Kodi mungafotokoze bwanji 2018? Kodi zidakhala momwe mumayembekezera?
Tingayankhe funsoli m'malo motsutsa. Kuchokera ku masoka achilengedwe owononga kwambiri mpaka chiwerengero cha amayi omwe akupita kukavota, 2018 inali yodzaza ndi zodabwitsa. Tikayang'ana m'mbuyo, timayesa dziko mosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe tidawonera zaka zingapo zapitazo.
Phindu la zodabwitsa ndikuti nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala ngati kuyitanira kuchitapo kanthu. Anthu akhoza kukhumudwa chifukwa chakuti zenizeni sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe amayembekezera. Zodabwitsa zina zimathandiza anthu kumvetsetsa kuti dongosolo lomwe lilipo liyenera kusinthidwa. Zodabwitsa zina zimasonyeza kuti kusintha kwayamba kale.
Zaka XNUMX zapitazo tinaŵerenga nkhani imene inati ana zikwi mazana ambiri m’maiko osauka anali kufa ndi matenda otsekula m’mimba. Kudabwitsidwa kumeneku kunatithandiza kukonza mmene timaonera zinthu zenizeni. Timakhulupilira m'dziko limene zatsopano zilipo kwa aliyense, kumene ana samafa ndi matenda omwe angathe kuchiritsidwa. Koma tinaona dziko likudalirabe kusalingana.
Kutulukira uku kunali njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri panjira yathu yopita ku zachifundo. Tinadabwa, kenako tinakwiya, kenako tinachitapo kanthu.
Panalinso zodabwitsa zodabwitsa. Pamene tinayamba kuphunzira za malungo, tinaganiza kuti dziko silingapindule kwenikweni mpaka munthu wina atabwera ndi katemera wokhalitsa. Komabe, chifukwa cha maukonde ndi njira zina, imfa za malungo zatsika ndi 42% kuyambira 2000.
Mu uthenga uwu wapachaka, tikufotokoza zinthu zina zisanu ndi zinayi zimene zatidabwitsa m’njira. Ena a iwo amatidetsa nkhawa. Ena amalimbikitsa. Ndipo zonsezi zimatilimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Tikukhulupirira kuti adzakulimbikitsani kuchitapo kanthu, chifukwa iyi ndi njira yokhayo yopangira dziko lapansi kukhala malo abwinoko.
1. Africa ndi dziko laling'ono kwambiri
Zaka zapakati za okhalamo ndi aang'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi
Bill: Dziko likupitiriza kukalamba, koma Africa idakali zaka zofanana. Zingakhale zosokoneza, koma zonse zimakhala zomveka mutamvetsetsa tsatanetsatane.
Ponseponse, zaka zapakati pa dziko lapansi zikukwera. M’mbali zonse za dziko, anthu akukhala ndi moyo wautali. Ana ambiri akupulumuka mpaka akakula, ndipo akazi akubala ana ochepa kuposa kale. Chotsatira chake, chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikukwera pang'onopang'ono kuzaka zapakati.
Kupatula Africa. Zaka zapakati za okhala kumeneko ndi zaka 18. Ku North America ndi zaka 35 [ / pafupifupi. kumasulira]. Ndipo chiwerengero cha achinyamata a ku Africa chikuyembekezeka kukula m’zaka zikubwerazi.
Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi. Chimodzi n’chakuti chiŵerengero cha pachaka cha ana obadwa kumene chikuwonjezereka m’madera osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi. , ngakhale kuti imagwera m’madera ena a kontinenti. Ikhoza kukhala chuma kapena gwero la kusakhazikika. Melinda ndi ine tikukhulupirira kuti ndalama zoyenera zitha kutsegulira mwayi wodabwitsa. Achinyamata aku Africa adzakonza tsogolo osati la madera awo okha, komanso dziko lonse lapansi.
Melinda: Akatswiri a zachuma, pofotokoza za momwe mayiko akuyendera bwino, makamaka amatsindika chinthu monga "chuma cha anthu" - ili ndi dzina lina loti tsogolo limadalira kupezeka kwa mankhwala abwino ndi maphunziro kwa achinyamata. Thanzi ndi maphunziro ndi magawo awiri a injini imodzi yakukula kwachuma.
Ngati Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara idzaika ndalama mu unyamata wake, derali likhoza kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito padziko lonse pofika chaka cha 2050 ndikupereka moyo wabwino kwa mamiliyoni mazana ambiri.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zikuyambitsa dziko lapansi ndi maphunziro a atsikana. Atsikana ophunzira amakhala ndi thanzi labwino. Iwo ndi olemera. Ngati atsikana onse padziko lapansi adzalandira maphunziro abwino kwa zaka 12, ndalama zomwe amayi amapeza pa moyo wawo wonse zikanawonjezeka ndi $30 trilioni, ndalama zokulirapo kuposa kukula kwa chuma cha US. Mabanja awo amapindulanso ndi zimenezi. Mkazi akakhala ndi maphunziro ochuluka, m’pamenenso amakhala wokonzeka kulera ana athanzi. UNESCO yawerengera kuti ngati amayi onse omwe ali m'mayiko otsika ndi apakati akamaliza maphunziro a kusekondale, kufa kwa makanda kudzakhala ndi theka.
