Chiyambi ndi chikhalidwe cha zochitika zodziwika - nthawi zina zimatchedwa mawu achilatini qualia - akhala achinsinsi kwa ife kuyambira kalekale mpaka posachedwa. Afilosofi ambiri a chidziwitso, kuphatikizapo amakono, amawona kukhalapo kwa chidziwitso kukhala kutsutsana kosavomerezeka kwa zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi dziko lazinthu ndi lopanda pake kotero kuti amalengeza kuti ndi chinyengo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iwo amakana kukhalapo kwa qualia m'malingaliro kapena amanena kuti sangaphunzire bwino kudzera mu sayansi.
Chigamulochi chikanakhala choona, nkhaniyi ikanakhala yaifupi kwambiri. Ndipo sipakanakhala chirichonse pansi pa odulidwa. Koma pali china chake ...
Ngati chidziwitso sichingamvetsetsedwe pogwiritsa ntchito zida za sayansi, zomwe zingafunike ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake inu, ine, ndi pafupifupi wina aliyense tili otsimikiza kuti tili ndi malingaliro. Komabe, dzino loipa linandipweteka. Mtsutso wovuta wonditsimikizira kuti kupweteka kwanga ndi konyenga sikungandichotsere kagawo kakang'ono ka ululu umenewu. Ndilibe chifundo pakutanthauzira kwakufa koteroko kwa kugwirizana pakati pa moyo ndi thupi, kotero mwina ndipitiriza.
Kuzindikira ndi chilichonse chomwe mumamva (kudzera m'malingaliro) kenako kukumana (kudzera mu kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira).
Nyimbo yokhazikika m'mutu mwanu, kukoma kwa chokoleti, kupweteka kwa mano, kukonda mwana, kulingalira kosamveka komanso kumvetsetsa kuti tsiku lina zonse zidzatha.
Asayansi pang’onopang’ono akuyandikira kuthetsa chinsinsi chimene chadetsa nkhaŵa kwa nthaŵi yaitali afilosofi. Ndipo chimaliziro cha kafukufuku wasayansi uyu chikuyembekezeka kukhala chiphunzitso chokhazikika cha chidziwitso. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitsochi ndi AI yokwanira (izi sizikupatula kuthekera kwa kutuluka kwa AI popanda chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, koma pamaziko a njira zomwe zilipo kale pakukula kwa AI)
Asayansi ambiri amavomereza chidziwitso ngati choperekedwa ndipo amayesetsa kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwake ndi dziko lolunjika lomwe sayansi limafotokoza. Kotala la zaka zana zapitazo, Francis Crick ndi ena onse adaganiza zosiya kukambirana zanzeru zachidziwitso (zomwe zakhudza asayansi kuyambira nthawi ya Aristotle) + ndipo m'malo mwake adayamba kufunafuna mawonekedwe ake.
Ndi chiyani kwenikweni chomwe chili mu gawo losangalatsa kwambiri la ubongo lomwe limapangitsa kuzindikira? Pophunzira zimenezi, asayansi angayembekezere kuyandikira kuthetsa vuto lina lalikulu.
Makamaka, akatswiri a sayansi ya ubongo akuyang'ana ma neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) - minyewa yaying'ono kwambiri yokwanira kukhudzika kulikonse.
Chiyenera kukhala chikuchitika ndi chiyani muubongo kuti mumve kupweteka kwa mano, mwachitsanzo? Kodi ma cell aminyewa amayenera kunjenjemera pafupipafupi mwamatsenga? Kodi tiyenera kuyambitsa "ma neuron of consciousness" aliwonse apadera? Kodi maselo oterowo angakhale m’mbali ziti za ubongo?
Neural correlates wa chidziwitso
Pakutanthauzira kwa NKS, ndime "yochepa" ndiyofunikira. Kupatula apo, ubongo wonse ukhoza kuonedwa ngati NCS - tsiku ndi tsiku umatulutsa zomverera. Ndipo komabe malowa akhoza kusankhidwa bwino kwambiri. Taganizirani za msana, chubu chaminyewa chomwe chili mkati mwa msana, chomwe chili ndi maselo pafupifupi biliyoni imodzi. Ngati chovulalacho chimapangitsa kuti msana uwonongeke kwambiri mpaka kudera la khosi, wovulalayo adzakhala wolumala m'miyendo, mikono, ndi torso, sadzakhala ndi matumbo kapena chikhodzodzo, ndipo sadzakhala ndi zomverera za thupi. Komabe, olumala oterowo akupitirizabe kukhala ndi moyo m’zosiyanasiyana zake zonse: amawona, kumva, kununkhiza, kutengeka maganizo ndi kukumbukira komanso chochitika chomvetsa chisonicho chisanasinthe kwambiri miyoyo yawo.
