Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa munthu ndi pulogalamu?
Ma Neural network, omwe tsopano akupanga pafupifupi gawo lonse la nzeru zopangira, amatha kuganizira zinthu zambiri popanga chisankho kuposa munthu, azichita mwachangu komanso, nthawi zambiri, molondola. Koma mapologalamu amagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati akonzedwa kapena kuphunzitsidwa. Zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri, zimaganizira zinthu zambiri ndikuchita mosiyanasiyana. Koma sangalowe mβmalo mwa munthu posankha zochita. Kodi munthu amasiyana bwanji ndi pulogalamu yotere? Pali kusiyana kwakukulu 3 koyenera kuzindikira apa, komwe ena onse amatsatira:
- Munthu ali ndi chithunzi cha dziko, chomwe chimamuthandiza kuwonjezera chithunzicho ndi chidziwitso chomwe sichinalembedwe mu pulogalamu. Kuonjezera apo, chithunzi cha dziko lapansi chimakonzedwa mwadongosolo kotero kuti chimatithandiza kukhala ndi lingaliro la chirichonse. Ngakhale ndi chinthu chozungulira komanso chowala kumwamba (UFO). Nthawi zambiri, ontologies amamangidwa kwa cholinga ichi, koma ontologies alibe kukwanira koteroko, saganizira za polysemy ya malingaliro, chikoka chawo, ndipo amagwiritsidwabe ntchito pamitu yochepa chabe.
- Munthu ali ndi malingaliro omwe amaganizira chithunzi ichi cha dziko lapansi, chomwe timachitcha kuti wamba kapena nzeru. Mawu aliwonse ali ndi tanthauzo ndipo amaganizira zobisika zomwe sizikudziwika. Ngakhale kuti malamulo a logic ndi zaka mazana ambiri, palibe amene akudziwabe momwe wamba, osati masamu, logic ya kulingalira ntchito. Sitikudziwa momwe tingapangire ma sylogisms wamba.
- Kusaganizira. Mapologalamu samangokhalira kuchita zinthu mwachisawawa. Izi mwina ndiye zovuta kwambiri pamitundu yonse itatu. Kodi timachitcha chiyani mosaganizira? Kutha kupanga machitidwe atsopano omwe ndi osiyana ndi omwe tidachita m'mikhalidwe yomweyi, kapena kupanga machitidwe atsopano, omwe sitinakumanepo nawo kale. Izi ndiye kuti, ndiye kuti, izi ndizomwe zimapangidwira pulogalamu yatsopano yamakhalidwe popanda kuyesa ndi zolakwika, poganizira zatsopano, kuphatikiza zamkati, zochitika.
Kuchita zinthu mwachipongwe akadali gawo losafufuzidwabe kwa ofufuza. Ma genetic algorithms omwe angapangitse pulogalamu yatsopano yamakhalidwe kwa othandizira anzeru si yankho, chifukwa sapanga yankho mwanzeru, koma kudzera mu "kusintha" ndipo yankho limapezeka "mwachisawawa" pakusankha masinthidwe awa, ndiye kuti, kuyesa ndi zolakwika. Munthu amapeza yankho nthawi yomweyo, ndikulipanga mwanzeru. Munthuyo angafotokozenso chifukwa chake anasankha chochita. Ma genetic algorithm alibe zotsutsana.
Zimadziwika kuti nyama ikakhala yapamwamba pamakwerero achisinthiko, m'pamenenso khalidwe lake limakhala losasinthasintha. Ndipo ndi mwa anthu kuti kusamvana kwakukulu kumawonekera, popeza munthu amatha kuganizira osati zochitika zakunja ndi luso lake lophunzira, komanso zochitika zobisika - zolinga zaumwini, zomwe zinanenedwa kale, zotsatira za zochita muzochitika zofanana. . Izi zimakulitsa kwambiri kusiyana kwa khalidwe laumunthu, ndipo, mwa lingaliro langa, kuzindikira kumakhudzidwa ndi izi. Koma zambiri pambuyo pake.