Kuchuluka kwa achinyamata athanzi, ophunzira komanso opatsa mphamvu ku Africa, kulimbikitsa atsikana m'malo mowasiya kumbuyo kungakhale chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri chomwe ndingaganizire.
2. Kuyeza kwa DNA kuchokera ku zitsanzo zakunyumba kungathandize kupeza anthu opha anthu ambiri komanso kupewa kubadwa msanga
Asayansi apeza kugwirizana komwe kungakhalepo pakati pa kubadwa msanga ndi majini ena
Bill: Apolisi atagwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za majini kuti agwire ""Chaka chatha, nkhanizi zidakhala mitu yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, izi sizokhazo zomwe zapezedwa chifukwa cha kuyesa kwa DNA kunyumba. Ataphunzira zitsanzo 40 zomwe anthu odzipereka adapereka patsamba la 000andMe, asayansi adapeza. pakati pa kubadwa kwa mwana asanakwane ndi majini asanu ndi limodzi - kuphatikizapo imodzi yomwe imayang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito selenium m'thupi.
Anthu ena ali ndi jini yomwe imawalepheretsa kupanga selenium moyenera. Kafukufuku wochokera ku 23andMe (omwe ndalama ndi maziko athu) adapeza kuti amayi oyembekezera omwe ali ndi jini imeneyi amatha kubereka msanga. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti selenium imathandizira kuzindikira kuyambika kwa ntchito.
Kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa kubadwa kwa mwana wosabadwa n'kofunika kwambiri. Chaka chilichonse, ana 15 miliyoni amabadwa motere. Kubadwa kotereku kumachitika kwa amayi padziko lonse lapansi—ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri m’magulu ena ndi ambiri (Melinda adzanena za zimenezi), ndipo makanda obadwa msanga kwambiri m’maiko osauka amakhala okhoza kufa.
Chaka chino chokha phunziroli lidzamalizidwa momwe mcherewu umakhudzira chiopsezo cha kubadwa msanga. Koma ngati kugwirizana kumeneku kudzakhala kolimba, selenium tsiku lina ikhoza kupereka njira yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta yotalikitsira mimba.
Kulumikizana kumeneku kuli m'gulu la zopambana zingapo zomwe tapanga m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ndi zida zotsogola komanso kugawana deta, titha kumvetsetsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ana abadwe msanga komanso zomwe tingachite kuti tipewe izi. Ndimakonda kwambiri pa mwayi wobadwa msanga, wopangidwa ndi gulu lochokera ku Stanford. Ikhoza kusonyeza pamene mwanayo adzabadwa, ndipo mkazi adzakhala ndi mwayi, pamodzi ndi dokotala, kutenga njira zonse kuchepetsa chiopsezo.
Melinda: Ngakhale kuti Bill wapeza zomwe apeza, ndimachita chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa momwe timadziwira za kubadwa kwa mwana asanakwane. Sindingaganizire china chilichonse chomwe chimakhudza 10% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi koma amalandira chidwi chochepa kwambiri.
Kwa ambiri obadwa asanakwane, palibe chifukwa chomwe chingadziwike, ndipo sitikudziwa chifukwa chake magulu ena a amayi ali pachiopsezo chowonjezeka. Mwachitsanzo, sizikudziwika chifukwa chake amayi aatali amakhala ndi pakati nthawi yayitali. Ku United States, pali chinsinsi chifukwa chake amayi akuda obadwa kumeneko amakhala ndi mwayi wobadwa asanakwane kuposa amayi omwe amachoka ku mayiko a ku Africa. Pali chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti kusankhana mitundu ndi kusankhana pakati pa akazi akuda ku America kumawaika pamavuto otere mpaka kumawonjezera thanzi lawo. Chiphunzitso china chimasonyeza kuti akazi omwe amakulira ku United States amakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Koma sitikudziwa kalikonse panobe.
Zomwe timadziwa ndizovuta za kubadwa kwa mwana asanakwane. Zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu momwe mwana amabadwira msanga: masabata 36 ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa masabata 34. Cholinga chathu sikulepheretsa kubadwa kwa mwana asanakwane, zomwe mwina sizingatheke. Tiyenera kuyesetsa kutalikitsa mimba, kubweretsa nthawi pafupi yachibadwa. Ndipo potsiriza tikuyamba kudzaza mipata mu chidziwitso cha momwe izi zingachitikire.
3. Tidzamanga New York mwezi uliwonse
Kwa zaka 40! Kuchuluka kwa zida zomangira padziko lapansi kudzawirikiza kawiri pofika 2060
Bill: Ndikufuna kuti anthu ambiri amvetse zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika pofuna kupewa kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwina mwawerengapo za kupita patsogolo kwa gawo la magetsi chifukwa cha mphamvu zotsika mtengo zongowonjezwdwa. Koma magetsi ndi amene amachititsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umene umatulutsa padziko lonse.
Kupanga sikunachedwe, kuwerengera 21%. Anthu ambiri amaganiza za kupanga ngati zida zokwawa pamzere wolumikizira, koma izi zimaphatikizaponso zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga. Kupanga simenti ndi zitsulo kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuchokera kumafuta oyambira pansi komanso kutulutsa mpweya mumlengalenga ngati zinthu zongotulutsa.
M'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'matauni kudzawonjezeka, ndipo pofika 2060 kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zomangira padziko lapansi kudzawirikiza kawiri - ndizo ngati tikumanga New York mwezi uliwonse. Ichi ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa simenti ndi zitsulo. Tiyenera kudziwa momwe tingachitire zonsezi popanda kusintha kusintha kwanyengo.
