Zatsopano zakhala zofala.
Ndipo sitikulankhula za "zatsopano" zamakono monga ukadaulo wa ray tracing pamakhadi a kanema a RTX kuchokera ku Nvidia kapena 50x zoom mu foni yamakono yochokera ku Huawei. Zinthu izi ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa ogulitsa kuposa ogwiritsa ntchito. Tikukamba za zatsopano zenizeni zomwe zasintha kwambiri njira yathu ndi momwe timaonera moyo.
Kwa zaka 500, makamaka m’zaka 200 zapitazi, moyo wa munthu wakhala ukusinthidwa mosalekeza ndi malingaliro atsopano, zopanga ndi zotulukira. Ndipo imeneyi ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu. Izi zisanachitike, chitukuko chinkawoneka chochedwa kwambiri komanso chosafulumira, makamaka kuchokera kumbali ya munthu wazaka za 21st.
M'dziko lamakono, kusintha kwakhala kokhazikika. Mawu ena a zaka 15 zapitazo, omwe kale anali omveka bwino, tsopano anthu amawaona ngati osayenera kapena okhumudwitsa. Zina mwazolemba zapadera za zaka 10 zapitazo sizimaganiziridwanso kuti ndizofunikira, ndipo kuwona galimoto yamagetsi pamsewu kumaonedwa kuti ndizochitika, osati m'mayiko otukuka okha.
Tidazolowera kuwonongedwa kwa miyambo, ukadaulo wosinthika komanso chidziwitso chosalekeza chokhudza zatsopano zomwe timamvetsetsabe pang'ono. Tili ndi chidaliro kuti sayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga siziyima, ndipo timakhulupirira kuti zatsopano ndi zatsopano zikuyembekezera ife m'tsogolomu. Koma n’cifukwa ciani tili otsimikiza za zimenezi? Kodi tidayamba liti kukhulupirira zaukadaulo komanso njira zofufuzira zasayansi? Chinayambitsa ndi chiyani?
Malingaliro anga, Yuval Noah Harari akuwulula nkhanizi mwatsatanetsatane m'buku lake "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" (Ndikuganiza kuti sapiens aliyense ayenera kuiwerenga). Choncho, lembali lidzadalira kwambiri ziweruzo zake zina.
Mawu omwe asintha chilichonse
M'mbiri yonse, anthu nthawi zonse ankalemba zochitika zamphamvu, koma phindu lawo linali lochepa, popeza anthu ankakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chonse chomwe anthu amafunikira chinali kale kuchokera kwa afilosofi ndi aneneri akale. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera chidziwitso inali kuphunzira ndikuchita miyambo yomwe ilipo. Bwanji kutaya nthawi kufunafuna mayankho atsopano pamene mayankho onse tili nawo kale?
Kukhulupirika ku mwambo unali mwayi wokha wobwerera ku mbiri yakale yaulemerero. Zotulukira zinangosintha pang’ono moyo wa makolowo, koma zinayesetsa kuti zisamaphwanye miyamboyo. Chifukwa cha kulemekeza zakale kumeneku, malingaliro ndi zopeka zambiri zinkaonedwa ngati chisonyezero cha kunyada ndipo zinatayidwa pa mpesa. Ngati ngakhale anthanthi akuluakulu ndi aneneri akale analephera kuthetsa vuto la njala ndi miliri, ndiye tingapite kuti?
Mwina anthu ambiri amadziwa nkhani za Icarus, Tower of Babele kapena Golem. Iwo anaphunzitsa kuti kuyesa kulikonse kupyola malire a anthu kudzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. Ngati mulibe chidziwitso, ndiye kuti munatembenukira kwa munthu wanzeru, m'malo moyesera kupeza mayankho nokha. Ndipo chidwi (ndikukumbukira "idyani apulo") sichinali chofunika kwambiri m'zikhalidwe zina.