Chidziwitso ndi kudzipereka
Kodi chidziwitso chikugwirizana ndi chiyani? Mu psychology yamakhalidwe, zimadziwika kuti timachita chizolowezi chokhazikika, mwamakina, ndiye kuti, popanda chidziwitso. Ichi ndi chowonadi chodabwitsa, chomwe chimatanthawuza kuti kuzindikira kumakhudzidwa pakupanga khalidwe latsopano ndipo kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi khalidwe loyang'ana. Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuti kuzindikira kumayendetsedwa ndendende pamene kuli kofunikira kusintha machitidwe achizolowezi, mwachitsanzo, kuyankha zopempha zatsopano poganizira mwayi watsopano. Komanso, asayansi ena, mwachitsanzo, Dawkins kapena Metzinger, adanena kuti chidziwitso chimagwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa munthu wodzikonda, kuti chitsanzo cha dziko chimaphatikizapo chitsanzo cha phunzirolo. Nanga dongosolo lokhalo liyenera kuwoneka bwanji ngati litakhala ndi tsankho? Ndi dongosolo lotani lomwe ayenera kukhala nalo kuti athe kupanga khalidwe latsopano kuti athetse vutoli mogwirizana ndi zochitika zatsopano.
Kuti tichite zimenezi, choyamba tiyenera kukumbukira ndi kumveketsa mfundo zina zodziwika bwino. Zinyama zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, mwanjira ina, zimakhala ndi chitsanzo cha chilengedwe, chophatikizidwa ndi zida za zochita zawo zomwe zingatheke mmenemo. Ndiko kuti, ichi si chitsanzo cha chilengedwe, monga momwe asayansi ena amalembera, koma chitsanzo cha khalidwe lotheka pazochitika zina. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi chitsanzo cholosera kusintha kwa chilengedwe potsatira zochita zilizonse za nyama. Izi sizimaganiziridwa nthawi zonse ndi asayansi ozindikira, ngakhale kuti izi zimasonyezedwa mwachindunji ndi magalasi otseguka a neurons mu premotor cortex, komanso maphunziro a kutsegula kwa ma neuron mu macaques, poyankha malingaliro a nthochi yomwe osati kokha madera nthochi mu zithunzi ndi temporal kotekisi ndi adamulowetsa, komanso manja mu cortex somatosensory, chifukwa nthochi chitsanzo mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi dzanja, popeza nyani ndi chidwi chipatso kuti akhoza kunyamula ndi kudya izo. . Timangoyiwala kuti dongosolo lamanjenje silinawonekere kuti nyama ziwonetse dziko lapansi. Iwo sali a sophist, amangofuna kudya, kotero kuti chitsanzo chawo ndi chitsanzo cha khalidwe osati chiwonetsero cha chilengedwe.
Chitsanzo choterocho chili kale ndi mlingo wina wachinyengo, womwe umasonyezedwa mu kusiyana kwa khalidwe muzochitika zofanana. Ndiko kuti, nyama zimakhala ndi zida zina zomwe zimatha kuchita malinga ndi momwe zilili. Izi zitha kukhala zovuta kwakanthawi kwakanthawi (conditioned reflex) kuposa momwe zimachitikira mwachindunji ku zochitika. Koma izi siziri khalidwe laufulu kwathunthu, lomwe limatithandiza kuphunzitsa nyama, koma osati anthu.
Ndipo apa pali zochitika zofunika zomwe tiyenera kuziganizira - zochitika zodziwika bwino zomwe timakumana nazo, khalidwe lochepa kwambiri, popeza ubongo uli ndi yankho. Ndipo mosemphanitsa, momwe zinthu zilili zatsopano, m'pamenenso pali zosankha zambiri zamakhalidwe otheka. Ndipo funso lonse lili mu kusankha kwawo ndi kuphatikiza. Zinyama zimachita izi mwa kungowonetsa zida zonse zomwe zingatheke, monga momwe Skinner adawonetsera muzoyesera zake.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti khalidwe lodzifunira ndi lachilendo kotheratu, limakhala ndi makhalidwe omwe anaphunziridwa kale. Uku ndiko kuphatikizika kwawo, koyambitsidwa ndi zochitika zatsopano zomwe sizigwirizana kwathunthu ndi zochitika zomwe zilipo kale dongosolo lopangidwa kale. Ndipo iyi ndiye mfundo yolekanitsa pakati pa machitidwe odzifunira ndi ochita kupanga.
Kutengera mwachisawawa
Kupanga ndondomeko ya khalidwe lodzifunira lomwe lingaganizire zochitika zatsopano kungapangitse kuti pakhale "pulogalamu ya chirichonse" chapadziko lonse (poyerekeza ndi "nthanthi ya chirichonse"), makamaka pa dera linalake la mavuto.
Kuti khalidwe lawo likhale losasinthasintha komanso laulere? Zoyesera zomwe ndidachita zidawonetsa kuti njira yokhayo yotulukira ndikukhala ndi chitsanzo chachiwiri chomwe chimawonetsa choyambirira ndikuchisintha, ndiko kuti, osachita ndi chilengedwe ngati choyambirira, koma ndi chitsanzo choyamba kuti chisinthe.
