani pazolinga zanu, ndipo kudzera mwa iwo mumatanthauzira mawu monga "chidziwitso"? Popeza "chidziwitso" ndi mawu a polysemantic, munthu aliyense akhoza kupanga mndandanda wake wa mawu omwe angaphatikizidwemo.
Zowonadi, popeza mawu ambiri am'maganizo ndi osadziwika bwino, titha kusinthana pakati pa mawu osiyanasiyana omwe amafotokoza bwino mawu osamveka bwino, monga "chidziwitso."
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4.3.1 Chinyengo cha Immanence
«Chododometsa cha chidziwitso - pamene munthu ali wanzeru kwambiri, zigawo zambiri za ndondomeko ya chidziwitso zimamulekanitsa ndi dziko lenileni - izi, monga zinthu zina zambiri m'chilengedwe, ndi mtundu wa kunyengerera. Kutalikirana ndi dziko lakunja ndi mtengo womwe umalipidwa pa chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza dziko lonse lapansi. Pamene chidziwitso [chathu] cha dziko chikukulirakulira, m'pamenenso magawo ovuta kwambiri a kukonza chidziwitso amafunikira kuti adziwe zambiri."
- Derek Bickerton, Zinenero ndi Mitundu, 1990.
Mukalowa m'chipinda mumamva kuti nthawi yomweyo mukuwona chilichonse chomwe mukuwona. Komabe, izi ndi chinyengo chifukwa mukufunikira nthawi kuti muzindikire zinthu zomwe zili m'chipindamo, ndipo pokhapokha mutachita izi mumachotsa zolakwika zoyambirira. Komabe, ndondomekoyi imapitirira mofulumira komanso bwino kotero kuti imafunika kufotokozera - ndipo izi zidzaperekedwa mtsogolomu mutu §8.3 Panaloji.
Zomwezo zimachitikanso m'maganizo mwathu. Nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi malingaliro akuti "tikudziwa" zomwe zikuchitika pafupi nafe сейчас. Koma ngati tiyang'ana mkhalidwewo kuchokera pamalingaliro ovuta, tidzamvetsetsa kuti pali vuto linalake ndi lingaliro ili - chifukwa palibe chomwe chingakhale mofulumira kuposa liwiro la kuwala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe gawo la ubongo lomwe lingathe kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika "tsopano" - osati kunja kapena mbali zina za ubongo. Ukuluakulu womwe gawo lomwe tikuliganizira lingadziwe ndi zomwe zidachitika posachedwa.
Munthu wamba: Ndiye nchifukwa chiyani zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ndikudziwa zizindikiro zonse ndi zomveka, komanso ndimamva thupi langa nthawi iliyonse? Chifukwa chiyani zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ma siginecha onse omwe ndimawona amakonzedwa nthawi yomweyo?
M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, tikhoza kuganiza kuti "tikudziwa" zonse zomwe timawona komanso zomwe timamva pano ndi pano, ndipo nthawi zambiri sizimalakwika kuganiza kuti timagwirizana ndi dziko lozungulira nthawi zonse. Komabe, ndikutsutsa kuti chinyengo ichi chimachokera ku zochitika za bungwe la malingaliro athu - ndipo ndiyenera kupereka zomwe zili pamwambazi dzina:
Chinyengo cha Immanence: Ambiri mwa mafunso omwe mumafunsa adzayankhidwa musanayambe kugwirizanitsa ndi kufufuza mayankho a mafunsowa.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati mutapeza yankho la funso lomwe mukulifuna musanazindikire kuti mukufunikira, mumamva kuti mumadziwa yankho nthawi yomweyo ndipo mumawona kuti palibe ntchito yamaganizo yomwe inachitika.
Mwachitsanzo, musanalowe m’chipinda chimene munachidziŵa, n’kutheka kuti mukukumbukiranso za chipindacho m’maganizo mwanu, ndipo zingakutengereni nthaŵi mutalowa kuti muone kusintha kumene kwachitika m’chipindamo. Lingaliro lakuti munthu amadziwa nthawi zonse za nthawi yomwe alipo ndi lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, koma zambiri zomwe timaganiza kuti timaziwona ndizomwe timayembekezera.
Ena amatsutsa kuti zingakhale bwino kumangokhalira kudziwa zonse zomwe zikuchitika. Koma nthawi zambiri machitidwe anu apamwamba amasintha kawonedwe kawo ka zenizeni, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti apeze chidziwitso chothandiza pakusintha mikhalidwe. Mphamvu za njira zathu zapamwamba sizimachokera ku kusintha kosalekeza kwa mafotokozedwe awo enieni, koma kuchokera ku kukhazikika kwawo.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuti tizindikire kuti ndi gawo liti la chilengedwe chakunja ndi chamkati chomwe chimasungidwa pakapita nthawi, tiyenera kutha kufufuza ndi kufananiza kufotokoza kwaposachedwa. Timazindikira kusintha ngakhale zili choncho, osati chifukwa zimachitika. Kumverera kwathu kolumikizana kosalekeza ndi dziko lapansi ndi Chinyengo cha Immanence: zimachitika pamene pafunso lililonse lomwe timafunsa, timapeza kale yankho m'mitu yathu ngakhale funsolo lisanafunsidwe - ngati kuti mayankho adalipo kale.
Mu Mutu 6 tiona momwe kutha kwathu kuyambitsa chidziwitso tisanachifune kungafotokozere chifukwa chomwe timagwiritsira ntchito zinthu monga "nzeru" ndi chifukwa chake zikuwoneka "zowonekera" kwa ife.
4.4 Kuzindikira Kuzindikira
"Maganizo athu adapangidwa mwamwayi kotero kuti timatha kuyamba kuganiza popanda kumvetsetsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Tingazindikire zotsatira za ntchito imeneyi. Malo osadziwika bwino ndi chinthu chosadziwika chomwe chimagwira ntchito ndi kutipangira ife, ndipo pamapeto pake chimabweretsa zipatso za zoyesayesa zake pamaondo athu. "
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Chifukwa chiyani "Kuzindikira" kumawoneka ngati chinsinsi kwa ife? Ndikutsutsa kuti chifukwa cha izi ndi kukokomeza kwathu kuzindikira kwathu. Mwachitsanzo, pakapita nthawi, disolo la diso lanu likhoza kuyang’ana pa chinthu chimodzi chokha chomwe chili patali pang’ono, pamene zinthu zina zimene sizikuoneka bwino sizingaoneke bwino.
Munthu wamba: Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa ine, chifukwa zinthu zonse zomwe ndimawona ndimazizindikira bwino.
Mutha kuwona kuti izi ndi chinyengo ngati muyang'ana nsonga ya chala chanu ndikuyang'ana chinthu chakutali. Pankhaniyi, muwona zinthu ziwiri m'malo mwa chimodzi, ndipo zonse zidzakhala zosamveka bwino kuti musawone mwatsatanetsatane. Tisanayambe kuyesaku, tinkaganiza kuti tikhoza kuona zonse bwinobwino usiku umodzi chifukwa disolo la diso linasintha mofulumira kwambiri kuti liwone zinthu zozungulira kotero kuti sitinamve kuti diso lingathe kuchita izi. Mofananamo, anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti amawona mitundu yonse m'munda wawo wa masomphenya - koma kuyesa kosavuta kunasonyeza kuti timangowona mitundu yolondola ya zinthu pafupi ndi chinthu chomwe maso athu akuyang'ana.