Kapena tengani cerebellum, "ubongo waung'ono" kumbuyo kwa ubongo. Dongosolo laubongo ili, limodzi mwazakale kwambiri m'mawu achisinthiko, limakhudzidwa ndi kuwongolera luso lamagalimoto, kaimidwe ka thupi ndi kuyenda, komanso limayang'anira kuwongolera motsogola kwamayendedwe ovuta.
Kuyimba piyano, kutaipa pa kiyibodi, kutsetsereka pamiyala kapena kukwera miyala - zonsezi zimakhudza cerebellum. Ili ndi ma neuroni otchuka kwambiri otchedwa Purkinje cell, omwe ali ndi timizere tomwe timawuluka ngati fani yanyanja yamchere ndi ma doko ovuta amagetsi. The cerebellum ilinso chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma neuronspafupifupi 69 biliyoni (makamaka awa ndi ma cell ooneka ngati nyenyezi a cerebellar mast cell) - kuwirikiza kanayikuposa ubongo wonse kuphatikiza (kumbukirani, iyi ndi mfundo yofunika).
Kodi chimachitika nchiyani ku chikumbumtima ngati munthu wataya ubongo pang’ono chifukwa cha sitiroko kapena ndi mpeni wa dokotala wochita opaleshoni?
Inde, pafupifupi palibe chofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira!
Odwala omwe ali ndi kuwonongeka kumeneku amadandaula ndi zovuta zingapo, monga kusewera piyano mocheperapo kapena kulemba pa kiyibodi, koma osataya mbali iliyonse ya chidziwitso chawo.
Kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za zotsatira za kuwonongeka kwa cerebellar pakugwira ntchito kwachidziwitso, kuphunziridwa mozama mu nkhani ya . Koma ngakhale muzochitika izi, kuwonjezera pa kugwirizanitsa ndi mavuto a malo (pamwambapa), kuphwanya kopanda malire kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. , kulibe maganizo ndi kuchepa pang’ono kwa luso la kuphunzira.
Zida zambiri za cerebellar sizigwirizana ndi zochitika zenizeni. Chifukwa chiyani? Neural network yake ili ndi chidziwitso chofunikira - ndi yofanana kwambiri komanso yofanana.
Cerebellum ndi pafupifupi gawo lonse la feedforward: mzere umodzi wa neuroni umadyetsa wotsatira, womwe umakhudza wachitatu. Palibe malupu obwereza omwe amabwera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo mkati mwamagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, cerebellum imagawidwa m'magawo mazana, kapena ochulukirapo, odziyimira pawokha. Iliyonse imagwira ntchito mofananira, yokhala ndi zolowetsa zosiyana komanso zosadukizana zomwe zimayendetsa kayendetsedwe kake kapena makina osiyanasiyana ozindikira. Samalumikizana wina ndi mnzake, pomwe pachidziwitso, ichi ndi chikhalidwe china chofunikira.
Phunziro lofunika lomwe tingaphunzire kuchokera pakuwunika kwa msana ndi cerebellum ndikuti luso lachidziwitso silimabadwira mosavuta panthawi iliyonse ya chisangalalo cha mitsempha ya mitsempha. Chinanso chofunika. Chowonjezera ichi chagona mu imvi yomwe imapanga cerebral cortex yodziwika bwino - kunja kwake. Umboni uliwonse womwe ulipo ukuwonetsa kuti zomverera zimakhudzidwa minofu.
Mutha kuchepetsera malo omwe cholinga cha chidziwitso chilipo kwambiri. Tengani, mwachitsanzo, zoyesera zomwe maso akumanja ndi akumanzere amawonekera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana. Tangoganizani kuti chithunzi cha Lada Priora chikuwoneka ndi diso lanu lakumanzere, ndipo chithunzi cha Tesla S chikuwoneka kumanja kwanu kokha. Titha kuganiza kuti mudzawona galimoto yatsopano kuchokera ku Lada ndi Tesla pamwamba pa wina ndi mnzake. M'malo mwake, mudzawona Lada kwa masekondi angapo, pambuyo pake adzasowa ndipo Tesla adzawonekera - ndiye adzasowa ndipo Lada adzawonekeranso. Zithunzi ziwiri zidzalowa m'malo mwa kuvina kosatha - asayansi amatcha mpikisano wa binocular, kapena mpikisano wa retina. Ubongo umalandira zidziwitso zosamveka kuchokera kunja, ndipo sungathe kusankha: ndi Lada kapena Tesla?