Chitsanzo choyamba chimayankha ku zochitika zachilengedwe. Ndipo ngati chitsanzo chomwe adayambitsa chikhala chatsopano, chitsanzo chachiwiri chimatchedwa, chomwe chimaphunzitsidwa kuyang'ana mayankho mu chitsanzo choyamba, kuzindikira njira zonse zomwe zingatheke m'malo atsopano. Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti m'malo atsopano njira zambiri zamakhalidwe zimayendetsedwa, kotero funso ndilo kusankha kapena kuphatikiza kwawo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa, mosiyana ndi malo odziwika bwino, chifukwa cha zochitika zatsopano, palibe kachitidwe kamodzi kamene kamayambika, koma angapo nthawi imodzi.
Nthawi iliyonse ubongo umakumana ndi chinthu chatsopano, sichichita chimodzi, koma zochita ziwiri - kuzindikira momwe zinthu zilili mu chitsanzo choyamba ndi kuzindikira zomwe zatsirizidwa kale kapena zomwe zingatheke ndi chitsanzo chachiwiri. Ndipo mumapangidwe awa pali mwayi wambiri wofanana ndi chidziwitso.
- Mapangidwe a machitidwe awiriwa amachititsa kuti asamaganizire zakunja zokha, komanso zinthu zamkati - mu chitsanzo chachiwiri, zotsatira za zomwe zachitika kale, zolinga zakutali za phunzirolo, ndi zina zotero zikhoza kukumbukiridwa ndi kuzindikira.
- Dongosolo loterolo lingapange khalidwe latsopano nthawi yomweyo, popanda kuphunzira kwautali koyambitsidwa ndi chilengedwe molingana ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo chachiwiri chimatha kusamutsa zisankho kuchokera ku submodels zachitsanzo choyamba kupita ku zigawo zake zina ndi zina zambiri za metamodel.
- Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha chidziwitso ndi kukhalapo kwa chidziwitso chokhudza zochita zake, kapena kukumbukira kwa autobiographical, monga momwe tawonetsera m'nkhani (1). Mapangidwe a machitidwe awiri ali ndi luso lotere - chitsanzo chachiwiri chikhoza kusunga deta za zochita za woyamba (palibe chitsanzo chomwe chingasungire deta ya zochita zake, chifukwa cha izi chiyenera kukhala ndi zitsanzo zosagwirizana za zochita zake, osati zochitika zake. zochita za chilengedwe).
Koma ndendende kumangidwa kwa khalidwe latsopano kumachitika bwanji muzochitika ziwiri za chidziwitso? Tilibe ubongo kapena chitsanzo chomveka chake chomwe tili nacho. Tinayamba kuyesa mafelemu a mneni ngati ma prototypes omwe ali muubongo wathu. Frame ndi gulu la ochita sewero lofotokozera zochitika, ndipo kuphatikiza kwa mafelemu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kufotokoza khalidwe lovuta. Mafelemu ofotokozera zochitika ndi mafelemu a chitsanzo choyamba, chimango chofotokozera zochita za munthu mmenemo ndi chimango cha chitsanzo chachiwiri chokhala ndi ziganizo za zochita za munthu. Ndi ife nthawi zambiri amasakanizidwa, chifukwa ngakhale chiganizo chimodzi ndi chisakanizo cha zochitika zingapo zozindikiritsa ndi kuchita (zolankhula). Ndipo kumangidwanso kwa mawu ataliatali ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha khalidwe lodzifunira.
Pamene chitsanzo choyamba cha dongosolo chimazindikira ndondomeko yatsopano yomwe ilibe yankho lokonzekera, imatcha chitsanzo chachiwiri. Chitsanzo chachiwiri chimasonkhanitsa mafelemu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba ndikufufuza njira yaifupi mu graph ya mafelemu ogwirizana, omwe mwa njira yabwino "adzatseka" machitidwe atsopano ndi mafelemu osakaniza. Iyi ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri ndipo sitinapeze zotsatira zomwe zimati ndi "pulogalamu ya chirichonse", koma kupambana koyamba ndi kolimbikitsa.
Maphunziro oyesera a chidziwitso mwa kufananiza ndi kufananiza mayankho a mapulogalamu ndi deta yamaganizo amapereka zinthu zosangalatsa kuti afufuze kafukufuku wina ndikupangitsa kuti ayese malingaliro ena omwe sanayesedwe bwino poyesera anthu. Izi zitha kutchedwa kuyesa kwachitsanzo. Ndipo ichi ndi chotsatira choyamba mu njira iyi ya kafukufuku.
Nkhani zamalemba
1. .
Source: www.habr.com