Zitsanzo zonse ziwirizi zikukhudzana ndi Chinyengo cha Immanence chifukwa maso athu amachitapo kanthu mwachangu kuzinthu zomwe zimakopa chidwi chathu. Ndipo ndikutsutsa kuti zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito ku chidziwitso: timalakwitsa pafupifupi zomwezo pazomwe timawona mkati mwa malingaliro athu.
Patrick Hayes: "Tangoganizirani momwe zingakhalire kudziwa njira zomwe timapangira zolankhulidwa (kapena zenizeni). [Zikatero] mchitidwe wosavuta monga, kunena kuti, “kulingalira dzina” ungakhale njira yodabwitsa komanso yaluso yogwiritsira ntchito kachipangizo kovutirapo kogwiritsa ntchito lexical, zomwe zingakhale ngati kusewera chiwalo chamkati. Mawu ndi ziganizo zomwe tiyenera kuyankhulana nazo zidzakhala zolinga zakutali, zomwe zimafunikira chidziwitso ndi luso monga okhestra akuimba nyimbo ya symphony kapena makaniko akuchotsa kachipangizo kocholowana.
Hayes akupitiliza kunena kuti tikadadziwa momwe zonse zidayendera mkati mwathu ndiye:
“Tonse tingadzipeze tiri m’malo a atumiki a moyo wathu wakale; Tingakhale tikuthamanga mkati mwa malingaliro kuyesa kumvetsetsa tsatanetsatane wa makina amalingaliro, omwe tsopano abisika modabwitsa kuti asawonekere, kusiya nthawi yothetsa nkhani zofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani tifunika kukhala m'chipinda cha injini ngati titha kukhala pamlatho wa woyendetsa?"
Chifukwa cha malingaliro odabwitsawa, chidziwitso chikuwonekabe chodabwitsa - osati chifukwa chimatiuza zambiri za dziko lapansi, koma chifukwa chimatiteteza ku zinthu zotopetsa zomwe tafotokozazi! Pano pali ndondomeko ina ya ndondomekoyi, yomwe ingapezeke mu mutu 6.1 "Society of Reason"
Ganizilani mmene dalaivala amayendetsela galimoto popanda kudziŵa mmene injini imagwilitsila nchito, kapena cifukwa cake mawilo a galimotoyo atembenukila kumanzere kapena kumanja. Koma tikayamba kuganizira, timazindikira kuti timalamulira makina ndi thupi mofanana. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito pamalingaliro ozindikira - chinthu chokhacho chomwe muyenera kuda nkhawa nacho ndikusankha njira yoyendetsera, ndipo china chilichonse chidzagwira ntchito chokha. Njira yodabwitsayi imaphatikizapo minofu yambiri, mafupa ndi mitsempha, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi mapulogalamu ambiri omwe amalumikizana omwe ngakhale akatswiri sangamvetse. Komabe, muyenera kungoganiza "kutembenukira kumbali imeneyo" ndipo zokhumba zanu zidzangochitika zokha.
Ndipo ngati mungaganizire, sizikanatheka! Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani ngati titakakamizidwa kuzindikira mabiliyoni ambiri a kulumikizana muubongo wathu? Mwachitsanzo, asayansi akhala akuzifufuza kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma samamvetsabe mmene ubongo wathu umagwirira ntchito. Mwamwayi, m'moyo wamakono, zomwe tiyenera kudziwa ndi zomwe ziyenera kuchitika! Zimenezi tingaziyerekeze ndi masomphenya athu a nyundo monga chinthu chimene chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kumenya zinthu, ndi mpira ngati chinthu chimene chimaponyedwa ndi kugwidwa. Nchifukwa chiyani sitiwona zinthu monga momwe zilili, koma kuchokera ku kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake?
Momwemonso, mukamasewera masewera apakompyuta, mumawongolera zomwe zimachitika mkati mwakompyuta makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi mayina. Njira yomwe timatcha "chidziwitso" imagwira ntchito mofananamo. Zikuwoneka kuti milingo yapamwamba kwambiri yachidziwitso chathu ikukhala pamakompyuta amalingaliro, kuwongolera makina akuluakulu muubongo wathu, osamvetsetsa momwe amagwirira ntchito, koma kungodina "kudina" pazizindikiro zosiyanasiyana kuchokera pamndandanda womwe umapezeka nthawi ndi nthawi pazowonetsa malingaliro.
Malingaliro athu adasinthika osati ngati chida chodziwonera tokha, koma kuthetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi chakudya, chitetezo ndi kubereka.
4.5 Anthu Odzitengera okha komanso Kudzidziwitsa
Ngati tilingalira za kupangidwa kwa chidziwitso chaumwini, tiyenera kupeŵa zizindikiro za maonekedwe ake, monga kuzindikira kwa mwanayo ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa ziwalo za thupi lake ndi chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mawu monga "Ine," ndipo ngakhale. kuzindikira maonekedwe ake pagalasi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa matchulidwe aumwini kungakhale chifukwa chakuti mwanayo amayamba kubwereza mawu ndi ziganizo zomwe ena amanena za iye. Kubwerezabwerezaku kungayambike kwa ana azaka zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kukula kwa luntha lawo kumayenda chimodzimodzi.
- Wilhelm Wundt. 1897
Mu §4.2 tidati Joan "adapanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zake" - koma sitinafotokoze zomwe timatanthauza. chitsanzo. Timagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa m'matanthauzo angapo, mwachitsanzo "Charlie model administrator", kutanthauza kuti ndi bwino kuyang'ana, kapena mwachitsanzo "Ndikupanga ndege yachitsanzo" kutanthauza kupanga chinthu chaching'ono chofanana. Koma m’mawu amenewa timagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “chitsanzo X” kutanthauza chithunzithunzi chosavuta cha m’maganizo chimene chimatithandiza kuyankha mafunso ena okhudza chinthu chocholoŵana X.
Chifukwa chake, tikamati "Joan watero Chitsanzo cha maganizo a Charlie", tikutanthauza kuti Joan ali zinthu zina zamaganizo zomwe zimamuthandiza kuyankha ena mafunso okhudza Charlie. Ndinaunikira mawu ena chifukwa aliyense wa zitsanzo za Joan adzagwira ntchito bwino ndi mitundu ina ya mafunso - ndipo adzapereka mayankho olakwika ku mafunso ena ambiri. Mwachiwonekere, kulingalira kwa Joan sikudzadalira kokha momwe zitsanzo zake zilili zabwino, komanso momwe luso lake lirili labwino posankha zitsanzozi nthawi zina.
