Kuyenda ndi moyo. Mawuwa akhoza kutanthauziridwa monga chilimbikitso chopita patsogolo, osati kuyimirira ndi kukwaniritsa zomwe mukufuna, komanso monga mawu akuti pafupifupi zamoyo zonse zikuyenda nthawi zambiri pamoyo wawo. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe athu ndi mayendedwe athu m'mlengalenga samatha ndi ziphuphu pamphumi ndi kuthyoka zala zazing'ono pamiyendo yathu nthawi iliyonse, ubongo wathu umagwiritsa ntchito "mapu" osungidwa a chilengedwe omwe amatuluka mosazindikira panthawi yomwe tikuyenda. . Komabe, pali lingaliro lakuti ubongo sugwiritsa ntchito makhadiwa kuchokera kunja, kunena kwake, koma mwa kuika munthu pa khadi ili ndikusonkhanitsa deta pamene akuwoneka kuchokera kwa munthu woyamba. Asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Boston adaganiza zotsimikizira chiphunzitsochi pochita zoyeserera zingapo zothandiza ndi makoswe a labotale. Kodi ubongo umayenda bwanji mumlengalenga, ndi maselo ati omwe akukhudzidwa, ndipo kafukufukuyu ali ndi gawo lotani pa tsogolo la magalimoto odziyimira pawokha ndi maloboti? Timaphunzira za izi kuchokera ku lipoti la gulu lofufuza. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Chifukwa chake, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo ndikuti gawo lalikulu laubongo lomwe limayang'anira mlengalenga ndi hippocampus.
Hippocampus imakhudzidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana: kupangika kwa malingaliro, kusintha kwa kukumbukira kwakanthawi kochepa kukhala kukumbukira kwanthawi yayitali, komanso kupanga kukumbukira kwa malo. Ndiwo magwero a "mamapu" omwe ubongo wathu umayitanira panthawi yoyenera kuti tiziyenda bwino mumlengalenga. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, hippocampus imasunga mitundu itatu ya neural ya danga mkati momwe mwini wa ubongo ali.
Hippocampus
Pali chiphunzitso chonena kuti pali sitepe yapakati pakati pakuyenda kwenikweni ndi mamapu kuchokera ku hippocampus - kusinthidwa kwa mamapuwa kukhala mawonekedwe amunthu woyamba. Ndiko kuti, munthu akuyesera kumvetsa kumene chinachake sichili konse (monga momwe tikuwonera pa mapu enieni), koma pamene chinachake chidzakhala chokhudzana ndi iye (monga ntchito ya "street view" mu Google Maps).
Olemba ntchito yomwe tikuiganizira akutsindika izi: Mapu ozindikira zachilengedwe amalembedwa mu hippocampal mapangidwe mu allocentric system, koma luso la magalimoto (mayendedwe okha) amaimiridwa mu dongosolo la egocentric.
UFO: Adani Osadziwika (allocentric system) ndi DOOM (egocentric system).
Kusiyana pakati pa machitidwe a allocentric ndi egocentric ali ngati kusiyana pakati pa masewera a munthu wachitatu (kapena mawonedwe a mbali, mawonekedwe apamwamba, ndi zina zotero) ndi masewera a munthu woyamba. Pachiyambi choyamba, chilengedwe chokha ndi chofunikira kwa ife, chachiwiri, malo athu pokhudzana ndi chilengedwechi. Chifukwa chake, ma allocentric navigational mapulani amayenera kusinthidwa kukhala dongosolo la egocentric kuti akwaniritse zenizeni, i.e. kuyenda mumlengalenga.
Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti ndi dorsomedial striatum (DMS)* imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazomwe tafotokozazi.
The striatum ya ubongo wa munthu.
Striatum* - gawo la ubongo lomwe ndi la basal ganglia; striatum imakhudzidwa pakuwongolera kamvekedwe ka minofu, ziwalo zamkati ndi mayankho amakhalidwe; Striatum imatchedwanso "striatum" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake amitundu yotuwa ndi yoyera.
