Mu nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu, pali njira zambiri zotumizirana mauthenga kwa wina ndi mzake. Kumeneku kungakhale kuvina kwamphamvu, monga kwa mbalame za paradaiso, kusonyeza kuti mwamunayo ali wokonzeka kubereka; ukhoza kukhala mtundu wowala, ngati achule amitengo ya Amazon, kusonyeza poyizoni wawo; ikhoza kukhala ngati fungo la galu lomwe limasonyeza malire a madera. Koma chinthu chofala kwambiri kwa nyama zotukuka kwambiri ndicho kulankhulana kwa mawu, ndiko kuti, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu. Timawaphunzitsanso ana athu kuchokera ku khanda kuti anganene bwanji: ng'ombe - mu-mu-mu, galu - woof-woof, ndi zina zotero. Kwa ife, kulankhula, ndiko kuti, kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe, ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa za oimira ena a zinyama. Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Hainan (China) adaganiza zoyang'ana zakale kuti amvetsetse kusinthika kwa kulumikizana kwamamvekedwe. Kodi kulankhulana momveka bwino pakati pa nyama nβkofala bwanji, kunayamba liti, ndipo nβchifukwa chiyani kunakhala njira yaikulu yopatsira nkhani? Timaphunzira za izi kuchokera ku lipoti la ofufuza. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Panthawi imeneyi yachisinthiko, oimira nyama zambiri aphatikiza ma siginecha acoustic mumayendedwe awo amoyo. Phokoso lopangidwa ndi nyama limagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa mnzake (mbalame zikuyimba, kulira kwa achule, ndi zina zotero), kuti zizindikire kapena kusokoneza mdani (kulira kwa jay kudziwitsa chilombo kuti chapezeka ndipo chobisalira sichigwira ntchito, choncho Ndi bwino kuti abwerere), kufotokoza za kukhalapo kwa chakudya (nkhuku, kupeza chakudya, kupanga phokoso khalidwe kukopa chidwi ana awo), etc.
Chochititsa chidwi:
Woyimba belu wa ndevu imodzi (Procnias albums) imatulutsa kuyimba kwa 125 dB (injini ya jet - 120-140 dB), yomwe imakhala mbalame yaphokoso kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kuphunzira kwa ma acoustic sign ndi kusinthika kwawo kwachitika kwa nthawi yayitali. Zomwe zimapezedwa kuchokera ku ntchitoyi zimathandizira kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito mawu, motero, momwe zinenero zosiyanasiyana zinapangidwira m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi. Komabe, maphunziro oterowo sanayang'ane magwero enieni a kuyankhulana kwamayimbidwe ngati chodabwitsa. Limodzi mwamafunso ofunikira omwe palibe amene adayankha ndi awa: chifukwa chiyani kulumikizana kwamayimbidwe kudabuka?
Pali mafunso ambiri ofunikira mayankho. Choyamba, ndi zinthu ziti za chilengedwe zomwe zidakhudza kuwonekera ndi kupangidwa kwamtunduwu wamtunduwu? Kachiwiri, kunali kulumikizana kwamayimbidwe kokhudzana ndi kusanthula, i.e. kodi imathandiza kufalitsa zamoyozo ndi kuteteza kutha kwake? Chachitatu, kodi kukhalapo kwa kulumikizana kwamayimbidwe kumakhala kokhazikika pakangoyamba? Ndipo pomalizira pake, kodi kulankhulana momvekera bwino kunasintha mβmagulu osiyanasiyana a nyama mofanana, kapena kuli ndi kholo limodzi la zolengedwa zonse?
Mayankho a mafunsowa, malinga ndi asayansi okha, ndi ofunikira osati kumvetsetsa kuyankhulana kwamayimbidwe monga choncho, komanso kumvetsetsa kusinthika ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe la nyama. Mwachitsanzo, pali chiphunzitso chakuti malo okhala amakhudza kwambiri kusankhana kugonana ndi kulankhulana kwa mitundu ina ya nyama. Ndizovuta kunena ngati chiphunzitsochi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga ma sign, koma ndizotheka. Asayansi amakumbukiranso kuti Darwin ananena kuti zizindikiro za phokoso zimathandiza kwambiri kuti zamoyo zina zizikhala ziΕ΅iriziwiri. Chifukwa chake, ma acoustic sign amakhudza mawonekedwe.