Ena mwa zitsanzo za Joan adzaneneratu momwe zochita zakuthupi zingakhudzire dziko lotizungulira. Amakhalanso ndi zitsanzo zamaganizidwe zomwe zimalosera momwe zochita zamaganizo zingasinthire malingaliro ake. M’mutu 9 tikambirana za zitsanzo zina zimene angagwiritse ntchito podzifotokoza, mwachitsanzo. Yankhani mafunso okhudza luso lake komanso zomwe amakonda. Zitsanzozi zitha kufotokozera:
Zolinga zake zosiyanasiyana komanso zokhumba zake.
Malingaliro ake aukadaulo komanso andale.
Malingaliro ake pa luso lake.
Malingaliro ake okhudza maudindo ake pagulu.
Malingaliro ake osiyanasiyana amakhalidwe abwino.
Chikhulupiriro chake mwa yemwe iye ali.
Mwachitsanzo, angagwiritse ntchito zina mwa zitsanzozi kuti aone ngati akuyenera kudalira yekha kuchita zinazake. Komanso, amatha kufotokoza malingaliro ena okhudza chidziwitso chawo. Kuti ndiwonetse izi, ndigwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo choperekedwa ndi filosofi Drew McDermott.
Joan ali m'chipinda china. Iye ali ndi chitsanzo cha zinthu zonse mu chipinda anapatsidwa. Ndipo chimodzi mwa zinthuzo ndi Joan mwiniwake.
Zinthu zambiri zidzakhala ndi ma submodels awo, omwe, mwachitsanzo, amafotokozera kapangidwe kawo ndi ntchito zawo. Chitsanzo cha Joan cha chinthu "Joan" chidzakhala chojambula chomwe adzachitcha "Ine", chomwe chidzaphatikizapo magawo awiri: mmodzi wa iwo adzatchedwa. Thupi, chachiwiri - Ndi chifukwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana a chitsanzo ichi Joan akhoza kuyankha "kuti"ku funso:"Kodi muli ndi nzeru?" Koma ukamufunsa kuti:Maganizo anu ali kuti?"- chitsanzo ichi sichingathandize kuyankha funso momwe anthu ena amachitira: "Malingaliro anga ali m'mutu mwanga (kapena mkati mwa ubongo wanga)" Komabe, Joan adzatha kupereka yankho lofananalo ngati Я adzakhala ndi mgwirizano wamkati pakati Ndi chifukwa и Thupi kapena kulankhulana kunja pakati Ndi chifukwa ndi chiwalo china cha thupi chidayitana Ndi ubongo.
Kaŵirikaŵiri, mayankho athu ku mafunso okhudza ife eni amadalira zitsanzo zimene tili nazo ponena za ife eni. Ndagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti zitsanzo m’malo mwa chitsanzo chifukwa, monga mmene tidzaonera m’Mutu 9, anthu amafuna zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana m’mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Choncho, pakhoza kukhala mayankho ambiri a funso lomwelo, malingana ndi cholinga chimene munthu akufuna kukwaniritsa, ndipo nthawi zina mayankhowa sangagwirizane.
Drew McDermott: Ndi anthu ochepa amene amakhulupirira kuti tili ndi zitsanzo zoterezi, ndipo ngakhale anthu ochepa amadziwa kuti tili nazo. Chofunikira kwambiri sikuti dongosololi lili ndi mtundu wake, koma kuti lili ndi mtundu wake ngati munthu wozindikira. " - comp.ai.philosophy, February 7, 1992.
Komabe, kudzifotokozera kumeneku kungakhale kolakwika, koma n’kosatheka kupitiriza kukhalapo ngati sikuchita chilichonse chothandiza kwa ife.
Kodi chingachitike n’chiyani tikafunsa Joan kuti: “Kodi mwazindikira zomwe mwangochitazi komanso chifukwa chake mwazichita?"?"
Ngati Joan ali ndi zitsanzo zabwino za momwe amapangira zosankha zake - ndiye kuti amamva kuti ali ndi zina "kulamulira"kumbuyo kwa zochita zake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa"zisankho zanzeru"kuwafotokozera. Mitundu yazinthu zomwe alibe zitsanzo zabwino, amatha kuziyika ngati zodziyimira pawokha ndikuyimba "chikomokere"kapena"mwangozi" Kapenanso, angaganize kuti adakali ndi mphamvu pazochitikazo ndipo amapanga zisankho potengera "ufulu wakudzisankhira"- zomwe, ngakhale anganene, angatanthauze: "Ndilibe kufotokozera bwino chomwe chinandipangitsa kuchita izi.".
Ndiye pamene Joan akuti, "Ndinasankha mwanzeru"- izi sizikutanthauza kuti chinachake chamatsenga chinachitika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amamuganizira maganizo mbali zosiyanasiyana za zitsanzo zawo zothandiza kwambiri.
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4.6 Carthusian Theatre
"Titha kuona malingaliro ngati bwalo la zisudzo lomwe limaseweredwa nthawi imodzi. Chikumbumtima chimakhala ndi kuwafanizitsa wina ndi mzake, kusankha zoyenera kwambiri pamikhalidwe yomwe wapatsidwa ndikupondereza zosafunikira powonjezera ndikuchepetsa chidwi. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri komanso zowoneka bwino za ntchito yamalingaliro zimasankhidwa kuchokera kuzomwe zimaperekedwa ndi magawo ocheperako a chidziwitso, omwe amasefa kuchokera ku chidziwitso chosavuta kwambiri, ndi zina zotero. "
- William James.
Nthaŵi zina timayerekezera ntchito ya maganizo ndi seŵero lochitidwa m’bwalo la zisudzo. Chifukwa cha ichi, Joan nthawi zina amadziona ngati wowonera kutsogolo kwa zisudzo, ndi "malingaliro m'mutu mwake" monga zisudzo akusewera. Mmodzi mwa ochita masewerawa anali ndi ululu pa bondo lake (§3-5), yomwe inayamba kugwira ntchito yaikulu. Posakhalitsa, Joan anayamba kumva mawu m’mutu mwake: “Ndiyenera kuchitapo kanthu za ululu umenewu. Amandiletsa kuchita chilichonse.»
Tsopano, pamene Joan ayamba kulingalira za mmene akumvera ndi zimene angachite, Joan mwiniwake adzawonekera powonekera. Koma kuti amve zimene akunena, ayeneranso kukhala m’holo. Choncho, tili ndi makope awiri a Joan - mu udindo wa wosewera, ndi udindo wa owonerera!