Mukagona mkati mwa makina ojambulira ubongo, asayansi amapeza zochitika m'malo osiyanasiyana a cortical, pamodzi otchedwa posterior hot zone. Awa ndi zigawo za parietal, occipital, ndi temporal zakumbuyo kwa ubongo, ndipo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutsata zomwe tikuwona.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kotekisi yoyamba, yomwe imalandira ndi kutumiza chidziwitso kuchokera m'maso, sichisonyeza zomwe munthu amawona. Kugawikana kofanana kwa ntchito kumawonedwanso pankhani yakumva ndi kukhudza: makutu oyambira ndi ma somatosensory cortices samathandizira mwachindunji zomwe zili m'makutu ndi zokumana nazo. Lingaliro lachidziwitso (kuphatikiza zithunzi za Lada ndi Tesla) kumabweretsa magawo otsatila - kumadera otentha akumbuyo.
Zikuoneka kuti zithunzi zooneka, zomveka ndi zina zamoyo zimachokera ku posterior cortex ya ubongo. Monga momwe akatswiri a sayansi ya ubongo angadziwire, pafupifupi zokumana nazo zonse zimayambira pamenepo.
Kauntala yodziwitsa
Mwachitsanzo, pochita maopaleshoni, odwala amapatsidwa mankhwala ogonetsa kuti asasunthe, asasunthike, asasunthike, asamve ululu, ndipo pambuyo pake asakumbukire zowawa. Tsoka ilo, izi sizimatheka nthawi zonse: chaka chilichonse odwala mazana ambiri omwe ali pansi pa opaleshoni amazindikira digiri imodzi kapena imzake.
Gulu lina la odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la ubongo chifukwa cha kuvulala, matenda kapena poizoni wambiri amatha kukhala zaka zambiri osatha kulankhula kapena kuyankha mafoni. Kutsimikizira kuti amakumana ndi moyo ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
Tangoganizani woyenda mumlengalenga atatayika m'chilengedwe, akumvetsera maulamuliro a mishoni akuyesera kuti alankhule naye. Wailesi yosweka simaulutsa mawu ake, ndichifukwa chake dziko limamuwona kuti wasowa. Umu ndi momwe munthu angalongosolere vuto la odwala omwe ubongo wawo wowonongeka wawalepheretsa kuyanjana ndi dziko - mtundu wamtundu woipitsitsa wotsekeredwa m'ndende.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 2000, Giulio Tononi wa pa yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison ndi Marcello Massimini anayambitsa njira yotchedwa kudziwa ngati munthu akudziwa kapena ayi.
Asayansi ntchito koyilo wa mawaya sheathed pamutu ndi anatumiza mantha (zap) - amphamvu mlandu wa mphamvu maginito kuti anayambitsa yochepa magetsi panopa. Izi zidasangalatsa komanso zolepheretsa ma cell a neuron olumikizana nawo m'magawo olumikizana aderali, ndipo fundeli lidamveka mu cerebral cortex mpaka ntchitoyo idatha.
Maukonde a masensa a electroencephalogram okhala ndi mutu adalemba zizindikiro zamagetsi. Pamene zizindikirozo zimafalikira pang'onopang'ono, zizindikiro zawo, zomwe zimafanana ndi mfundo inayake pansi pa chigaza, zinasinthidwa kukhala filimu.
Zojambulirazi sizinawonetse ma algorithm ena onse - koma sizinali mwachisawawa.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, pamene nyimbo zapa-ndi-off zinali zodziwikiratu, m'pamenenso kuti ubongo umakhala wosazindikira. Asayansi anayeza lingaliroli pokanikizira vidiyoyi pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungitsa mafayilo apakompyuta mumtundu wa ZIP. Kuponderezana kunapereka kuwunika kwazovuta za kuyankha kwa ubongo. Odzipereka omwe anali ozindikira adawonetsa "zosokoneza zosokoneza" za 0,31 mpaka 0,70, ndi ndondomeko yomwe ili pansi pa 0,31 ngati ali mu tulo tatikulu kapena pansi pa anesthesia.
Gululo lidayesa zip ndi zap pa odwala 81 omwe mwina anali ozindikira pang'ono kapena osazindikira (chikomokere). M'gulu loyamba, lomwe linasonyeza zizindikiro za khalidwe losasinthika, njirayo inasonyeza kuti 36 mwa 38 anali ozindikira. Mwa odwala 43 omwe ali m'dera la "masamba" omwe achibale omwe ali pamutu wa bedi lachipatala sanathe kulumikizana, 34 adadziwika kuti alibe chidziwitso, ndipo ena asanu ndi anayi sanadziwe. Ubongo wawo unayankha mofananamo kwa omwe anali ozindikira, kutanthauza kuti nawonso anali ozindikira koma osatha kulankhulana ndi banja lawo.