Palibe amene anafunikira kupeza zomwe palibe amene akudziwa kale. Nanga n’cifukwa ciani ndiyenela kumvetsetsa mmene ukonde wa kangaude umagwirira ntchito kapena mmene chitetezo chathu cha mthupi chimagwirira ntchito ngati anzeru ndi asayansi akale sanachione ngati chinthu chofunika komanso sanalembepo?
Chotsatira chake, kwa nthawi yaitali anthu ankakhala mkati mwa chikhalidwe ichi ndi chidziwitso chakale, popanda ngakhale kuganiza kuti malingaliro awo a dziko lapansi anali ochepa mokwanira. Koma kenako tinatulukira chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene zinayambitsa kusintha kwa sayansi: umbuli. "Sindikudziwa" mwina ndi imodzi mwamawu ofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri yathu yomwe idatilimbikitsa kufunafuna mayankho. Lingaliro lakuti anthu sadziwa mayankho a mafunso ofunika kwambiri latikakamiza kusintha maganizo athu pa zomwe zilipo kale.
Kusowa mayankho kunkaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha kufooka ndipo maganizo amenewa sanathe mpaka lero. Anthu ena samavomerezabe kusadziwa kwawo pazinthu zina ndikudziwonetsera okha ngati "akatswiri" kuti asakhale kuchokera kumalo ofooka. Ngati ngakhale anthu amakono angakupeze kukhala kovuta kunena kuti “sindidziŵa,” nkovuta kulingalira mmene zinalili m’chitaganya chimene mayankho onse anali ataperekedwa kale.
Momwe umbuli wakulitsira dziko lathu lapansi
Inde, panali zonena za umbuli wa anthu m’nthaŵi zakale. Ndikokwanira kukumbukira mawu akuti "ndikudziwa kuti sindikudziwa kanthu," omwe amati ndi a Socrates. Koma kuzindikira kwakukulu kwa umbuli, komwe kunaphatikizapo chilakolako chofuna kupeza, kunawonekera patapita nthawi - ndi kupeza kontinenti yonse, yomwe, mwangozi kapena molakwika, idatchedwa dzina la wapaulendo Amerigo Vespucci.
Nawa mapu a Fra Mauro opangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1450 (mawonekedwe am'munsi omwe amadziwika ndi maso amakono). Zikuwoneka mwatsatanetsatane kotero kuti zikuwoneka ngati anthu a ku Ulaya akudziwa kale mbali zonse za dziko lapansi. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri - palibe mawanga oyera.
Koma kenako mu 1492, Christopher Columbus, yemwe kwa nthaŵi yaitali sanathe kupeza anthu oti azim’thandiza paulendo wake wofunafuna njira ya kumadzulo yopita ku India, anayenda panyanja kuchokera ku Spain kuti akathandize maganizo akewo. Koma chinachake chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinachitika: pa October 12, 1492, woyang’anira sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa “Pinta” anafuula kuti “Dziko lapansi! Dziko lapansi!" ndipo dziko linaleka kukhala momwemo. Palibe amene anaganiza zotulukira kontinenti yonse. Columbus anamamatira ku lingaliro lakuti linali kagulu kakang’ono kokha kum’maŵa kwa Indies mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Lingaliro lakuti anapeza kontinentiyo silinagwirizane ndi mutu wake, monga momwe ambiri a m'nthaŵi yake.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, oganiza bwino ndi asayansi amangolankhula za Europe, Africa ndi Asia. Kodi olamulira anali olakwa ndipo analibe chidziwitso chonse? Kodi malemba asiya theka la dziko? Kuti apite patsogolo, anthu anafunika kutaya maunyolo a miyambo yakale imeneyi ndi kuvomereza mfundo yakuti sankadziwa mayankho onse. Iwo eni ayenera kupeza mayankho ndi kuphunzira za dziko kachiwiri.