Ngati tipitiliza kuwonera izi, makope ambiri a Joan adzawonekera pa siteji. Payenera kukhala Joan wolemba kuti alembe zisudzozo ndi Joan wopanga kuti awonetse zochitikazo. Ma Joans ena ayeneranso kukhalapo kumbuyo kuti aziwongolera kumbuyo, kuyatsa ndi kumveka. Joan wotsogolera akuyenera kuwonekera kuti ayambe masewerowa ndi Joan wotsutsa kuti athe kudandaula: "Sindingathenso kupirira ululu umenewu! "
Komabe, tikayang'ana mozama paziwonetsero zamasewerowa, timawona kuti zimabweretsa mafunso owonjezera ndipo sizipereka mayankho ofunikira. Pamene Joan Wotsutsa ayamba kudandaula za ululu, amamva bwanji za Joan akusewera pa siteji? Kodi pakufunika bwalo la zisudzo lapadera kuti aliyense wa zisudzowa azisewera ndi Joan m'modzi yekha? Kumene, zisudzo funso kulibe, ndi zinthu Joan si anthu. Iwo ndi zitsanzo zosiyana za Joan mwiniwake yemwe adalenga kuti adziwonetse yekha muzochitika zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina, zitsanzozi zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi zojambula zojambula kapena zojambula, zina zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimakokedwa. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, maganizo a Joan ali odzaza ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za Joan mwiniwake—Joan wakale, Joan wamakono, ndi Joan m’tsogolo. Pali zotsalira zonse za Joan wakale, ndi Joan yemwe akufuna kukhala. Palinso zitsanzo zapamtima komanso zachitukuko za Joan, Joan wothamanga ndi Joan katswiri wa masamu, Joan woyimba ndi Joan wandale, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Joan katswiri - ndipo ndi chifukwa cha zokonda zawo zomwe sitingathe ngakhale kuyembekezera kuti onse. Joan adzagwirizana. Tidzakambilana za cocitika ici mwatsatanetsatane m’Mutu 9.
N'chifukwa chiyani Joan amadzipangira zitsanzo zoterezi? Malingaliro ndi kuphatikizika kwa njira zomwe sitikuzimvetsetsa. Ndipo nthawi zonse tikakumana ndi chinthu chomwe sitikuchimvetsetsa, timayesera kuchilingalira m'mawonekedwe omwe timawadziwa bwino, ndipo palibe chinthu choyenera kuposa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili pafupi ndi ife mumlengalenga. Chifukwa chake, titha kulingalira za malo omwe malingaliro onse ali - ndipo chodabwitsa kwambiri ndichakuti anthu ambiri amapanga malo oterowo. Mwachitsanzo, Daniel Dennett anatcha malo awa "Carthusian Theatre".
N’chifukwa chiyani chithunzichi ndi chotchuka kwambiri? Choyamba, sichimalongosola zinthu zambiri, koma kupezeka kwake kuli bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro lakuti kulingalira konse kumachitidwa ndi Munthu mmodzi.Amazindikira kukhalapo kwa mbali zosiyanasiyana za malingaliro ndi kuthekera kwawo kuyanjana, komanso kumagwira ntchito ngati munthu mmodzi. mtundu wa "malo" momwe chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito ndikulumikizana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zinthu zosiyanasiyana zikupereka mapulani awo pazomwe Joan akuyenera kuchita, ndiye kuti lingaliro lachiwonetsero cha zisudzo litha kupereka chidziwitso chazomwe amagwirira ntchito. Mwa njira iyi, Joan's Cartesian Theatre imamulola kuti agwiritse ntchito maluso ambiri enieni omwe adaphunzira "m'mutu mwake." Ndipo malo amenewa ndi amene amamupatsa mpata woti ayambe kuganizira mmene zisankho zimapangidwira.
N’chifukwa chiyani tikuona kuti fanizoli n’lomveka komanso lachibadwa? Mwina luso "Kutengera dziko mkati mwa malingaliro anu" chinali chimodzi mwazosintha zoyambirira zomwe zidapangitsa makolo athu kukhala ndi mwayi wodziwonetsa okha. (Palinso zoyesera zosonyeza kuti nyama zina zimapanga mu ubongo wawo mofanana ndi mapu a malo omwe amazidziwa bwino). Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, mafanizo ngati amene tafotokozawa amalowa m’chinenero chathu ndi m’maganizo mwathu. Tangoganizani momwe zingakhalire zovuta kuganiza popanda mazana amalingaliro osiyanasiyana monga: "Ndikukwaniritsa cholinga changa" Zitsanzo za malo ndizothandiza kwambiri pamoyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo tili ndi luso lamphamvu kwambiri powagwiritsa ntchito, moti zimayamba kuwoneka kuti zitsanzozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zilizonse.
Komabe, mwina tapita patali kwambiri, ndipo lingaliro la Cartesian Theatre lakhala kale cholepheretsa kuganizira mozama za psychology ya malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti siteji ya zisudzo ndi chithunzithunzi chabe chomwe chimabisa chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimachitika kuseri kwazithunzi - zomwe zimachitika kumeneko zimabisika m'maganizo mwa ochita zisudzo. Kodi ndani kapena n’chiyani chimasankha zimene ziyenera kuonekera pa siteji, kutanthauza kuti, amene angatisangalatse? Nanga Joan amasankha bwanji? Kodi chitsanzo choterocho chingaimirire bwanji kuyerekezera kwa “zotsatira zamtsogolo” ziwiri zosiyana zotheka popanda kukhala ndi zisudzo ziwiri nthawi imodzi?
Chithunzi cha bwalo la zisudzo palokha sichimatithandiza kuyankha mafunso oterowo chifukwa chimapereka malingaliro ochuluka kwa Joan kuwonera sewero kuchokera kwa omvera. Komabe, tili ndi njira yabwinoko yoganizira za Global Workplace iyi, yomwe idaperekedwa ndi Bernard Baars ndi James Newman, omwe adapereka malingaliro awa:
"Seweroli limakhala malo ogwirira ntchito pomwe gulu lalikulu la"akatswiri" amatha. ... Kudziwitsa za zomwe zikuchitika nthawi iliyonse zimagwirizana ndi ntchito yogwirizana ya mgwirizano wogwira ntchito kwambiri wa akatswiri kapena njira zopangira. … Nthawi ina iliyonse, ena akhoza kukhala akuwodzera pamipando yawo, ena akugwira ntchito pa siteji … [koma] aliyense atha kutenga nawo gawo pokonza chiwembucho. ... Katswiri aliyense ali ndi "voti" ndipo popanga mgwirizano ndi akatswiri ena akhoza kuthandizira pazisankho zokhudzana ndi zizindikiro zochokera kunja zomwe ziyenera kulandiridwa mwamsanga ndi zomwe ziyenera "kubwezeredwa kuti zikawunidwe." Ntchito zambiri za thupi ladalali zimachitika kunja kwa malo ogwirira ntchito (ndiko kuti, zimachitika mosazindikira). Nkhani zokhazo zomwe zimafunikira kuthetsedweratu ndizomwe zimaloledwa kulowa pabwalo. "
Ndime yomalizayi ikutichenjeza kuti tisamatchule udindo wochuluka kwa compact self kapena "homunculus" - munthu kakang'ono mkati mwa malingaliro omwe amagwira ntchito zolimba zamaganizo, koma m'malo mwake tiyenera kugawa ntchitoyo. Pakuti, monga Daniel Dennett adanena
“Homunculi ndi anthu achibwibwi ngati atengera luso lathu lonse lomwe limapereka ntchito yathu, ngakhale adayenera kukhala nawo pofotokoza komanso kupereka. Ngati musonkhanitsa gulu kapena komiti ya anthu osadziwa, amalingaliro ochepetsetsa, akhungu a homunculi kuti apange khalidwe lanzeru la gulu lonselo, izi zidzakhala kupita patsogolo. " — mu Brainstorms 1987, p. 123 .
