ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Red Hat ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Red Hat Customer Portal (Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ iso-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ CentOS Stream 9). Π Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ x86_64, s390x (IBM System z), ppc64le ΠΈ Aarch64 (ARM64). ΠΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ rpm-ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Git-ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ CentOS. Π Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ 10-Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π° RHEL 9 Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 2032 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ RHEL 7 ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 30 ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ 2024 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, RHEL 8 β Π΄ΠΎ 31 ΠΌΠ°Ρ 2029 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 ndiyodziwikiratu chifukwa chosamukira kunjira yotseguka. Mosiyana ndi nthambi zam'mbuyomu, gawo la phukusi la CentOS Stream 9 limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko opangira magawano. zisankho zopangidwa. M'mbuyomu, chithunzithunzi cha imodzi mwazotulutsa za Fedora chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a nthambi yatsopano ya RHEL, yomwe idamalizidwa ndikukhazikika kumbuyo kwa zitseko zotsekedwa, popanda kuthekera kowongolera kupita patsogolo kwachitukuko ndi zisankho zomwe zidapangidwa. Tsopano, pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi cha Fedora, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ammudzi, nthambi ya CentOS Stream ikupangidwa, momwe ntchito yokonzekera ikuchitika ndipo maziko akupangidwira nthambi yatsopano ya RHEL.
Zosintha zazikulu:
- Malo a dongosolo ndi zida zosonkhana zasinthidwa. GCC 11 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga phukusi. Laibulale yokhazikika ya C yasinthidwa kukhala glibc 2.34. Phukusi la Linux kernel limachokera ku kutulutsidwa kwa 5.14. Woyang'anira phukusi la RPM wasinthidwa kukhala mtundu 4.16 ndi chithandizo chowunikira kukhulupirika kudzera pa fapolicyd.
- Kusamuka kwa kugawa ku Python 3 kwatha. Nthambi ya Python 3.9 imaperekedwa mwachisawawa. Python 2 yathetsedwa.
- Desktop imachokera ku GNOME 40 (RHEL 8 yotumizidwa ndi GNOME 3.28) ndi laibulale ya GTK 4. Mu GNOME 40, ma desktops enieni mu Activities Overview mode amasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe a malo ndipo amawonetsedwa ngati tcheni choyendayenda mosalekeza kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Desktop iliyonse yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mu Overview mode imayang'ana zomwe zilipo windows ndi mapoto osinthika ndi makulitsidwe pomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalumikizana. Kusintha kosasinthika kumaperekedwa pakati pa mndandanda wa mapulogalamu ndi ma desktops enieni.
- GNOME imaphatikizapo chogwiritsira ntchito-mbiri-daemon chomwe chimapereka mphamvu yosinthira ntchentche pakati pa njira yopulumutsira mphamvu, njira yoyendetsera mphamvu, ndi machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri.
- Mitsinje yonse yomvera yasunthidwa ku seva yapa media ya PipeWire, yomwe tsopano ndiyosakhazikika m'malo mwa PulseAudio ndi JACK. Kugwiritsa ntchito PipeWire kumakupatsani mwayi wopereka luso laukadaulo wamawu mumtundu wanthawi zonse wapakompyuta, chotsani kugawikana ndikugwirizanitsa zida zamawu pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
- ΠΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ GRUB, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ RHEL ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π². ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Shift ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π· Π½Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Esc ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ F8. ΠΠ· ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ GRUB Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ /boot/grub2/ (ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ» /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° /boot/grub2/grub.cfg), Ρ.Π΅. ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ EFI, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ BIOS.
- Zida zothandizira zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa mu langpacks, zomwe zimakulolani kuti musinthe mulingo wa chithandizo cha zilankhulo chomwe chayikidwa. Mwachitsanzo, langpacks-core-font imapereka mafonti okha, langpacks-core imapereka malo amtundu wa glibc, font yoyambira, ndi njira yolowera, ndipo langpacks imapereka matanthauzidwe, mafonti owonjezera, ndi mtanthauzira mawu wowunika masipelo.
- ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ Application Streams, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π² RHEL Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ RPM-ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈ (ΡΠ³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ rpm-ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²), SCL (Software Collection) ΠΈ Flatpak.
- Zida zachitetezo zasinthidwa. Kugawa kumagwiritsa ntchito nthambi yatsopano ya laibulale yachinsinsi ya OpenSSL 3.0. Mwachikhazikitso, ma algorithms amakono komanso odalirika a cryptographic amathandizidwa (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito SHA-1 mu TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 ndi Kerberos ndikoletsedwa, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES ndi FFDHE-1024 ndizolemala) . Phukusi la OpenSSH lasinthidwa kukhala 8.6p1. Cyrus SASL yasamutsidwira ku GDBM backend m'malo mwa Berkeley DB. malaibulale a NSS (Network Security Services) sakuthandizanso mtundu wa DBM (Berkeley DB). GnuTLS yasinthidwa kukhala 3.7.2.
- Kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a SELinux ndikuchepetsa kukumbukira kukumbukira. Mu /etc/selinux/config, chithandizo cha "SELINUX = disabled" makonda kuti mulepheretse SELinux chachotsedwa (kukhazikitsa uku kumangolepheretsa kutsitsa kwa mfundo, ndipo kuletsa magwiridwe antchito a SELinux tsopano kukufunika kudutsa "selinux = 0" parameter ku mphuno).
- Adawonjezera chithandizo choyesera cha VPN WireGuard.
- Mwachikhazikitso, kulowa kudzera pa SSH monga muzu ndikoletsedwa.
- Zida zowongolera zosefera za iptables-nft (iptables, ip6tables, ebtables ndi ma arptables utilities) ndi ipset zachotsedwa. Tsopano tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito nftables kuyang'anira firewall.
- Zimaphatikizapo daemon yatsopano ya mptcpd yokonzekera MPTCP (MultiPath TCP), kuwonjezereka kwa protocol ya TCP yokonzekera kugwira ntchito kwa TCP yolumikizana ndi paketi yobweretsera nthawi imodzi m'njira zingapo kudzera m'malo osiyanasiyana ochezera a pa intaneti omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma adilesi osiyanasiyana a IP. Kugwiritsa ntchito mptcpd kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kukonza MPTCP osagwiritsa ntchito iproute2.
- Phukusi la network-scripts lachotsedwa; NetworkManager iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza maukonde. Thandizo la mawonekedwe a ifcfg amasungidwa, koma NetworkManager imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a keyfile mwachisawawa.
- Zolembazo zikuphatikiza mitundu yatsopano ya ophatikiza ndi zida za opanga: GCC 11.2, LLVM/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby Git 3.0, Kutembenuza 2.31, binutils 1.14, CMake 2.35, Maven 3.20.2, Nyerere 3.6.
- Phukusi la seva Apache HTTP Server 2.4, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1 zasinthidwa.
- DBMS MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13, Redis 6.2 zasinthidwa.
- Kuti apange emulator ya QEMU, Clang imathandizidwa mwachisawawa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zotetezera ku hypervisor ya KVM, monga SafeStack kuti ateteze ku njira zowonongeka zochokera ku mapulogalamu obwereranso (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming).
- Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ web-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ: Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ (CPU, ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ), ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Grafana, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ live-ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ΄ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ sudo ΠΈ SSH).
- Mu SSSD (System Security Services Daemon), tsatanetsatane wa zipikazo zawonjezeka, mwachitsanzo, nthawi yomaliza ntchito tsopano ikuphatikizidwa ndi zochitika ndipo kutuluka kwa chitsimikizo kukuwonekera. Anawonjezera ntchito zofufuzira kuti muwunike zosintha ndi zovuta za magwiridwe antchito.
- Thandizo la IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) lakulitsidwa kuti litsimikizire kukhulupirika kwa zida zogwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito siginecha ya digito ndi ma hashi.
- Mwachikhazikitso, gulu limodzi logwirizana (cgroup v2) limayatsidwa. Π‘magulu v2 angagwiritsidwe ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kukumbukira, CPU ndi I/O kumwa. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa cgroups v2 ndi v1 ndikugwiritsa ntchito magulu amtundu wamba pamitundu yonse yazachuma, m'malo mwa magawo osiyana pakugawa zida za CPU, pakuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira, ndi I/O. Kusiyanasiyana kosiyana kudapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pakulinganiza kulumikizana pakati pa ogwira ntchito komanso ndalama zowonjezera za kernel mukamagwiritsa ntchito malamulo pamachitidwe omwe amatchulidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
- Thandizo lowonjezera pakulunzanitsa nthawi yeniyeni kutengera protocol ya NTS (Network Time Security), yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zida zachinsinsi zapagulu (PKI) ndikulola kugwiritsa ntchito TLS ndi kubisa kotsimikizika kwa AEAD (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) pachitetezo chachinsinsi cha kasitomala. -Kulumikizana kwa seva kudzera pa protocol ya NTP (Network Time Protocol). Seva ya chrony NTP yasinthidwa kukhala mtundu wa 4.1.
- ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Ansible Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Postfix, Microsoft SQL Server, VPN-ΡΡΠ½Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° timesync. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Ansible Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ² LVM (Logical Volume Manager) VDO (Virtual Data Optimizer).
- Anapereka chithandizo choyesera (Technology Preview) cha KTLS (kukhazikitsa kernel-level TLS), Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), DAX (Direct Access) ya ext4 ndi XFS, chithandizo cha AMD SEV ndi SEV-ES mu hypervisor ya KVM.
- ΠΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Red Hat ΠΊΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ web-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² master, slave, blacklist ΠΈ whitelist.
Source: opennet.ru