Kupanga si gwero lokha la mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Ulimi ndiwo umayambitsa 24%. Izi zikuphatikizapo kutulutsa mpweya wa ng'ombe kumbali zonse ziwiri. (Izi zidandidabwitsa - sindimaganiza kuti ndingalembe za kukomoka kwa ng'ombe).
Ponseponse, ngati tikufuna kuthana ndi vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo, tifunika kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa kutentha kwa zero kuchokera kwa othandizira onse - ulimi, magetsi, kupanga, zoyendera ndi zomangamanga. Ndimaona kuti madera asanuwa ndizovuta kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo.
Musaganize kuti anthu angangosiya kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza, kunyamula katundu pa sitima zapamadzi, kumanga maofesi, kapena ndege zowuluka. Komanso n’zopanda chilungamo kupempha maiko amene akutukuka kumene kuti aletse kukula kwawo kaamba ka wina aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, kwa anthu ambiri a m’mayiko osauka kapena olemera, ziweto zimawathandiza kupeza ndalama komanso chakudya.
Chimodzi mwa njira zothetsera vutoli ndikuyika ndalama zatsopano m'magawo onse asanu kuti tithe kuchita popanda kuwononga nyengo. Iliyonse imafunikira zida zotsogola.
Ndikhoza kupereka lipoti la momwe zinthu zikuyendera. Bungwe la European Commission posachedwapa linaganiza zopanga ndalama pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko m'madera asanuwa. Thumba la $ 1 biliyoni lomwe ndimagwira nawo, Breakthrough Energy Ventures (BEV), limagwiritsa ntchito zolinga zisanuzi kutsogolera mabizinesi athu m'makampani opanga magetsi oyera. BEV imagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi zomwe maziko athu amakonza kuti athandize alimi kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo.
Komabe, tiyenera kuchita bwino kwambiri pouza anthu za nkhani zomwe zimabuka. Zingakhale zabwino ngati nkhani zawo zofalitsa nkhani zikugwirizana ndi kuya kwake. Ma solar panels ndiabwino, koma amayeneranso kuyankhula za magalimoto, simenti, ndi ng'ombe zikuyenda.
4. Deta ikhoza kukhala yokhudzana ndi kugonana.
Kodi atsikana amagwira ntchito zambiri zapakhomo kuposa anyamata? Zingati?
Bill: Ndimathera nthawi yochuluka ndikuwerenga zambiri zokhudzana ndi thanzi ndi chitukuko. Ndizodabwitsa kuti tili ndi deta yaying'ono pa amayi ndi atsikana. Ndikuganiza kuti chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti timapanga magawano ochita kupanga pomwe nkhani zina ndi "nkhani za amayi" ndipo zina siziri, ndipo nkhani za amayi sizimaphunziridwa mozama. Izi zimalepheretsa kupita patsogolo kwa aliyense. Simungasinthe chilichonse ngati simukudziwa zomwe zikuchitika kwa theka la anthu. Ndipo palibe chifukwa cha izi pamene teknoloji imapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti tisonkhanitse deta yonse.
Melinda: Kodi amayi omwe akutukuka kumene adapeza ndalama zingati chaka chatha? Kodi ali ndi nyumba zingati? Kodi atsikana amathera nthawi yochuluka bwanji akugwira ntchito zapakhomo kuposa anyamata?
Sindikudziwa. Ndipo palibe amene akudziwa. Deta iyi kulibe.
Bill ndi ine titha kudzaza mosavuta kalata yonse yapachaka ndi zotsutsana za ntchito ya data pakuyendetsa patsogolo kwa anthu osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Deta imathandiza kupanga zisankho zabwinoko ndi ndondomeko. Amatithandiza kukhala ndi zolinga komanso kuyeza kupita patsogolo. Iwo amathandizira kulimbikitsa malingaliro ndikupangitsa anthu kuti aziyankha.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusowa kwa deta pa moyo wa amayi ndi atsikana kumayambitsa mavuto ambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuthandiza kukonza moyo wawo.
Vuto siliri lokha kuti akazi ena saphatikizidwa nkomwe m’ziwerengerozo. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe tili nazo - komanso zomwe opanga malamulo amadalira - ndizabwino kwambiri. Akhoza kutchedwanso okonda kugonana. Timakonda kuganiza za data ngati cholinga, koma mayankho omwe timapeza nthawi zambiri amadalira mafunso omwe timafunsa. Mafunso akakondera, deta imakondera.
Mwachitsanzo, ndi zochepa zomwe tili nazo za amayi omwe akutukuka kumene makamaka zimakhudza thanzi lawo la uchembere, zomwe ochita kafukufuku amayang'ana kwambiri m'malo omwe maudindo akuluakulu a amayi ndi amayi ndi akazi. Koma tilibe deta ya ndalama zomwe amayiwa amapeza kapena omwe ali nazo, chifukwa mayiko ambiri amawerengera ndalama zomwe amapeza ndi katundu wawo malinga ndi mabanja awo. Popeza kuti mwamuna amaonedwa kuti ndiye mutu wa banja, zonse zimene mkazi wokwatiwa amapereka zimaperekedwa kwa iye.