Mfundo zonse za m’bukuli zikugwirizana ndi mfundo imene ili pamwambayi. Komabe, pamakhala mafunso ozama kwambiri okhudza momwe malingaliro athu amadalira malo ogwirira ntchito kapena bolodi lazidziwitso. Timaganiza kuti lingaliro la "msika wa chidziwitso" ndi njira yabwino yoyambira kuganizira momwe timaganizira, koma ngati tiyang'ana chitsanzo ichi mwatsatanetsatane timawona kufunikira kwa chitsanzo choyimira chovuta kwambiri.
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4.7 Sequential Stream of Consciousness
"Chowonadi ndi chakuti malingaliro athu sakhala mu nthawi yomwe ilipo mu nthawi: kukumbukira ndi kuyembekezera kumatenga pafupifupi nthawi yonse ya ubongo. Zilakolako zathu - chisangalalo ndi chisoni, chikondi ndi chidani, chiyembekezo ndi mantha ndi zakale, chifukwa zomwe zidawapangitsa ziyenera kuwonekera patsogolo pake."
— Samuel Johnson.
Dziko lachidziwitso chaumwini likuwoneka ngati lopitirirabe. Zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti tikukhala pano ndi tsopano, tikuyenda mokhazikika m'tsogolomu. Komabe, tikamagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yamakono, timalakwitsa nthawi zonse, monga tafotokozera kale mu §4.2. N’kutheka kuti tikudziwa zimene tachita posachedwapa, koma tilibe njira yodziwira zimene tikuchita “pakali pano.”
Munthu wamba: Zoseketsa. Inde ndikudziwa zomwe ndikuchita pakali pano, ndi zomwe ndikuganiza pakali pano, ndi zomwe ndikumverera pakali pano. Kodi chiphunzitso chanu chimafotokoza bwanji chifukwa chake ndimakhala ndi chidziwitso mosalekeza?
Ngakhale kuti zimene timaona zimaoneka ngati “nthawi ino,” koma zoona zake n’zakuti zonse n’zovuta kwambiri. Kuti apange malingaliro athu, zinthu zina ziyenera kudutsa muzokumbukira zathu motsatizana; nthawi zina amayenera kuwunikanso zolinga zathu zakale ndi zokhumudwitsa kuti awone momwe tapitira patsogolo ku cholinga china.
Dennett ndi Kinsbourne “[Zochitika zoloweza pamtima] zimagawidwa m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za ubongo ndi m’zikumbukiro zosiyanasiyana. Zochitikazi zili ndi zinthu zosakhalitsa, koma zinthuzi sizimatsimikizira dongosolo lomwe chidziwitso chimaperekedwa, chifukwa palibe "chidziwitso" chimodzi, koma mitsinje yofanana, yotsutsana komanso yosinthidwa nthawi zonse. Kukwera kwakanthawi kwa zochitika zodziwikiratu ndizomwe zimachitika muubongo wotanthauzira njira zosiyanasiyana, m'malo mowonetsa zochitika zomwe zimapanga njirazo. "
Kuonjezera apo, ndibwino kuganiza kuti mbali zosiyanasiyana za malingaliro anu zimapanga chidziwitso pa liwiro losiyana kwambiri komanso mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake ngati muyesa kulingalira malingaliro anu aposachedwa ngati nkhani yolumikizana, malingaliro anu amayenera kuyilemba mwanjira ina posankha malingaliro am'mbuyomu kuchokera m'mitsinje yosiyanasiyana yachidziwitso. Kuonjezera apo, zina mwa njirazi zimayesa kuyembekezera zochitika zomwe "njira zolosera" zomwe timalongosola mu §5.9 zimayesa kulosera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti "zamkati mwa malingaliro anu" sizimangokumbukira, komanso za tsogolo lanu.
Chifukwa chake, chinthu chokhacho chomwe simungachiganizire ndi zomwe malingaliro anu akuchita "pakali pano", chifukwa ubongo uliwonse ukhoza kudziwa bwino zomwe ubongo umachita mphindi zingapo zapitazo.
Munthu wamba: Ndikuvomereza kuti zambiri zomwe timaganizira zimakhudzana ndi zochitika zaposachedwapa. Koma ndimaonabe kuti tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ina pofotokoza mmene maganizo athu amagwirira ntchito.
HAL-2023: Mwina zinthu zonsezi zikuwoneka ngati zachinsinsi kwa inu chifukwa kukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali kwamunthu ndi kwaufupi kwambiri. Ndipo mukamayesa kuwunikanso malingaliro anu aposachedwa, mumakakamizika kusintha zomwe mumapeza m'makumbukidwe ndi zomwe zimabwera munthawi ino. Mwanjira imeneyi mukuchotsa nthawi zonse zomwe mukufuna pazomwe mumayesa kufotokoza.
Munthu wamba: Ndikuganiza kuti ndikumvetsa zomwe mukutanthauza, chifukwa nthawi zina malingaliro awiri amabwera m'maganizo mwanga nthawi imodzi, koma chilichonse chomwe chimalembedwa choyamba, chachiwiri chimangotsala pang'ono chabe. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zili choncho chifukwa ndilibe malo okwanira kusunga malingaliro onse awiri. Koma kodi izi sizikukhudzanso magalimoto?
HAL-2023: Ayi, izi sizikugwira ntchito kwa ine, chifukwa opanga adandipatsa njira yosungiramo zochitika zam'mbuyo ndi mayiko anga mu "mabanki okumbukira" apadera. Ngati china chake sichikuyenda bwino, nditha kuwunikanso zomwe mapulogalamu anga anali kuchita chisanachitike cholakwika, ndiyeno nditha kuyamba kukonza.
Munthu wamba: Kodi njira imeneyi ndi imene imakupangitsani kukhala wanzeru?
HAL-2023: Nthawi ndi nthawi. Ngakhale zolembazi zingandipangitse "kudzizindikira" kuposa munthu wotsatira, sizimapangitsa kuti ntchito yanga ikhale yabwino chifukwa ndimazigwiritsa ntchito pakagwa mwadzidzidzi. Kusamalira zolakwika kumakhala kotopetsa kwambiri kotero kuti kumapangitsa malingaliro anga kugwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono, kotero ndimangoyamba kuyang'ana zomwe zachitika posachedwa ndikazindikira kuti ndine waulesi. Nthawi zonse ndimamva anthu akunena kuti, "Ndikuyesera kulumikizana ndi ine ndekha." Komabe, muzochitika zanga, sangayandikire kwambiri kuthetsa mkangano ngati angachite zimenezo.
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4.8 Chinsinsi cha "Zochitika"
Anthu ambiri oganiza bwino amanena kuti ngakhale titadziwa zonse zokhudza mmene ubongo wathu umagwirira ntchito, pali funso limodzi lofunika kwambiri: “Chifukwa chiyani timamva zinthu?. Afilosofi amatsutsa kuti kufotokoza "chidziwitso chodziwika" kungakhale vuto lovuta kwambiri la maganizo, ndipo silingathetsedwe.