Kafukufuku wapano akufuna kulinganiza ndikuwongolera njira ya odwala amisala, komanso kuyipereka kwa odwala m'madipatimenti amisala ndi ana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, asayansi adzazindikira njira yeniyeni ya mitsempha yomwe imayambitsa zochitika.
Pamapeto pake, timafunikira chiphunzitso chokhutiritsa cha sayansi cha chidziwitso chomwe chingayankhe funsolo pansi pazifukwa zomwe dongosolo lililonse lakuthupi - kaya ndi unyolo wovuta wa ma neuron kapena ma silicon transistors - amakumana ndi zomverera. Ndipo nchifukwa ninji khalidwe lachidziwitso ndi losiyana? Kodi nchifukwa ninji thambo loyera labuluu limamveka mosiyana ndi kamvekedwe ka violin yovundidwa moyipa? Kodi kusiyana kwa zomverera kumeneku kuli ndi ntchito ina iliyonse? Ngati inde, iti? Chiphunzitsochi chidzatithandiza kuneneratu kuti ndi machitidwe ati omwe adzatha kuzindikira chinachake. Ngati palibe chiphunzitso chokhala ndi zolosera zoyesedwa, lingaliro lililonse lokhudza kuzindikira kwa makina limakhazikika pamalingaliro athu amatumbo, omwe, monga momwe mbiri ya sayansi yasonyezera, iyenera kudaliridwa mosamala.
Chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zazikulu za chidziwitso ndi chiphunzitso (GWT), motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo Bernard Baars ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya ubongo Stanislas Dean ndi Jean-Pierre Changeux.
Choyamba, amatsutsa kuti pamene munthu adziwa chinachake, mbali zambiri za ubongo zimapeza chidziwitsochi. Pamene munthu achita mosazindikira, chidziwitsocho chimayikidwa m'masensory-motor system (sensory-motor) yomwe ikukhudzidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mukamalemba mwachangu, mumangochita zokha. Mukafunsidwa momwe mumachitira izi, simungathe kuyankha chifukwa muli ndi mwayi wochepa wopeza chidziwitso ichi, chomwe chimapezeka m'magulu a neural omwe amagwirizanitsa maso ndi kuyenda mofulumira kwa zala.
Kupezeka kwapadziko lonse kumapanga chidziwitso chimodzi chokha, chifukwa ngati njira ina ikupezeka kuzinthu zina zonse, ndiye kuti imapezeka kwa onse - chirichonse chikugwirizana ndi chirichonse. Umu ndi momwe njira yopondereza zithunzi zina imagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Chiphunzitsochi chimafotokoza bwino mitundu yonse ya zovuta zamaganizidwe, pomwe kulephera kwa malo ogwirira ntchito, olumikizidwa ndi machitidwe a neural (kapena gawo lonse laubongo), kumayambitsa kupotoza mumayendedwe ambiri a "malo ogwirira ntchito," potero amasokoneza. chithunzi poyerekezera ndi “zachibadwa” (za munthu wathanzi) .
Panjira yopita ku chiphunzitso choyambirira
Chiphunzitso cha GWT chimanena kuti chidziwitso chimachokera ku mtundu wapadera wa ndondomeko ya chidziwitso: zakhala zodziwika kwa ife kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa AI, pamene mapulogalamu apadera anali ndi mwayi wopita ku sitolo yaing'ono, yopezeka pagulu. Chidziwitso chilichonse cholembedwa pa "bulletin board" chinapezeka kuzinthu zingapo zothandizira - kukumbukira ntchito, chilankhulo, gawo lokonzekera, kuzindikira nkhope, zinthu, ndi zina zambiri. amapatsirana m'machitidwe ambiri azidziwitso - ndipo amakonza zidziwitso zamalankhulidwe, kusungidwa kukumbukira kapena kuchitapo kanthu.
Popeza kuti malo pa bolodi lachidziwitso yotero ndi ochepa, tikhoza kukhala ndi chidziwitso chochepa chopezeka pa nthawi iliyonse. Maukonde a ma neuron omwe amapereka mauthengawa amaganiziridwa kuti ali kutsogolo ndi parietal lobes.
Deta yosowa (yobalalika) ikasamutsidwa ku netiweki ndikupezeka poyera, chidziwitsocho chimazindikira. Ndiko kuti, mutuwo ukudziwa. Makina amakono sanafikebe pamlingo uwu wa zovuta zamaganizo, koma ndi nkhani ya nthawi.