Mukakhala mulibe china chilichonse kupatula zolakwika zotere, ndikosavuta kupeputsa ntchito zachuma za amayi ndikuwona ngati chuma chawo chikuyenda bwino.
Zaka zitatu zapitazo, maziko athu adathandizira kwambiri kudzaza zina mwazosowa za data. Ndife m'gulu la mabungwe omwe akufulumizitsa kusintha kwa jenda pa data - kuwapatsa otolera zidziwitso zida zatsopano, ndikuwaphunzitsa kusiyanitsa ma seti omwe alipo kale potengera jenda kuti ayang'ane zatsopano.
Ntchito yosonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula izi ingawoneke ngati yotopetsa. Komabe, kuwagwiritsa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu mamiliyoni a amayi ndi atsikana ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa.
Pamene ndinali ku Kenya zaka zingapo zapitazo, Christina wosonkhanitsa deta anandilola kupita naye khomo ndi khomo, kuphunzira za moyo wa akazi m’madera osauka kwambiri a Nairobi. Anandiuza kuti amayi ambiri omwe amakumana nawo kuntchito sanafunsidwepo mafunso okhudza momwe amakhalira. Christina ananena kuti akagogoda pakhomo la mayi wina n’kumuuza kuti ali kumeneko kuti aphunzire zambiri za iye, amadziŵa kuti iwo ndi ofunika, kuti winawake amawaganizira.
Ndikuganiza kuti mfundo yake ndi yofunika kwambiri. Zomwe tasankha kuziyeza zimatengera zomwe anthu amaziwona kuti ndizofunikira. Choncho, dziko silingavomereze yankho lakuti "sindikudziwa" ku mafunso okhudza moyo wa amayi ndi atsikana.
5. Mutha kuphunzira zambiri zokhuza kupsa mtima pophunzira za anyamata achichepere.
Melinda: M’dzinja lapitali, ine ndi Bill tinakhala tsiku limodzi m’ndende ya ku Georgia State Penitentiary. Takhala tikuyesera kuphunzira zambiri za kugwirizana pakati pa umphawi ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri. Monga tinalembera kalata ya chaka chatha, maziko athu akukulitsa ntchito yake kupitirira maphunziro, choncho timaphunzira zaumphawi ku United States kuchokera m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Chimene timakumbukira kwambiri ndicho kukambirana kwathu ndi kagulu kakang’ono ka akaidi. Tikadakhala ndi lingaliro la momwe munthu yemwe wachita zachiwawa ayenera kukhala, sizinali zoyenera. Pamsonkhano wathu anali oseketsa, ochezeka komanso oganiza bwino.
Tinakambitsirana za zolinga zawo za moyo wawo atamasulidwa ndi mikhalidwe imene inachititsa kuti amangidwe. Ngakhale kuti sitinafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane za zolakwa zawo (zina zomwe zinali ziwawa zazikulu, zachiwawa), ambiri a iwo anati amadziona ngati anthu abwino omwe adagwa pansi pa zisonkhezero zoipa, ndipo panthawi ya kupsinjika maganizo kwakukulu, adachita chinthu choipa. . Iwo amatenga udindo pa zomwe zinachitika, ndipo ngati akanakhala ndi mwayi wachiwiri, akanachita zinthu mosiyana. Koma pa nthawi yoyenera anasankha zolakwika.
Tsiku lililonse m'malo osiyanasiyana ku United States, anthu amapezeka m'mikhalidwe yofanana - amakumana ndi zochitika zomwe zingayambitse chiwawa kapena imfa. Kafukufuku wochuluka akusonyeza kuti kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi achinyamata kuti azitha kuwongolera zinthu kungathandize kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino, zomwe zimachititsa kuti asasiye sukulu komanso kuti asavutike. Apa ndipamene mapulogalamu monga Kukhala Munthu (BAM) amayamba kusewera.
VAM imathandiza achinyamata omwe akukhala m'madera omwe ali ndi zigawenga zambiri zomwe zimapanga zigawenga kumvetsera maganizo awo ndikuwongolera luso lawo lopanga zisankho. Kupambana kwake kwachititsa chidwi kwambiri: Kafukufuku wa University of Chicago anapeza kuti VAM inachepetsa chiwerengero cha kumangidwa kwa anthu omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi ndi theka.
Chaka chatha, Bill anathera nthaŵi m’programuyo ndipo anakumana ndi gulu la ophunzira akusekondale. Atabwerera kunyumba, ndinazindikira mwamsanga mmene anakhudzidwira ndi chochitikacho. "Sindinangoyang'ana ntchito ya gulu la VAM," adandiuza. "Ndinachita nawo."
Bill: Ndamva za INU chifukwa maziko athu ayamba kuyika ndalama zawo m'mapulogalamu omwe amathandiza ana kukula mwamakhalidwe komanso m'malingaliro. Ndinadabwa kuti njirayi ingakhale yothandiza bwanji ndipo ndinkafuna kuti ndiziwone zikugwira ntchito. Sindinathe kuganiza kuti angandigwire bwanji.
Ndinapezeka ku umodzi wa misonkhano yaing’ono kumene ophunzira mu pulogalamuyi amakumana ndi mlangizi kawiri pa sabata. Ophunzirawo atandiitana kuti ndilowe nawo - ndipo pamenepo muyenera kuyitanidwa - ndidakhala mozungulira ndi anyamata asanu, omaliza kumene komanso omaliza maphunziro. Iwo anayamba kusinthana kufotokoza maganizo awo pa mutu wa tsikulo. Mkwiyo unakambidwa pamaso panga. Kodi ndi liti pamene munakwiya? Munathana nazo bwanji izi, mukadachita chiyani mosiyana?