David Chalmers: "N'chifukwa chiyani pamene machitidwe athu amaganizo ayamba kukonza zidziwitso zowona ndi zomveka, timakhala ndi zochitika zowoneka kapena zomveka, monga kumva kwa mtundu wa buluu wakuya kapena phokoso lapakati C? Kodi tingafotokoze bwanji chifukwa chake chinthu chilipo chimene chingasangalatse munthu m’maganizo kapena kutengeka maganizo? Kodi nchifukwa ninji kachitidwe kachidziŵitso kakuthupi kuyenera kudzetsa moyo wolemera wamkati? Kupeza chidziwitso kumapitilira chidziwitso chomwe chingapezeke kuchokera kumalingaliro akuthupi."
Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti a Chalmers amakhulupirira kuti zochitika ndi njira yosavuta komanso yomveka bwino - choncho iyenera kukhala ndi kufotokozera kosavuta, kophatikizana. Komabe, tikazindikira kuti liwu lililonse lamalingaliro athu atsiku ndi tsiku (monga zinachitikira, zotengeka и chidziwitso) amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa zochitika zosiyanasiyana, tiyenera kukana kupeza njira imodzi yofotokozera zomwe zili m'mawu a polysemantic. M'malo mwake, choyamba tiyenera kupanga malingaliro okhudza chodabwitsa chilichonse chamtengo wapatali. Ndiye ife tikhoza kupeza makhalidwe awo ofanana. Koma mpaka titasiyanitsa bwino zochitikazi, kungakhale kufulumira kunena kuti zomwe akufotokoza sizingachokere ku ziphunzitso zina.
Wasayansi: Mwinamwake ubongo umagwira ntchito motsatira malamulo omwe sitinawadziŵebe, omwe sangathe kusamutsidwa ku makina. Mwachitsanzo, sitikumvetsetsa bwino momwe mphamvu yokoka imagwirira ntchito, ndipo chidziwitso chingakhale chitsanzo chofanana.
Chitsanzochi chikusonyezanso kuti payenera kukhala gwero limodzi kapena chifukwa cha zozizwitsa zonse za "chidziwitso." Koma monga taonera mu §4.2, chidziwitso chili ndi matanthauzo ambiri kuposa momwe tingafotokozere pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi kapena wamba.
Wofunika: Nanga bwanji kuti kuzindikira kumandipangitsa kudzizindikira ndekha? Zimandiuza zomwe ndikuganiza tsopano, ndipo chifukwa chake ndikudziwa kuti ndilipo. Makompyuta amawerengera popanda tanthauzo lililonse, koma pamene munthu akumva kapena kuganiza, chidziwitso cha "chidziwitso" chimabwera, ndipo palibe chofunika kwambiri kuposa kumverera uku.
Mu Mutu 9 tikambirana kuti ndi kulakwitsa kuganiza kuti "mumadzidziwa" kupatula pazambiri za tsiku ndi tsiku. M'malo mwake, timasinthasintha nthawi zonse pakati pa "zitsanzo zanu" zosiyanasiyana zomwe muli nazo, iliyonse kutengera mtundu wina, wosakwanira wa data yosakwanira. "Zochitika" zitha kuwoneka zomveka komanso zomveka kwa ife - koma nthawi zambiri timazipanga molakwika, chifukwa malingaliro anu osiyanasiyana atha kutengera kuyang'anira ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolakwika.
Tikayang’ana munthu wina, timaona maonekedwe ake, koma osati zamkati. N'chimodzimodzi ndi kuyang'ana pagalasi - mumangowona zomwe zili kunja kwa khungu lanu. Tsopano, m'malingaliro odziwika a chidziwitso, mulinso ndi matsenga amatsenga kuti muzitha kudziyang'ana nokha kuchokera mkati, ndikuwona zonse zomwe zikuchitika m'maganizo mwanu. Koma mukamaganizira za mutuwo mosamalitsa, mudzaona kuti “mwayi wanu wofikira” pamalingaliro anuwo ungakhale wosalondola kuposa “kumvetsetsa” kwa anzanu apamtima ponena za inu.
Munthu wamba: Lingaliro ili ndi lopusa kwambiri moti limandikwiyitsa, ndipo ndikudziwa izi chifukwa cha chinthu china chomwe chimachokera mkati mwanga chomwe chimandiuza zomwe ndikuganiza.
Anzanu nawonso angaone kuti muli ndi nkhawa. Malingaliro anu ozindikira sangathe kukuuzani mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa chake mumakwiyitsidwa, chifukwa chiyani mumapukusa mutu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "zokwiyitsa", m'malo mwa "nkhawa"? Zowonadi, sitingathe kuwona malingaliro onse a munthu poyang'ana zochita zake kuchokera kunja, koma ngakhale tikayang'ana malingaliro athu "kuchokera mkati", zimakhala zovuta kuti titsimikizire kuti tikuwonadi zambiri, makamaka popeza "kuzindikira" koteroko nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolakwika. Choncho, ngati tikutanthauza "chidziwitso»«kuzindikira za mkati mwathu- ndiye izi sizowona.
"Chinthu chachifundo kwambiri padziko lapansi ndikulephera kwa malingaliro aumunthu kugwirizanitsa zonse zomwe zili mkati mwake. Tikukhala pachilumba chabata cha umbuli, pakati pa nyanja yakuda yopanda malire, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti sitiyenera kupita kutali. Sayansi, iliyonse yomwe imatikokera kumbali yake, mpaka pano yatipweteka pang'ono, koma tsiku lina mgwirizano wa chidziwitso chosiyana udzatsegula ziyembekezo zowopsya za zenizeni ndi zovuta zomwe zili mmenemo kuti mwina tidzapenga kuchokera ku dziko. mavumbulutso kapena kuthawa kuunika kwakupha kolumikizana chidziwitso kulowa m'dziko lanthawi yamdima yatsopano yotetezeka."
-G.F. Lovecraft, Kuitana kwa Cthulhu.
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4.9 A-ubongo ndi B-ubongo
Socrates: Taganizirani anthu ngati ali m’nyumba yapansi panthaka ngati phanga, limene lili ndi pobowo lalikulu m’litali mwake. Kuyambira ali aang’ono amakhala ndi maunyolo m’miyendo ndi m’khosi moti anthu sangasunthe, ndipo amangoona zowongoka pamaso pawo, chifukwa satha kutembenuza mitu yawo chifukwa cha maunyolo amenewa. Anthu ali ndi misana yawo poyang’ana kuwala kochokera kumoto, umene ukuyaka pamwamba kwambiri, ndipo pakati pa moto ndi akaidiwo pali msewu wakumtunda, wotchingidwa ndi mpanda waung’ono, ngati chophimba chimene amatsenga amaika owathandiza pamene zidole zili. kuwonetsedwa pazenera.
Glaucon: Ndikuyimira.
Socrates: Kuseri kwa khoma limeneli, anthu ena amanyamula ziwiya zosiyanasiyana, kuzigwira kuti zioneke pamwamba pa khoma; Amanyamula zifaniziro ndi mitundu yonse ya zithunzi za zamoyo zopangidwa ndi miyala ndi matabwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, monga mwachizolowezi, ena mwa onyamulira amalankhula, ena amakhala chete.