Kuti titukule madera atsopano ndikulamulira maiko atsopano, pankafunika chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza zomera, nyama, malo, chikhalidwe cha Aaborijini, mbiri ya malo ndi zina zambiri. Mabuku akale ndi miyambo yakale sizithandiza pano; tikufunika njira yatsopano - njira yasayansi.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, makhadi okhala ndi mawanga oyera adayamba kuwonekera, zomwe zidakopa okonda kwambiri. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi mapu a 1525 Salviati omwe ali pansipa. Palibe amene akudziwa zomwe zikukuyembekezerani kupitilira kape yotsatira. Palibe amene akudziwa zatsopano zomwe mudzaphunzire komanso momwe zingakhalire zothandiza kwa inu ndi anthu.
Koma kutulukira kumeneku sikunasinthe mwamsanga kuzindikira kwa anthu onse. Mayiko atsopano anakopa anthu a ku Ulaya okha. Anthu a ku Ottoman anali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi kufutukuka kwawo kwamwambo kwa chisonkhezero mwa kugonjetsa anansi awo, ndipo Achitchaina sanali okondweretsedwa nkomwe. Sitinganene kuti madera atsopanowa anali kutali kwambiri moti sakanatha kusambira kumeneko. Zaka 60 Columbus asanatulukire America, aku China adapita kugombe lakum'mawa kwa Africa ndipo ukadaulo wawo unali wokwanira kuyambitsa kufufuza kwa America. Koma sanatero. Mwina chifukwa chakuti ganizo limeneli linaloŵerera kwambiri pa miyambo yawo ndipo linatsutsana nawo. Ndiye kusintha uku kunalibe kuchitika m'mitu yawo, ndipo pamene iwo ndi Ottoman anazindikira kuti kunali kochedwa kwambiri, popeza Azungu anali atalanda kale madera ambiri.
Momwe tinayambira kukhulupirira zamtsogolo
Chikhumbo chofuna kufufuza njira zosawerengeka osati pamtunda, komanso mu sayansi si chifukwa chokha chomwe anthu amakono alili ndi chidaliro pakuwonekera kwina kwatsopano. Ludzu lofuna kupeza linapereka m'malo ku lingaliro la kupita patsogolo. Lingaliro ndilakuti ngati muvomereza kusadziwa kwanu ndikuyika ndalama pazofufuza, zinthu zikhala bwino.
Anthu omwe amakhulupirira lingaliro la kupita patsogolo amakhulupiriranso kuti zomwe zapezedwa, zopanga luso, ndi chitukuko cha mauthenga zingapangitse kuchuluka kwa kupanga, malonda ndi chuma. Njira zatsopano zamalonda kudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic zitha kupanga phindu popanda kusokoneza njira zakale zamalonda kudutsa nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Katundu watsopano adawonekera, koma kupanga zakale sikunachepe. Lingalirolo linapezanso mwamsanga kufotokozera kwachuma mwa kukula kwachuma komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ngongole mwachangu.
Pachimake, ngongole ikukweza ndalama panopa pamtengo wamtsogolo, poganizira kuti tidzakhala ndi ndalama zambiri m'tsogolomu kusiyana ndi panopa. Kuyamikira kunalipo kusanayambe kusintha kwa sayansi, koma zoona zake n’zakuti anthu sankafuna kupereka kapena kubwereka ngongole chifukwa sankayembekezera kuti zinthu zidzayenda bwino m’tsogolo. Nthawi zambiri ankaganiza kuti zinthu zabwino zinali m’mbuyo, ndipo tsogolo likhoza kukhala loipa kwambiri kuposa panopa. Choncho, ngati m’nthaŵi zakale ngongole zinkaperekedwa, nthaŵi zambiri zinkakhala za kanthaŵi kochepa komanso pa chiwongola dzanja chokwera kwambiri.