Pamene kuli kwakuti ana ena analankhula za zokhumudwitsa zachiwonekere—kuchitiridwa mopanda chilungamo ndi aphunzitsi, kufera mosalekeza m’maseŵero a pavidiyo—ena anali ndi nkhani zomvetsa chisoni. Posachedwapa wina anaonerera wachibale wina akulowa m’ndende. Wina anafotokoza mmene mnzake anawomberedwa.
Inenso ndinapereka yankho losiyana ndi ena. Ndinalankhula za kukwiya kumene ndinali pamsonkhano umene ndinamva kuti matenda a poliyo akukwera. Ndine wamwayi kudandaula ndi nkhani ngati izi. Zomwe zidadetsa nkhawa achinyamata omwe adakumana nawo tsikulo zinali zaumwini. Polio sanali pamwamba pa mndandanda wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri, ndipo ndikumvetsa chifukwa chake.
Koma ngakhale kuti mikhalidwe yathu inali yosiyana kwambiri, tonsefe tingamvetse chikhumbo cha ena chofuna kuphunzira kulamulira mkwiyo wawo. Uwu ndi luso lofunikira komanso gawo la kukula. Ndikakula, ndikaganiza kuti makolo anga amandichitira zinthu zopanda chilungamo, ndikanawachitira nkhanza kwambiri. Ku Microsoft, ndinkachitira anzanga mwankhanza. Nthaŵi zina zimenezi zinatithandiza kuti tipambane, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti nthaŵi zina ndinkapita patali kwambiri.
Choncho zinali zosangalatsa kuona achinyamata m’madera ovuta kwambiri akugwira ntchito imeneyi ali aang’ono kwambiri kuposa ineyo. Ankacheza ndipo ankakambirana mafunso abwino komanso anzeru. Analimbana ndi zovuta zazikulu modabwitsa mokhazikika.
Kumapeto kwa gawoli, ndinakhala kuti ndicheze nawo pang'ono. Tinatenga selfies ndikuseka za "Xbox vs. PlayStation". Ndinanena kuti aliyense m'banja mwathu amakonda Xbox, zomwe sizinadabwitse aliyense.
Gulu ili ku BAM lakhala likukumana kwa chaka chimodzi, ndipo zidawonetsa. Ndinachita chidwi ndi mmene ankachitirana ulemu wina ndi mnzake komanso mmene ankamasukirana. Ndinasiya kuganiza: uwu ndi mtundu wakumverera komwe kalasi iliyonse padziko lapansi iyenera kupereka.
6. Pali mikangano yotsatizana ndi dziko lonse lapansi
Mayiko ngati United States akuika ndalama zothandizira mayiko ena, chifukwa chake
Melinda: Masiku ano timamva kwambiri mawu oti "nationalism". Ilinso limodzi mwamalingaliro ochulukirachulukira mu ndale zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndipo ngakhale zingatanthauze zinthu zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana (okhala ndi mithunzi yosiyana ndi ma nuances), pachimake, utundu ndikuti dziko liyenera kudzisamalira lokha. Ndipo ambiri aife titha kuvomereza mbali zina za lingaliro ili.
Bill ndi ine timakonda dziko lathu. Timakhulupirira mfundo zake. Timavomereza kuti atsogoleri athu ali ndi udindo woteteza. Ndipo pazifukwa izi, timaona kuti kuchita zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ntchito yathu yokonda dziko lathu.
Ndipo sitili tokha. Kaŵirikaŵiri pamene White House inawopseza kuti idzachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zothandizira mayiko akunja, ena mwa otsutsa kwambiri adachokera ku Congress ndi akuluakulu ankhondo aku US, omwe adanena kuti ndalamazi ndizofunikira kuteteza zofuna za US.
Zomwe maiko ngati US amapangira ndalama zothandizira mayiko ena ndikuti zimawonjezera bata kunja komanso chitetezo kunyumba. Kulimbikitsa chisamaliro chaumoyo m'mayiko ena kumachepetsa mwayi wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Ebola kukhala mliri wapadziko lonse. Ndipo kuwonetsetsa kuti makolo onse padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi mwayi wolera ana ophunzira, athanzi mwachitetezo kumachepetsa mwayi woti adzafunefune moyo wabwino chifukwa chotaya mtima.
Chikhumbo chofuna kuika zofuna za dziko lako patsogolo sichikugwirizana ndi kufunika kwa kufulatira dziko lonse lapansi. Ndipotu, ndi njira ina mozungulira.
Bill: Tidzafotokozanso mfundoyi mobwerezabwereza pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi chifukwa tili pachiwopsezo chachikulu pazaumoyo wapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo njira yamunthu m'modzi yomwe Melinda akufotokoza ikhoza kubweretsa kuyambiranso.
Mu 2019, maboma adzafunika kubwereranso ku Global Fund [yolimbana ndi Edzi, chifuwa chachikulu ndi malungo], yomwe ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo Gavi, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Katemera, adzafunika kupeza ndalama mu 2020.