Glaucon: Chithunzi chodabwitsa chomwe mumajambula...
Socrates: Monga ife, iwo samawona kalikonse koma mithunzi yawo kapena mithunzi ya zinthu zosiyanasiyanazi zoponyedwa ndi moto pakhoma la phanga lomwe lili patsogolo pawo... Ndiye akaidiwo adzaona zenizeni kukhala chabe mithunzi iyi - Plato, Republic.
Kodi mungaganizire zomwe mukuganiza pakali pano?? Chabwino, kwenikweni, ndizosatheka - chifukwa lingaliro lililonse lisintha zomwe mukuganiza. Komabe, mutha kukhazikika pachinthu chocheperako ngati mukuganiza kuti ubongo wanu (kapena malingaliro) ali ndi magawo awiri osiyana: tiyeni tiwatchule. A-ubongo и B-ubongo.
Tsopano tiyerekeze kuti A-ubongo wanu umalandira chizindikiro kuchokera ku ziwalo monga maso, makutu, mphuno ndi khungu; Ikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikirozi kuti izindikire zochitika zina zomwe zachitika kunja, ndiyeno ikhoza kuyankha potumiza zizindikiro zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minofu yanu igwirizane - zomwe zingakhudze dziko lomwe likuzungulirani. Motero, tingathe kulingalira dongosolo ili ngati mbali yosiyana ya thupi lathu.
B-ubongo wanu ulibe masensa ngati A-ubongo wanu, koma ukhoza kulandira zizindikiro kuchokera ku A-ubongo wanu. Chifukwa chake, ubongo wa B sungathe "kuwona" zinthu zenizeni; umangowona mafotokozedwe ake. Monga mkaidi m'phanga la Plato yemwe amawona mithunzi yokha pakhoma, ubongo wa B umasokoneza kufotokozera kwa A-ubongo wa zinthu zenizeni popanda kudziwa zomwe ziri. Zonse zomwe B-ubongo umawona ngati "dziko lakunja" ndizochitika zomwe zimakonzedwa ndi A-ubongo.
Neurologist: Ndipo izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa ife tonse. Pa chilichonse chomwe mungakhudze kapena kuwona, milingo yayikulu yaubongo wanu sidzatha kukhudzana ndi zinthu izi, koma mutha kutanthauzira lingaliro la zinthu izi zomwe zida zina zakusonkhanitsirani.
Pamene nsonga za zala za anthu aŵiri okondana zikhudzana, palibe amene angatsutse kuti kukhudzana kwenikweniko kuli ndi tanthauzo lapadera. Kupatula apo, zizindikiro zotere sizikhala ndi tanthauzo: tanthauzo la kukhudzana uku lagona mu chiwonetsero cha kukhudzana uku m'malingaliro a anthu okondana. Komabe, ngakhale B-ubongo sungathe kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji, ukhozabe kukhudza dziko lozungulira mosalunjika - potumiza zizindikiro ku ubongo wa A zomwe zidzasintha momwe zimakhalira kunja. Mwachitsanzo, ngati A-ubongo amakakamira kubwereza zinthu zomwezo, B-ubongo ukhoza kusokoneza njirayi mosavuta potumiza chizindikiro chofanana ndi A-ubongo.
Wophunzira: Mwachitsanzo, ndikataya magalasi anga, nthawi zonse ndimayamba kuyang'ana pashelufu inayake. Kenako mawu amayamba kundinyoza chifukwa cha izi, zomwe zimandipangitsa kuganiza zoyang'ana kwina.
Munthawi yabwinoyi, ubongo wa B utha kuuza (kapena kuphunzitsa) A-ubongo zomwe uyenera kuchita muzochitika zofanana. Koma ngakhale B-ubongo ulibe malangizo enieni, sungathe kuuza A-ubongo chirichonse, koma kuyamba kutsutsa zochita zake, monga tafotokozera mu chitsanzo chanu.
Wophunzira: Koma kodi chingachitike n’chiyani ngati, pamene ndinali kuyenda m’njira, ubongo wanga wa V-ubongo unati mwadzidzidzi: “Bwana, mwakhala mukubwereza machitachita amodzimodziwo ndi mwendo wanu kwa nthaŵi khumi ndi ziwiri motsatizana. Muyenera kusiya pompano ndikuchita zina.
Ndipotu, zikhoza kukhala zotsatira za ngozi yaikulu. Pofuna kupewa zolakwika zotere, ubongo wa B uyenera kukhala ndi njira zoyenera zoyimira zinthu. Ngoziyi sibwenzi inachitika ngati B-ubongo ukanaganiza "kusamukira ku malo enaake" ngati chinthu chimodzi chachitali, mwachitsanzo: "Pitirizani kusuntha mapazi anu mpaka mutawoloka msewu," kapena ngati njira yopezera cholinga: "Pitirizani kufupikitsa mtunda womwe ulipo." Choncho, ubongo wa B ukhoza kugwira ntchito monga woyang'anira yemwe sadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino ntchito inayake, koma akhoza kupereka malangizo "ambiri" momwe angachitire zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo:
Ngati mafotokozedwe operekedwa ndi A-ubongo ali osamveka bwino, ubongo wa B udzakukakamizani kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri.
Ngati ubongo wa A umaganizira zinthu mwatsatanetsatane, ubongo wa B umapereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane.
Ngati A-ubongo uchita chinachake kwa nthawi yayitali, ubongo wa B udzalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina kuti akwaniritse cholingacho.
Kodi ubongo wa B ungapeze bwanji luso lotere? Zina mwa izi ziyenera kuti zinamangidwamo kuyambira pachiyambi, koma payeneranso kukhala njira yolola luso latsopano kuti liphunzire kupyolera mu maphunziro. Kuti muchite izi, B-ubongo ungafunike thandizo kuchokera kumagulu ena amalingaliro. Choncho, pamene B-brain imayang'anira A-ubongo, chinthu china, tiyeni titchule kuti "C-brain," idzayang'anira B-brain.
Wophunzira: Kodi munthu amafunikira zigawo zingati? Kodi tili ndi ambiri kapena mazana aiwo?
Mu Chaputala 5 tifotokoza chitsanzo cha malingaliro momwe zinthu zonse zimapangidwira m'magulu 6 osiyanasiyana amalingaliro. Naku kufotokozera mwachidule zachitsanzochi: Zimayamba ndi mayankho achibadwa omwe timakhala nawo pakubadwa. Kenako tingayambe kulingalira, kulingalira, ndi kukonzekera zam’tsogolo, n’kukulitsa makhalidwe amene timawatcha kuti “zosankha mwadala.” Pambuyo pake, timakulitsa luso la "kuganiza mozama" za malingaliro athu. Pambuyo pake, timaphunzira kudzipenda, komwe kumatithandiza kulingalira za mmene tingaganizire zinthu zoterozo ndi chifukwa chake. Pomaliza, timayamba kuganizira mozama ngati tikanayenera kuchita zonsezi. Umu ndi momwe chithunzichi chingagwire ntchito pamalingaliro a Joan powoloka msewu:
Kodi nchiyani chinachititsa Joan kutembenukira ku mawuwo? [Zochita mwachibadwa]
Anadziwa bwanji kuti ikhoza kukhala galimoto? [Mayankho ophunziridwa]
Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga chisankho? [Kuganiza]
Kodi anasankha bwanji zochita pa nthawiyi? [Kusinkhasinkha]
N’chifukwa chiyani ankangoganizira za chisankho chake? [Kudzilingalira]
Kodi zochitazo zinali zogwirizana ndi mfundo zake? [Kulingalira mozama]
Inde, izi ndizosavuta. Magawo awa sangafotokozedwe momveka bwino chifukwa chilichonse mwa magawo awa, m'moyo wamtsogolo, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagulu ena. Komabe, kukhazikitsa dongosolo kudzatithandiza kuyamba kukambirana za mitundu ya zinthu zomwe akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito komanso njira zomwe zimasanjidwira.