Mu ntchitoyi, ochita kafukufuku adaganiza zoganizira za kusinthika kwa zizindikiro zomveka mu tetrapods, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya phylogenetic (kuzindikira mgwirizano pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana). Kugogomezera kwakukulu ndi chiyambi cha kugwirizana kwamayimbidwe, osati mawonekedwe ake kapena ntchito. Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito deta kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya 1799, komanso adaganiziranso za khalidwe la tsiku ndi tsiku (mitundu yokhala ndi zochitika za usana ndi usiku). Kuphatikiza apo, ubale pakati pa kulumikizana kwamawu ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo waphunziridwa, i.e. kuchuluka kwawo, kudzera m'chitsanzo cha kutha. Phylogenetic conservatism kukhalapo kwa maubwenzi apamtima pakati pa zamoyo zinayesedwanso.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Pakati pa ma tetrapods, amphibians ambiri, nyama zoyamwitsa, mbalame, ndi crocodilians zimakhala ndi kulankhulana momveka bwino, pamene squamates ndi akamba ambiri alibe. Pakati pa amphibians, kusamutsidwa kwamtunduwu kulibe mu caecilians (Caecilian), koma likupezeka mu mitundu ina ya salamanders ndi achule ambiri (mu 39 mwa 41 mitundu ankaona). Komanso, kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe kulibe njoka ndi mabanja onse abuluzi, kupatula awiri - Gekkonidae (nalimata), Phyllodactylidae. Mwa dongosolo la akamba, mabanja awiri okha mwa 2 amalankhulana momveka bwino. Zikuyembekezeredwa kuti pa mitundu 14 ya mbalame zimene takambiranazi, zonsezi zinkakhala ndi kugwirizana kwa mawu. Mabanja 173 mwa 120 omwe amayamwitsa adawonetsanso izi.
Chochititsa chidwi:
Salamanders ali ndi kusinthika kodabwitsa ndipo amatha kukonzanso mchira wawo, komanso miyendo yawo; salamanders, mosiyana ndi achibale awo ambiri, samayikira mazira, koma ndi viviparous; mmodzi wa salamanders lalikulu, Japanese chimphona salamander, akulemera 35 makilogalamu.
Kufotokozera mwachidule izi, titha kunena kuti kufalikira kwa chidziwitso kumawonekera mu 69% ya ma tetrapods.
Table No. 1: kuchuluka kwa eni omwe amafalitsa uthenga wamawu pakati pa mitundu ya ma tetrapods.
Atakhazikitsa pafupifupi kugawidwa kwa kuyankhulana kwamawu pakati pa zamoyo, kunali koyenera kumvetsetsa mgwirizano pakati pa lusoli ndi khalidwe la nyama (usiku kapena tsiku).
Pakati pa zitsanzo zingapo zofotokozera ubalewu pamtundu uliwonse, chitsanzo chinasankhidwa chomwe chinali choyenera kufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha acoustics-khalidwe la zamoyo zonse. Chitsanzo ichi (Table No. 2) chimasonyeza ubwino ndi kuipa kwa luso lotere la mitundu yonse ya khalidwe la nyama.
Table No. 2: kusanthula ubale pakati pa kuyankhulana kwamawu ndi machitidwe a nyama (masana / usiku).
Kudalira komveka kwa kuyankhulana kwamayimbidwe pa khalidwe kunakhazikitsidwa, komanso kudalirana koyenera. Komabe, modabwitsa, palibe mgwirizano wotsutsana womwe unapezeka - khalidwe ndi kugwirizana kwamayimbidwe.
Kusanthula kwa Phylogenetic kunasonyeza kugwirizana kwambiri pakati pa ma acoustics ndi moyo wausiku (Table No. 3).
Table No. 3: Kusanthula kwa phylogenetic kwa ubale pakati pa kulumikizana kwamawu ndi moyo wamasiku onse / usiku.
Kusanthula kwa data kunawonetsanso kuti kukhalapo kwa kulumikizana kwa ma acoustic sikunakhudze kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu tetrapod phylogeny. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana (speciation-extinction; r = 0.08 zochitika pa miliyoni miliyoni) zinali zofanana pamibadwo yonse ya zamoyo zomwe zimakhala ndi kulumikizana kwamamvekedwe komanso mibadwo yopanda lusoli. Choncho, tingaganize kuti kukhalapo / kusakhalapo kwa kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe sikunakhudze kufalikira kwa zamoyo zinazake kapena zochitika zokhudzana ndi mapangidwe ake kapena kutha.
Chithunzi #1: Nthawi yakusinthika kwa kulumikizana kwamayimbidwe pakati pa ma tetrapods osiyanasiyana.
Asayansi akusonyeza kuti kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe kunakhalapo paokha pagulu lililonse lalikulu la tetrapod, koma magwero ake anali akale m'magulu akuluakulu ambiri (~ zaka 100-200 miliyoni zapitazo).