Nkovuta kuyerekeza zabwino zimene ntchito zimenezi padziko lonse. Kuyambira 2002, Global Fund ndi anzawo apulumutsa miyoyo 27 miliyoni. Kuyambira 2000, Gavi yapereka katemera wofunikira kwa anthu 690 miliyoni. Izi zikufanana ndi katemera pafupifupi aliyense ku Ulaya.
Kuchokera kumalingaliro anga, izi ndi zotsatira zodabwitsa. Amasonyeza zomwe zingatheke, pozindikira kuti tonsefe tili ndi gawo lothandizira kupititsa patsogolo thanzi ndi moyo wa anthu osauka kwambiri. Ndiwotsika mtengo kwambiri, pomwe mayiko olemera kwambiri amawononga pafupifupi 0,1% ya bajeti yawo pazaumoyo.
Koma ndikudandaula kuti mayiko olemera akuchoka kudziko lapansi, ndipo akhoza kufika pamalingaliro ochepetsetsa a zinthu, ndikusankha kuti kuyesayesa sikuli koyenera. Kapena, mwachitsanzo, aliyense angagwirizane pa kufunikira kwa chithandizo, koma chifukwa cha malingaliro osiyanasiyana a ndale sadzachitapo kanthu.
Lidzakhala tsoka. Masiku ano, anthu oposa 17 miliyoni omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV amalandira mankhwala kuchokera ku Global Fund. Popanda iwo adzafa.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe ine ndi Melinda nthawi zonse timalankhula za kupambana. Panthaŵi imene nkhani zochititsa mantha zili pamitu yankhani, tikufuna kukumbutsa anthu kuti kwa anthu miyandamiyanda m’mayiko osauka kwambiri, moyo ukupita patsogolo, mwa zina mwa njira zopezera thanzi labwino. Ngakhale mutangoganizira za thanzi la nzika zanu, ndalama izi zidzakhala ndalama zanzeru kwambiri. Kupita patsogolo kumapindulitsa aliyense.
7. Kodi ndi liti pamene chimbudzi chamakono cha chitsime chinali chovomerezeka?
Alexander Cumming adapereka chilolezo cha chimbudzi chamakono chamakono mu 1775, ngakhale sichinayambe kupanga zochuluka mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX.
Bill: Pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo, ine ndi Melinda tinatsutsa mainjiniya ndi asayansi padziko lonse lapansi kuti ayambitsenso chimbudzi. Anthu opitilira 2 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi alibe chimbudzi choyenera. Zinyalala zawo nthawi zambiri zimathera m’chilengedwe, n’kupha ana pafupifupi 800 tsiku lililonse. Kutumiza njira zothetsera mavuto ochokera kumadera olemera padziko lapansi sikungathandize chifukwa kumafuna ngalande yotayirira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri pomanga.
Chaka chatha tinakonza chionetsero cha zimbudzi ku Beijing, komwe ine ndekha ndidawona ntchito zambiri zachimbudzi , ndipo ngakhale anachita pa siteji ndi mtsuko .
Makampani ena ali okonzeka kale kupanga. Zopanga zawo zimakwaniritsa pafupifupi zofunikira zonse: zimapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zimayenderana ndi kukula kofulumira kwa mizinda, ndipo sizifuna zimbudzi, magwero amadzi akunja kapena magetsi okhazikika. Choyipa chokha chomwe ali nacho mpaka pano ndi mtengo - ndichifukwa chake maziko athu akuyika ndalama pakufufuza ndi chitukuko kuti athe kupezeka kwa osauka.
Ndiye kodi zimbudzi za m'badwo wotsatira zimawoneka bwanji? Poyamba, iwo sali osiyana kwambiri. Iwo samawoneka ngati chinachake kuchokera mu nthano za sayansi.
Matsenga onse amabisika kuti asawoneke. Mosiyana ndi zimbudzi zamasiku ano, zimbudzi zamtsogolo zimangokhala zokha. Awa ndi malo ang'onoang'ono obwezeretsanso omwe amatha kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupangitsa kuti zinyalala zikhale zotetezeka zokha. Ambiri amasandutsa zinyalala kukhala zinthu zothandiza, monga feteleza wa zomera ndi madzi osamba m’manja.
Sizingakhale zopanga zosangalatsa kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma zimbudzi zamtsogolo zidzapulumutsa miyoyo ya mamiliyoni ambiri.
Melinda: Adzatukulanso miyoyo makamaka ya amayi. Kukhala opanda chimbudzi n’kovuta kwa aliyense, koma amayi ndi atsikana amavutika kwambiri.
Bill ndi ine takumana ndi akazi amene impso zawo zinawonongeka chifukwa chakuti ankapeŵa kupita kuchimbudzi usiku kupeŵa kuopsa kwa malo opezeka anthu ambiri. Tinakumananso ndi anthu ena amene ankangoyenda mtunda wautali pabwalo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti asamadye kwambiri n’kudikirira mpaka mdima kuti asaonekere. Palinso umboni wosonyeza kuti atsikana nthawi zambiri amalephera kusukulu akakhala pa nthawi ya kusamba ngati sukulu ilibe zimbudzi zabwino.
Ngati muli ngati ine, ndikuganiza kuti zimbudzi sizili m'gulu lankhani zomwe mumakonda kukambirana. Koma ngati mukulimbikitsa atsikana kuti azipita kusukulu, amayi azitenga nawo mbali pazachuma komanso kuti atetezeke ku nkhanza ndiye tikuyenera kukamba za zimbudzi.