DMS imasonyeza mayankho a neural okhudzana ndi kupanga zisankho ndi zochita zokhudzana ndi kuyenda kwa malo, kotero dera ili la ubongo liyenera kuphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Pofuna kudziwa kukhalapo / kusakhalapo kwa chidziwitso cha egocentric spatial mu striatum (DMS), makoswe amphongo a 4 adayikidwa ndi ma tetrodes a 16 (maelekitirodi apadera olumikizidwa kumadera omwe amafunidwa muubongo) akulunjika ku DMS (1).
Chithunzi #1: Kuyankha kwa ma cell a Striatal kumalire a chilengedwe mumayendedwe odziwika bwino.
Kufotokozera kwa chithunzi #1:а - mfundo za malo a tetrodes;
b - egocentric mapu a malire;
с - mamapu amtundu wa allocentric (mabwalo 4 kumanzere), malo okhala ndi mitundu yamalo omwe amayankhidwa ndi ma cell potengera momwe thupi lilili, ndi mamapu owoneka bwino (mabwalo 4 kumanja) kutengera kuyankha kwa ma cell a EBC mosiyanasiyana komanso mtunda wapakati khoswe ndi khoma;
d - monga pa 1s, koma kwa EBC yokhala ndi mtunda wokonda kutali ndi nyama;
e - monga pa 1s, koma ma EBC awiri osinthika;
f - kugawa pafupifupi chifukwa kutalika kwa maselo anaona;
g - kugawa kwautali wotsatira wa EBC pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenda ndi komwe mutu;
h - kugawa kuyankha kwapakati kwa maselo (okwana ndi EBC).
Kuyesera makumi anayi ndi zinayi kunachitika, pamene makoswe anasonkhanitsa chakudya chomwazikana mwachisawawa m'malo omwe amawadziwa bwino (otseguka, osati m'mizere). Zotsatira zake, maselo 44 adalembedwa. Kuchokera pazomwe zasonkhanitsidwa, kukhalapo kwa ma cell 939 otsogolera mutu (HDCs) kunakhazikitsidwa, komabe, gawo laling'ono chabe la maselo, ndipo makamaka 31, linali ndi ma allocentric spatial correlates. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito za maselowa, zochepetsedwa ndi malo ozungulira chilengedwe, zinkawoneka pokhapokha pakuyenda kwa makoswe pamakoma a chipinda choyesera, zomwe zimasonyeza ndondomeko ya egocentric yolembera malire a danga.
Kuti muwone kuthekera kwa chiwonetsero chodziyimira pawokha, kutengera mawonekedwe apamwamba a cell, mamapu amalire adapangidwa (1b), zomwe zimasonyeza kulunjika ndi mtunda wa malire okhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka khoswe, osati malo a mutu wake (kuyerekeza ndi 1g).
18% ya maselo ogwidwa (171 kuchokera ku 939) adawonetsa kuyankha kwakukulu pamene malire a chipindacho adakhala ndi malo enaake ndi zomwe zimayenderana ndi mutuwo (1f). Asayansi anawatcha kuti egocentric boundary cell (EBCs). Egocentric malire maselo). Chiwerengero cha maselo oterowo m'mitu yoyesera kuyambira 15 mpaka 70 ndi pafupifupi 42.75 (1c, 1d).
Pakati pa maselo a malire a egocentric, panali omwe ntchito zawo zinachepa poyankha malire a chipindacho. Onse analipo 49 ndipo ankatchedwa inverse EBCs (iEBCs). Avereji ya mayankhidwe a ma cell (zochita zawo) mu EBC ndi iEBC anali otsika kwambiri - 1,26 ± 0,09 Hz (1h).
Maselo a EBC amayankha kumayendedwe onse ndi malo a chipinda cham'chipindacho chokhudzana ndi mutuwo, koma kugawidwa kwa zomwe amakonda ndi bimodal ndi nsonga zomwe zili 180 ° moyang'anizana mbali zonse za nyama (-68 ° ndi 112 °), kutsika pang'ono kuchokera ku perpendicular kupita kumtunda wautali wa nyama ndi 22 ° (2d).
Chithunzi #2: Mayendedwe okonda ndi masitayilo a egocentric boundary cell (EBC).