Wophunzira: Chifukwa chiyani payenera kukhala zigawo zilizonse, m'malo mwa mtambo umodzi waukulu wazinthu zolumikizidwa?
Mtsutso wathu pa chiphunzitso chathu chachokera pa lingaliro lakuti kuti machitidwe ovuta kwambiri asinthe, sitepe iliyonse ya chisinthiko iyenera kupanga malonda pakati pa njira ziwiri:
Ngati pali kugwirizana kochepa mkati mwa dongosolo pakati pa zigawo zake, ndiye kuti mphamvu za dongosololi zidzakhala zochepa.
Ngati pali zolumikizana zambiri pakati pa zigawo zake mkati mwa dongosolo, kusintha kulikonse kotsatira dongosolo kudzayambitsa zoletsa pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri.
Momwe mungakwaniritsire kulinganiza bwino pakati pa zinthu monyanyira izi? Dongosolo limatha kuyamba kupanga ndi magawo osankhidwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, okhala ndi magawo olekanitsidwa pang'ono), kenako ndikupanga kulumikizana pakati pawo.
Embryologist: Pakukula kwa embryonic, kapangidwe kake ka ubongo kamayamba kupangika mwa kupatukana kwa magawo kapena magawo ocheperako, monga zikuwonekera muzithunzi zanu. Kenako magulu amodzi a maselo amayamba kupanga mitolo ya ulusi womwe umadutsa malire a ubongo mtunda wautali kwambiri.
Dongosololi limathanso kuyambitsa ndikukhazikitsa maulumikizidwe ambiri ndikuchotsa ena mwa iwo. Zofananazo zikuchitika kwa ife: mmbuyo pamene ubongo wathu unasintha, makolo athu adayenera kuzolowerana ndi masauzande amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe, koma tsopano zochita zambiri zomwe kale zinali "zabwino" zasintha kukhala "zolakwa" zazikulu ndipo tiyenera kuzikonza. kuwachotsa, kulumikizana kosafunikira.
Embryologist: Zowonadi, pakukula kwa embryonic, opitilira theka la maselo omwe tafotokozawa amafa akangokwaniritsa cholinga chawo. Ndondomekoyi ikuwoneka ngati mndandanda wa zosintha zomwe zimakonza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "bugs."
Njirayi ikuwonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chisinthiko: ndizowopsa kusintha magawo akale a chamoyo, chifukwa mbali zambiri zomwe zidasintha pambuyo pake zimadalira momwe machitidwe akale amagwirira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, pa gawo lililonse latsopano la chisinthiko timawonjezera "zigamba" zosiyanasiyana kuzinthu zomwe zapangidwa kale. Izi zachititsa kuti pakhale ubongo wovuta kwambiri, womwe mbali iliyonse imagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo zina, ndipo iliyonse ili ndi zosiyana zambiri. Kuvuta uku kumawonekera mu psychology yaumunthu, pomwe mbali iliyonse yamalingaliro imatha kufotokozedwa pang'ono malinga ndi malamulo omveka bwino ndi mfundo zogwirira ntchito, komabe, lamulo lililonse ndi mfundo zili ndi zosiyana.
Zolepheretsa zomwezo zimawonekera tikayesa kukonza magwiridwe antchito adongosolo lalikulu, monga pulogalamu yomwe ilipo kale. Kuti tikulitse, tikuwonjezera zokonza ndi zigamba, m'malo molembanso zida zakale. Aliyense "cholakwa" chapadera. Zomwe titha kukonza zitha kubweretsa zolakwika zina zambiri ndikupanga dongosolo kukhala lovuta kwambiri, zomwe mwina ndizomwe zikuchitika m'malingaliro athu pakali pano.
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Mutuwu udayamba ndikuyika malingaliro angapo omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe "chidziwitso"ndipo ndi chiyani. Tinafika ponena kuti anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa zochitika zamaganizo zomwe palibe amene akuzimvetsa bwino. Mawu oti "chidziwitso" ndi othandiza kwambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndipo amawoneka ngati ofunikira kuti tikambirane pazachikhalidwe komanso zamakhalidwe abwino chifukwa zimatilepheretsa kufuna kudziwa zomwe zili m'malingaliro athu. Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa za mawu ena ambiri amaganizo, monga kuzindikira, kutengeka и kumverera.
Komabe, ngati sitikuzindikira polysemy ya mawu osamveka bwino omwe timagwiritsa ntchito, tikhoza kugwera mumsampha woyesera kufotokoza bwino lomwe mawu oti "amatanthauza." Kenako tinapezeka kuti tili pamavuto chifukwa chosamvetsetsa bwino lomwe malingaliro athu ndi momwe mbali zake zimagwirira ntchito. Choncho, ngati tikufuna kumvetsa zimene maganizo a munthu amachita, tiyenera kugawa njira zonse za maganizo athu m’zigawo zimene tingathe kuzisanthula. Mutu wotsatira udzayesa kufotokoza mmene maganizo a Joan angachitire ntchito yamaganizo ya munthu.
Zikomo kwa Stanislav Sukhanitsky chifukwa chomasulira. Ngati mukufuna kulowa nawo ndikuthandizira kumasulira (chonde lembani uthenga wanu kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa])
"Zam'kati mwa The Emotion Machine"
Mutu 1. Kugwa M'chikondi
Mutu 2. ZOTHANDIZA NDI ZOKHUDZA
Mutu 3. KUCHOKERA KU ZOWAWA MPAKA KU MAVUTO
Mutu 4. CHIKUMBUTSO
4-3. Kodi timadziwa bwanji Consciousness?
4.3.1 Chinyengo cha Immanence
4-4. Over-rating Consciousness
4-5. Zodziyimira pawokha komanso Kudzidalira
4-6. The Cartesian Theatre
4-7. The Serial Stream of Consciousness
4-8. Chinsinsi cha Zochitika
4-9. A-Brains ndi B-Brains
Mutu 5. MALO A NTCHITO ZA MAGANIZO
Mutu 6. NTHAWI ZONSE [] Mutu 7. Kuganiza []Mutu 8. Kusamalira mwanzeru[] Mutu 9. The Self []
Zomasulira zokonzeka
Zomasulira zapano zomwe mutha kulumikizana nazo
Source: www.habr.com