Aliyense ankakhulupirira kuti chitumbuwa cha chilengedwe chonse chinali chochepa, ndipo mwina pang'onopang'ono chikuchepa. Ngati mutachita bwino ndikugwira chidutswa chachikulu cha chitumbuwacho, ndiye kuti mwamana munthu. Conco, m’zikhalidwe zambili “kupeza ndalama” kunali kucimwa. Ngati mfumu ya ku Scandinavia inali ndi ndalama zambiri, ndiye kuti iye anaukira bwino ku England ndipo analanda chuma chawo. Ngati sitolo yanu ikupanga phindu lalikulu, zikutanthauza kuti mwatenga ndalama kwa mpikisano wanu. Ngakhale mutadula bwanji chitumbuwacho, sichidzakula.
Ngongole ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zilipo panopa ndi zomwe zidzachitike mtsogolo. Ngati chitumbuwacho ndi chofanana ndipo palibe kusiyana, ndiye kuti pali phindu lanji lopereka ngongole? Zotsatira zake, palibe mabizinesi atsopano omwe adatsegulidwa, ndipo nthawi yachuma idayandikira. Ndipo popeza chuma sichinali kukula, palibe amene adakhulupirira kukula kwake. Chotsatira chake chinali chiwonongeko choyipa chomwe chinakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Koma ndi kutuluka kwa misika yatsopano, zokonda zatsopano pakati pa anthu, zatsopano zatsopano ndi zatsopano, chitumbuwacho chinayamba kukula. Tsopano anthu ali ndi mwayi wolemera osati kungotenga kwa mnansi wawo, makamaka ngati mupanga china chatsopano.
Tsopano tilinso m’gulu loipa, lomwe lazikidwa kale pa chikhulupiriro cha m’tsogolo. Kupita patsogolo kosalekeza ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa chitumbuwacho kumapatsa anthu chidaliro kuti lingaliro ili ndilotheka. Kudalira kumapanga ngongole, ngongole imatsogolera kukula kwachuma, kukula kwachuma kumapanga chikhulupiriro m'tsogolomu. Tikamakhulupirira zam'tsogolo, timapita patsogolo.
Kodi tingayembekezere chiyani?
Tasinthanitsa wina woipa ndi wina. Kaya izi ndi zabwino kapena zoipa, aliyense angathe kusankha yekha. Ngati tisanayambe kulemba nthawi, tsopano tikuthamanga. Timathamanga mofulumira komanso mofulumira ndipo sitingathe kuima, chifukwa mtima wathu umagunda kwambiri moti zimaoneka ngati titasiya kutuluka pachifuwa. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mongokhulupirira zatsopano, sitingakwanitse kusakhulupirira.
Tsopano tikupita patsogolo, ndi chiyembekezo chakuti izi zidzasintha miyoyo ya mibadwo yamtsogolo, kuti miyoyo yathu ikhale yabwino komanso yotetezeka. Ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti zatsopano zitha, kapena kuyesa, kuthana ndi vutoli.
Sizikudziwika kuti lingaliro ili la kupita patsogolo litifikitsa pati. Mwina m’kupita kwa nthaŵi mtima wathu sudzapirira kupsinjika koteroko ndipo udzatikakamizabe kuleka. Mwina tidzapitiriza kuthamanga mofulumira kotero kuti tidzatha kunyamuka ndikusintha kukhala mtundu watsopano wa zamoyo, umene sudzatchedwanso munthu m’maonekedwe athu amakono. Ndipo mtundu uwu udzamanga bwalo latsopano loipa pamalingaliro omwe sali omveka kwa ife.
Chida chofunika kwambiri cha munthu nthawi zonse chakhala zinthu ziwiri - malingaliro ndi nthano. Lingaliro la kutola ndodo, lingaliro lomanga bungwe ngati boma, lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito ndalama, lingaliro la kupita patsogolo - zonsezi zimapanga njira yathu. Nthano yaufulu waumunthu, nthano ya milungu ndi zipembedzo, nthano ya dziko, nthano ya tsogolo lokongola - zonsezi zapangidwa kuti zitigwirizanitse ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya njira yathu. Sindikudziwa ngati tidzagwiritsa ntchito zidazi m'tsogolomu pamene tikupita patsogolo pa marathon, koma ndikuganiza kuti zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kusintha.
Source: www.habr.com