Kufotokozera kwa chithunzi #2:a - mamapu am'malire a egocentric a ma EBC anayi omwe amaphunziridwa nthawi imodzi okhala ndi zokonda zosiyanasiyana zowonetsedwa pamwamba pa graph iliyonse;
b - malo a tetrodes malinga ndi maselo ochokera 2 (manambala amasonyeza nambala ya tetrode);
с - Kutheka kugawika kokonda kwa ma EBC onse a khoswe imodzi;
d - kugawa kwabwino kwa makoswe onse a EBC;
е - malo a ma tetrodes a ma cell omwe akuwonetsedwa 2f;
f - mamapu am'malire a egocentric a ma EBC asanu ndi limodzi ojambulidwa nthawi imodzi okhala ndi mtunda wosiyanasiyana womwe umawonetsedwa pamwamba pa graph iliyonse;
g ndiko kugawanika kwa mtunda wokondeka wa ma EBC onse a khoswe imodzi;
h ndiko kugawanika kwa mtunda womwe ukukondedwa wa EBC wa makoswe onse;
i - Chigawo cha polar cha mtunda womwe mumakonda komanso mawonekedwe omwe mumakonda pa ma EBC onse okhala ndi kukula kwa danga koimiridwa ndi mtundu ndi madontho awiri.
Kugawidwa kwa mtunda wokondeka kumalirewo kunali nsonga zitatu: 6.4, 13.5 ndi 25.6 cm, kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa mitunda itatu yosiyana pakati pa EBCs (2f-2h) zomwe zingakhale zofunikira panjira yofufuzira yoyendera maulendo apamwamba. Kukula kwa minda yolandirira EBC kudakwera ndi mtunda womwe ukukondedwa (2i), kusonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa kulondola kwa chiwonetsero cha egocentric cha malire pamene mtunda pakati pa khoma ndi mutu ukuchepa.
Panalibe malo omveka bwino pamawonekedwe omwe amakonda komanso mtunda, popeza ma EBC omwe akugwira nawo ntchito okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso mtunda kuchokera pakhoma adawonekera pa tetrode yomweyo.2a, 2b, 2e и 2f).
Zinapezekanso kuti EBC imayankha mokhazikika malire a malo (makoma a chipinda) m'zipinda zilizonse zoyesera. Kuti atsimikizire kuti ma EBC amayankha malire am'deralo a chipindacho osati kuzinthu zake zakutali, asayansi "anazungulira" malo a kamera ndi 45 ° ndikupanga makoma angapo akuda, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosiyana ndi yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayesero am'mbuyomu.
Deta inasonkhanitsidwa mu chipinda choyesera chokhazikika komanso chozungulira. Ngakhale kusintha kwa chipinda choyesera, mayendedwe onse omwe amakonda komanso mtunda wokhudzana ndi makoma a maphunziro a EBC adakhalabe ofanana.
Poganizira kufunikira kwa ma angles, kuthekera kwakuti ma EBC amakhazikitsa mwapadera za chilengedwe chaderalo kudaganiziridwanso. Mwa kupatula kusiyana pakati pa yankho pafupi ndi ngodya ndi kuyankha pafupi ndi pakati pa khoma, kagawo kakang'ono ka maselo a EBC (n = 16; 9,4%) adadziwika omwe amasonyeza kuyankha kowonjezereka kumakona.
Choncho, tikhoza kupanga mapeto apakati kuti ndi maselo a EBC omwe amayankha bwino kwambiri pamtunda wa chipinda, ndiko kuti, ku makoma a chipinda choyesera ndi kumakona ake.
Kenaka, asayansi adayesa ngati kuyankha kwa maselo a EBC kumalo otseguka (malo oyesera opanda maze, mwachitsanzo, makoma a 4 okha) ndi ofanana ndi kukula kwa chipinda choyesera. Maulendo atatu adapangidwa, momwe kutalika kwa makomawo kumasiyana ndi akale ndi 3 cm.
Mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa chipinda choyesera, EBC idayankha malire ake pamtunda womwewo komanso momwe amayendera pokhudzana ndi phunzirolo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuyankha sikungafanane ndi kukula kwa chilengedwe.
Chithunzi #3: kuyankha kokhazikika kwa ma cell a EBC kumalire amlengalenga.