8. Mabuku akuyamba kufalitsidwa.
Mapulogalamu potsiriza akusintha njira yophunzirira
Bill: Ndaŵerenga mabuku okwanira m’moyo wanga. Komabe, iyi ndi njira yochepa kwambiri yophunzirira. Ngakhale zolemba zabwino kwambiri sizingakuuzeni mfundo zomwe mumamvetsetsa komanso zomwe mukufuna kuthandizidwa nazo. Ndipo sizingauze aphunzitsi anu kuti munamvetsetsa bwino homuweki yam'mbuyomu.
Koma tsopano, chifukwa cha mapulogalamu, buku lapadera likukhala chinthu chakale. Tayerekezani kuti mukuphunzira algebra kusukulu yasekondale. M'malo mongowerenga mutu wokhudza kuthetsa ma equation, mumayang'ana zolemba zapaintaneti, kanema wokopa kwambiri wowonetsa momwe zimachitikira, ndiyeno kusewera masewera omwe amalimbitsa mfundozo. Kenako mumathetsa mavuto angapo pa intaneti, ndipo pulogalamuyo imapanga mafunso atsopano oyesera makamaka pamitu yomwe simunamvetsetse bwino.
Zonsezi ndi zowonjezera ku ntchito za aphunzitsi, osati zolowa m'malo. Aphunzitsi anu amalandira lipoti latsatanetsatane la zomwe mwawerenga ndikuwunikanso, zovuta zomwe mwapeza zabwino ndi zolakwika, ndi madera omwe mukufuna thandizo. Mukafika m'kalasi, mphunzitsi ali kale ndi chidziwitso ndi uphungu wambiri kuti athe kuthera nthawi yake ndi inu mogwira mtima momwe angathere.
M'makalata athu am'mbuyomu, tidakambirana zamapulogalamuwa mwanjira yongoyerekeza. Koma tsopano ndine wokonzeka kugawana nawo kuti zida zofananira zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'makalasi masauzande ambiri ku United States, kuyambira ku sukulu ya kindergarten mpaka kusekondale. Zearn, i-Ready, ndi LearnZillion ndi zitsanzo za mabuku a digito omwe ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi ku United States amagwiritsa ntchito. Masukulu opitilira 3000 amapereka maphunziro aulere a digito , zomwe ndimapereka ndalama. Amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu kuti apatse ophunzira mayankho mwachangu pazolemba zawo.
Chotsatira ndi chiyani? Kukonzekera kofananako kofanana ndi mapulogalamu ena: timapeza mayankho ochulukirapo pazinthu zomwe zilipo kale, kusonkhanitsa deta pazomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino, kukonza malonda. Izi zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa mayiko ndi zigawo zambiri zikukhala ndi chidaliro chogwiritsa ntchito mabuku a digito. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zilimbikitsa osindikiza mabuku ambiri kuti apeze nthawi yopereka zida zofananira.
Pakalipano, sindinamvepo za aliyense amene akusowa mabuku awo olemera ndi okwera mtengo.
Melinda: Kuphatikiza pakutha kutengera chidziwitso cha ophunzira, zidazi zimathandiziranso kufika kwa njira yatsopano yophunzirira yomwe imagwirizana ndi zomwe ophunzirawo ali.
Mu 2019, wophunzira waku koleji salinso wachinyamata yemwe amakhala mnyumba yogona ndikumaliza maphunziro atatha zaka zinayi ndikupuma kutchuthi kwina kotentha. Pafupifupi theka la ophunzira masiku ano ali ndi zaka zoposa 25. Oposa theka la iwo amagwira ntchito. Oposa kotala ali ndi ana awoawo.
Ophunzira "osakhala achikhalidwe" awa nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi nthawi kapena zothandizira kuti adziwe bwino dongosolo lophunzirira losagwira ntchito komanso losasinthika lomwe silinawapangire. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ophunzira awiri mwa asanu aliwonse omwe amayamba maphunziro apamwamba amatha kupuma kapena kusiya.
Zida zosinthira digito zitha kuthandiza ophunzira kuthana ndi zovuta izi ndikupanga koleji kukhala yofikira, yosavuta, komanso yothandiza.
Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro otseguka kumapulumutsa ophunzira pafupifupi $66 mpaka $121 pamaphunziro aliwonse. Izi zitha kumasulira kukhala ndalama zokwana $1000 pachaka chamaphunziro, zomwe zitha kukhala kusiyana pakati pakukhalabe pasukulu kapena kusiya sukulu. Wina adapeza kuti ophunzira omwe adagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a digito pamaphunziro oyambira amapeza magiredi abwinoko kuposa ophunzira omwe amaphunzira nkhaniyi mwanjira yachikhalidwe. Ndipo, ndithudi, ophunzira oyambirira anali ndi zosankha zambiri. Mfundo yakuti ophunzira sayenera kuwonekera m'kalasi pa nthawi yoikidwiratu kumapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa iwo pamene akuyesera kulinganiza udindo wa sukulu, ntchito ndi banja.
Mukawonjezera izi, ophunzira akugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa pamaphunziro abwino komwe amachita bwino. Mwachidule, tsopano tili ndi zida zosinthira maphunziro kuti akwaniritse zosowa za ophunzira amasiku ano.