Chiphunzitso cha "GWT" chimati makompyuta amtsogolo adzakhala ozindikira
The general information theory of consciousness (IIT), yopangidwa ndi Tononi ndi anzake, imagwiritsa ntchito poyambira yosiyana kwambiri: zokumana nazo zokha. Chochitika chilichonse chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera. Ndizosamveka, zomwe zilipo kwa phunzirolo ngati "mbuye"; imapangidwa (taxi yachikasu imachedwetsa pamene galu wa bulauni akuthamanga kudutsa msewu); ndipo ndi konkire—chosiyana ndi chochitika china chilichonse chodziŵika bwino, monga chithunzi chapadera cha kanema. Komanso, ndi yolimba komanso yofotokozedwa. Mukakhala pa benchi ya paki pa tsiku lofunda, loyera ndi kuona ana akusewera, zinthu zosiyanasiyana za chochitikacho—mphepo ikuwomba tsitsi lanu, chisangalalo cha ana aang’ono akuseka—sizingathe kulekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake popanda chokumana nachocho kutha. kukhala chomwe chiri.
Tononi amatsimikizira kuti katundu wotere - ndiko kuti, mlingo wina wa chidziwitso - ali ndi makina ovuta komanso ophatikizana, omwe amapangidwira maubwenzi oyambitsa ndi zotsatira. Zidzamveka ngati chinachake chikuchokera mkati.
Koma ngati, monga cerebellum, limagwirira alibe zovuta ndi kugwirizana, sizidzadziwa kanthu. Pamene chiphunzitso ichi chikupita,
chidziwitso ndi luso lobadwa nalo, lokhazikika lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi njira zovuta monga ubongo wamunthu.
Chiphunzitsochi chimachokeranso ku zovuta zowonongeka zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nambala imodzi yosakhala yoipa Φ (yotchedwa "fy"), yomwe imawerengera chidziwitso ichi. Ngati F ndi zero, dongosololi silikudziwa lokha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chiwerengerochi chikachulukira, mphamvu zake zimakhala zokulirapo ndipo zimazindikira kwambiri. Ubongo, womwe umadziwika ndi kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso kwapadera kwambiri, uli ndi F wokwera kwambiri, ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuzindikira kwakukulu. Chiphunzitsochi chimalongosola mfundo zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chiyani cerebellum sichikhudzidwa ndi chidziwitso kapena chifukwa chake makina a zip ndi zap amagwira ntchito (manambala opangidwa ndi kauntala ndi F mongoyerekeza).
Lingaliro la IIT limaneneratu kuti kayesedwe kapamwamba ka kompyuta ka digito ka ubongo wamunthu sangathe kuzindikira-ngakhale zolankhula zake sizingadziwike ndi zolankhula za munthu. Monga momwe kuyerekezera mphamvu yokoka ya dzenje lakuda sikusokoneza kupitiriza kwa nthawi kuzungulira kompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito code, zokonzedwa chidziwitso sichidzabereka kompyuta yozindikira. Giulio Tononi ndi Marcello Massimini, Nature 557, S8-S12 (2018)
Malingana ndi IIT, chidziwitso sichingawerengedwe ndikuwerengedwa: chiyenera kumangidwa mu dongosolo la dongosolo.
Ntchito yayikulu ya asayansi amakono ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zochulukirachulukira zomwe ali nazo kuti aphunzire kulumikizana kosatha kwa ma neuron osiyanasiyana omwe amapanga ubongo, kuti afotokoze mopitilira muyeso wa chidziwitso. Poganizira momwe minyewa yapakati imapangidwira, izi zidzatenga zaka zambiri. Ndipo potsiriza pangani chiphunzitso choyambirira chozikidwa pazidutswa zomwe zilipo. Chiphunzitso chomwe chidzalongosola chithunzithunzi chachikulu cha kukhalapo kwathu: momwe chiwalo chomwe chimalemera makilogalamu 1,36 ndipo chikufanana ndi mapangidwe a nyemba za nyemba chimaphatikizapo moyo.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za chiphunzitso chatsopanochi, mwa lingaliro langa, ndikuthekera kopanga AI yomwe ili ndi chidziwitso komanso, chofunikira kwambiri, zomverera. Komanso, chiphunzitso choyambirira cha chidziwitso chidzatilola ife kupanga njira ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito kusinthika kofulumira kwa luso lachidziwitso chaumunthu. Munthu - tsogolo.
Source: www.habr.com