Kufotokozera kwa chithunzi #3:а - egocentric EBC mamapu m'mikhalidwe yabwinobwino (kumanzere) komanso pomwe chipinda choyesera chidasinthidwa ndi 45 ° (kumanja);
b - mamapu a EBC owoneka bwino a chipinda choyezera 1.25 x 1.25 m (kumanzere) ndi chipinda chokulitsa 1.75 x 1.75 m (kumanja);
с - mamapu a EBC odziyimira pawokha okhala ndi makoma wamba achipinda chakuda (kumanzere) komanso okhala ndi makoma (kumanja);
d-f - ma graph a mtunda womwe ukukondedwa (pamwamba) ndi kusintha komwe mumakonda kutengera koyambira (pansi).
Popeza striatum imalandira chidziwitso cha chilengedwe kuchokera kumadera angapo a cortex yowonekera, asayansi adayesanso ngati mawonekedwe a makoma amakhudzidwa (3s) zipinda zochitira ma cell a EBC.
Kusintha maonekedwe a malire a danga kunalibe mphamvu pa momwe ma cell a EBC amachitira komanso mtunda ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti achitepo kanthu.
Chithunzi #4: Kukhazikika kwa mayankho a cell a EBC mosasamala kanthu za chilengedwe.
Kufotokozera kwa chithunzi #4:а - mamapu a EBC odziwika bwino (kumanzere) ndi malo atsopano (kumanja);
b - mamapu odziyimira pawokha a EBC omwe amapezeka m'malo omwewo, koma pakapita nthawi;
с - Zithunzi za mtunda womwe mumakonda (pamwamba) ndikusintha kwamayendedwe omwe amakonda kutengera koyambira (pansi) kwa malo atsopano (osadziwika);
d - ma graph a mtunda womwe ukukondedwera (pamwamba) ndi kusintha kwamayendedwe omwe amakonda kutengera zoyambira (pansi) za malo omwe adaphunzira kale (zodziwika bwino).
Zinapezekanso kuti kuyankhidwa kwa ma cell a EBC, komanso komwe kumafunikira komanso mtunda wokhudzana ndi mutuwo, sizisintha pakapita nthawi.
Komabe, mayeso "akanthawi" awa adachitidwa m'chipinda choyesera chomwechi. Zinalinso zofunikira kuyang'ana kusiyana komwe kulipo pakati pa zomwe EBC amachita pazochitika zodziwika ndi zatsopano. Kuti achite izi, maulendo angapo adachitika, pamene makoswe adaphunzira chipindacho, chomwe amachidziwa kale kuchokera ku mayesero apitalo, ndiyeno zipinda zatsopano zokhala ndi malo otseguka.
Monga momwe mungaganizire, kuyankha kwa ma cell a EBC + komwe kumafunikira / mtunda sikunasinthe m'zipinda zatsopano (4a, 4c).
Chifukwa chake, machitidwe a EBC amapereka chiwonetsero chokhazikika cha malire a chilengedwe chokhudzana ndi phunziro loyesedwa mumitundu yonse ya chilengedwe ichi, mosasamala kanthu za mawonekedwe a makoma, malo a chipinda choyesera, kuyenda kwake, ndi nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi phunziro loyesedwa mu chipinda.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana и kwa iye.
Epilogue
Mu ntchito iyi, asayansi adatha kutsimikizira mwakuchita chiphunzitso cha egocentric kuyimira chilengedwe, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera mlengalenga. Adatsimikizira kuti pali njira yapakatikati pakati pa kuyimiridwa kwa malo allocentric ndi zochitika zenizeni, momwe ma cell ena a striatum, otchedwa egocentric boundary cell (EBCs), amatenga nawo gawo. Zinapezekanso kuti ma EBC anali okhudzana kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka thupi lonse, osati mutu wa maphunziro okha.
Kafukufukuyu anali ndi cholinga chofuna kudziwa njira yonse yoyendetsera malo, zigawo zake zonse ndi zosiyana. Ntchitoyi, malinga ndi asayansi, ithandizanso kukonza njira zamakono zoyendetsera magalimoto oyenda okha komanso maloboti omwe amatha kumvetsetsa malo ozungulira, monga momwe timachitira. Ofufuzawa ali okondwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za ntchito yawo, zomwe zimapereka chifukwa chopitirizira kuphunzira kugwirizana pakati pa madera ena a ubongo ndi momwe danga limayendera.
Zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu, khalani ndi chidwi ndikukhala ndi sabata yabwino nonse! 🙂
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