9. Mafoni am'manja amapindulitsa amayi osauka kwambiri.
Mafoni am'manja amapatsa akazi mwayi wopanga moyo watsopano
Melinda: M’mayiko olemera, mafoni a m’manja amapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchita ntchito zomwe timachita kale - kutumiza maimelo m’malo mwa makalata okhazikika, kuyenda padziko lonse popanda kulimbana ndi mapu a mapepala, kukwera taxi popanda kuyembekezera kunja kwamvula. Komabe, kwa amayi osauka kwambiri, foni yam'manja sikuti imangopangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta, imatha kuwathandiza kukhala ndi moyo watsopano. Kulumikizana kumathetsa vutoli.
Ngati mkazi sanapite ku banki, banki yam'manja imamupatsa mwayi pazachuma komanso mwayi wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma. Ngati mkazi akufunika kuphika, kuyeretsa, ndi kusamalira mwana, ndalama zomwe amapeza zimatha kuwonjezeka chifukwa amatha kugwirizana ndi makasitomala, maphunziro, ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito ali kunyumba. Ngati akuona kuti ndi zamanyazi kugula njira zolerera ku chipatala chapafupi, kubereka pa intaneti kungamuthandize kulamulira thupi lake ndi tsogolo lake.
Mwanjira ina, amayi samangogwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja kuti apeze chithandizo ndi mwayi. Amawagwiritsa ntchito kusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikutsutsa machitidwe a mphamvu zomwe zimalimbikitsa kusalingana kwa amuna ndi akazi.
Vuto ndiloti kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pakugwiritsa ntchito mafoni am'manja ndi intaneti yam'manja kumakhalabe kwakukulu. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa mayiko khumi ku Africa, Asia ndi South America anapeza kuti, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu, maphunziro, ndalama ndi malo, amayi ali ndi mwayi wocheperapo ndi 40% wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kusiyana ndi amuna.
Pali zifukwa zambiri za kusiyana kumeneku. Zofunika kwambiri ndi mtengo, kuwerenga (digito ndi ochiritsira), chikhalidwe chikhalidwe. Poyankha, ogwira ntchito m'manja omwe akufunitsitsa kuti alowe mumsikawu akupanga njira zamabizinesi zomwe zimayang'ana azimayi. Ku Kenya ndi ku Nigeria, mapulogalamu otere akuyang'ananso pa kuphunzitsa amayi luso la digito. Tachita nawo mgwirizano ndi Harvard Kennedy School kuti tiyambe kuyesa njira zothetsera zotchinga zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Ndikaganizira chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kupeza mafoni ambiri m'manja mwa amayi, ndimaganizira za Nikma, mayi yemwe ndinakumana naye ku Indonesia mu October watha. Nikma anandiuza kuti kwa zaka zambiri ankayesetsa kulera ana ake pogulitsa masamba, koma ankalephera kupeza zofunika pamoyo. Zinthu zinafika povuta kwambiri atasiya mwamuna wake amene ankamuchitira nkhanza.
Masiku ano, Nikma ali m'gulu la anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni aku Indonesia omwe amapeza ndalama kudzera pa Go-Jek, nsanja yotchuka yapaulendo, yobweretsera chakudya ndi ntchito zina. Pulogalamuyi imamupatsa mwayi wopeza makasitomala ambiri komanso ndalama zomwe amapeza, ndipo amalipidwa kudzera ku banki yam'manja, kotero amakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera zomwe amapeza. Panopa akhoza kusamalira ana ake popanda kudalira mwamuna wake amene ankamuzunza. Pogwiritsa ntchito foni, wapanga gulu la amayi ena omwe amapereka chithandizo, ndipo pamodzi amapeza ndalama zothandizirana pakagwa ngozi kapena matenda.
Nikma anandiuza kuti: “Moyo uli ngati gudumu. Nthawi zina umakhala pansi, nthawi zina umakhala pamwamba." Kwa amayi ngati iye omwe athera nthawi yambiri ya moyo wawo pansi, teknoloji yam'manja ikupanga mipata yatsopano yolimbana ndi kusalingana ndikukwera pamwamba. Titha kuthandiza amayi kugwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu powonetsetsa kuti kusalingana sikulepheretsa mwayi wawo waukadaulo.
Ndipo otsiriza
Posachedwapa takhala tikufunsidwa ngati masomphenya athu amtsogolo akupitiriza kukhala abwino. Timati: ndithudi. Chifukwa chimodzi n’chakuti timakhulupirira mphamvu za zinthu zatsopano. Chifukwa chachikulu kwambiri ndikuti tikuwona ndi maso athu kuti pa ntchito iliyonse yomwe yafotokozedwa m'kalatayo, pali anthu omwe amapereka malingaliro awo, chuma chawo komanso moyo wawo kuti athetse.
Tikamavutika maganizo ndi nkhani za m’nkhani, timadzikumbutsa tokha kuti palibe aliyense wa ife amene ali ndi ufulu wongokhala n’kumayembekezera kuti dziko liyenda bwino. Ndi udindo wathu kumukankhira mbali imeneyi.
M’lingaliro limeneli, tapeza kuti kukhala ndi chiyembekezo kungakhale chiitano champhamvu chakuchitapo kanthu. Ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zochulukitsira: anthu omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo akamalimbikira kukonza zam'tsogolo, m'pamenenso pali zifukwa zambiri zokhalira ndi chiyembekezo.
Source: www.habr.com