Mwachitsanzo, kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe kunayambika kumayambiriro kwa phylogeny ya dongosolo la Tailless Amphibians.anura), koma kulibe kwa gulu la alongo kupita kwa achule ena onse amoyo kuchokera ku clade yomwe ili ndi mabanja Ascaphidae (achule amchira) ndi Leiopelmatidae (mayesero).
Chochititsa chidwi:
Ma Liopelms amapezeka ku New Zealand ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi achule omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri - amuna amakhala zaka 37, ndipo akazi amakhala zaka 35.
Mu zinyama, monga achule, kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe kunabuka pafupifupi zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ina yataya luso limeneli panthawi ya chisinthiko, komabe, ambiri achita nawo mpaka lero. Kupatulapo kumatha kuonedwa ngati mbalame, zomwe, mwachiwonekere, ndizo zokha zomwe sizinasiyanitsidwe ndi kulumikizana kwamayimbidwe munthawi yonse yachisinthiko.
Zinapezeka kuti kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe kunalipo mu kholo laposachedwa kwambiri la mbalame zamoyo komanso kholo lakale kwambiri la ng'ona zamoyo. Aliyense wa makolo awa ali pafupi zaka 100 miliyoni. Titha kuganiziridwa kuti kulumikizana kwamayimbidwe kunaliponso mu kholo wamba la magulu awiriwa, ndiye kuti, zaka 250 miliyoni zapitazo.
Chochititsa chidwi:
Mitundu ina ya nyama zonga nalimata imatha kupanga phokoso losayembekezeka la buluzi - kuuwa, kudina, kulira, ndi zina zambiri.
M'ma squamates, kuyankhulana kwamayimbidwe kumakhala kosowa, zomwe zitha kuchitika chifukwa chongoyang'ana kwambiri zamoyo zausiku monga nalimata (Gekkota). Kusintha posachedwapa chisinthiko kwachititsa zikamera kulankhulana lamayimbidwe mu mitundu ina phylogenetically olekanitsidwa salamanders ndi akamba.
Kuti muwone mwatsatanetsatane ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuti muwone ΠΈ kwa iye.
Epilogue
Kufotokozera mwachidule zotsatira zonse zomwe tafotokozazi, tikhoza kunena ndi chidaliro chonse kuti chitukuko cha kulankhulana kwamayimbidwe ndi njira imodzi yokhudzana ndi moyo wausiku. Izi zimatsimikizira chiphunzitso cha chikoka cha chilengedwe (chilengedwe) pa chisinthiko makhalidwe a zamoyo. Komabe, kukhalapo kwa kuyankhulana kwamayimbidwe sikumakhudza pafupifupi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo pamlingo waukulu.
Ofufuza adapezanso kuti kulankhulana kwamawu kudawoneka zaka 100-200 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo mitundu ina ya tetrapods idanyamula lusoli nthawi yonseyi popanda kusintha konse.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kukhalapo kwa kuyankhulana kwamayimbidwe kwa zolengedwa zausiku, ngakhale kuti ndizopindulitsa, sikukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa kusintha kwa moyo wa masana. Mfundo yosavuta imeneyi imatsimikiziridwa ndi mfundo yakuti zamoyo zambiri zomwe kale zinkakhala usiku, zitasintha moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, sizinataye luso limeneli.
Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu kungatchedwe kuti ndi khalidwe lokhazikika lachisinthiko. Kuthekera kumeneku kuonekera, sikunasowepo nthawi yonse ya chisinthiko, zomwe sizili choncho ndi mitundu ina ya zizindikiro, monga mitundu yowala kapena maonekedwe achilendo a thupi, nthenga kapena ubweya.
Ofufuzawa akuti kusanthula kwawo kwa ubale pakati pa kulumikizana kwamawu ndi chilengedwe kungagwire ntchito kuzinthu zina zachisinthiko. Poyamba zinkaganiziridwa kuti chikoka cha chilengedwe pa njira zotumizira zizindikiro zinali zochepa kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yogwirizana kwambiri. Komabe, kutengera ntchito yomwe tafotokozayi, tinganene molimba mtima kuti mitundu yofunikira ya kufalikira kwa chizindikiro imasinthanso mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe cha nyama.
Lachisanu Lachisanu:
Chiwonetsero chachikulu cha mitundu yodabwitsa ya phokoso lomwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imapanga.
Pamwamba pa 2.0:
Nthawi zina nyama zimapanga phokoso lachilendo komanso loseketsa.
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi komanso khalani ndi sabata yabwino anyamata! π
Zotsatsa zina π
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, , ma analogi apadera a ma seva olowera, omwe adakupangirani inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com