Nkhani 8 ya magazini ya "Radio Amateur" ya 1924 idaperekedwa ku "kristadin" ya Losev. Mawu akuti "cristadine" anapangidwa ndi mawu akuti "crystal" ndi "heterodyne", ndipo "crystal effect" inali yakuti pamene kusagwirizana kolakwika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ku zincite (ZnO) crystal, kristaloyo inayamba kupanga oscillations osasunthika.
Zotsatira zake zinalibe maziko ongoyerekeza. Losev mwiniwakeyo ankakhulupirira kuti zotsatira zake zinali chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa "voltaic arc" ya microscopic pamalo okhudzana ndi kristalo ya zincite ndi waya wachitsulo.
Kupezeka kwa "crystal effect" kunatsegula chiyembekezo chosangalatsa muukadaulo wa wailesi ...
... koma zidakhala ngati nthawi zonse ...
Mu 1922, Losev adawonetsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wake wogwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira ma kristalo ngati jenereta ya ma oscillations mosalekeza. Kusindikizidwa pamutu wa lipotili kuli ndi zithunzi za mayeso a labotale ndi zida zamasamu pokonza zinthu zofufuzira. Ndiloleni ndikukumbutseni kuti panthawiyo Oleg anali asanakwanitse zaka 19.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa dera loyeserera la "cristadine" ndi mawonekedwe ake "N-woboola" wamagetsi, omwe amafanana ndi ma diode. Kuti Oleg Vladimirovich Losev anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mumphangayo zotsatira semiconductors mu kuchita zinaonekeratu pambuyo pa nkhondo. Sitinganene kuti ma diode amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mabwalo amakono, koma njira zingapo zozikidwa pa iwo zimagwira ntchito bwino mu ma microwave.
Panalibe kusintha kwatsopano pamagetsi apawailesi: mphamvu zonse zamakampani zidaperekedwa pakuwongolera machubu a wailesi. Machubu a wailesi adalowa m'malo mwa makina amagetsi ndi mipata ya arc kuchokera ku zida zotumizira mawayilesi. Mawayilesi a Tube adagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono ndipo adatsika mtengo. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri odziwa zama wailesi ndiye adawona "cristadin" ngati chidwi: wolandila heterodyne wopanda nyali, wow!
Kwa ochita masewera apawailesi, mapangidwe a "cristadine" adakhala ovuta kwambiri: batri idafunikira kuti ipereke mphamvu yamagetsi ku kristalo, potentiometer idayenera kupangidwa kuti isinthe kukondera, ndipo inductor wina adayenera kufufuzidwa. kwa mfundo zopangira kristalo.
The NRL anamvetsa bwino kwambiri mavuto amateurs wailesi, kotero anasindikiza kabuku kamene kamangidwe ka "cristadine" ndi mapangidwe Shaposhnikov wolandila anafalitsidwa pamodzi. Ochita masewera a pawailesi adayamba kupanga cholandila cha Shaposhnikov, kenako adawonjezera "cristadine" ngati chowulutsira ma wailesi kapena oscillator wamba.
Chiphunzitso china
Pa nthawi yofalitsa mapangidwe a "cristadine", mitundu yonse ya olandila wailesi inalipo kale:
1. Zolandila wailesi zodziwikiratu, kuphatikiza zolandilira molunjika.
2. Mawayilesi a Heterodyne (omwe amadziwikanso kuti olandira kutembenuka mwachindunji).
3. Superheterodyne radio receivers.
4. Regenerative radio receiver, incl. "Autodynes" ndi "synchrodynes".
Chosavuta kwambiri cholandila wailesi chinali ndipo chimakhala chowunikira:
Kugwira ntchito kwa chojambulira chojambulira kumakhala kophweka kwambiri: poyang'anizana ndi chonyamulira chonyamulira theka-wave yodzipatula pa dera L1C1, kukana kwa detector VD1 kumakhalabe kwakukulu, ndipo pamene kukuwonekera kwabwino, kumachepa, i.e. detector VD1 "amatsegula". Mukalandira ma siginecha amplitude-modulated (AM) ndi chojambulira VD1 "chotseguka," chotsekereza capacitor C2 imayimbidwa, yomwe imatulutsidwa kudzera pamutu wa BF chojambulira "chotsekedwa."
Ma grafu akuwonetsa njira yochepetsera chizindikiro cha AM mu zolandilira.
Zoyipa za chojambulira wailesi cholandirira zikuwonekera pofotokoza mfundo ya ntchito yake: sikungathe kulandira chizindikiro chomwe mphamvu yake sikwanira "kutsegula" chowunikira.
Kuti muwonjezere kukhudzika, ma coil "odzipangira okha", "kutembenuka" pamanja a makatoni akulu akulu okhala ndi waya wandiweyani wamkuwa, adagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu pakulowetsa ma resonant a zolandilira. Ma inductors oterowo ali ndi chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri, i.e. chiΕ΅erengero cha zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kukana kwachangu. Izi zinapangitsa kuti, pokonza dera kuti likhale lomveka, kuwonjezera EMF ya chizindikiro cha wailesi chomwe chinalandira.
Njira ina yowonjezerera kukhudzidwa kwa wolandila wailesi ya detector ndikugwiritsa ntchito oscillator wamba: chizindikiro chochokera ku jenereta chomwe chimasinthidwa pafupipafupi chonyamulira "chosakanikirana" mu gawo lolowera la wolandila. Pankhaniyi, chojambulira "chotsegulidwa" osati ndi chizindikiro chonyamulira chofooka, koma ndi chizindikiro champhamvu chochokera ku jenereta. Kulandila kwa Heterodyne kunapezeka ngakhale asanatulutsidwe machubu a wailesi ndi ma crystal detectors ndipo akugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano.
"Kristadin" yogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oscillator wamba imasonyezedwa mu chithunzi ndi chilembo "a"; chilembo "b" chikutanthauza cholandirira chodziwika bwino.
Choyipa chachikulu cha kulandila kwa heterodyne chinali kuyimba mluzu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha "kugunda pafupipafupi" kwa oscillator wamba ndi chonyamulira. "Zoyipa" izi, mwa njira, zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu polandila "ndi khutu" radiotelegraph (CW), pomwe oscillator yakumaloko adasinthidwa pafupipafupi ndi 600 - 800 Hz kuchokera pama frequency a transmitter ndipo fungulo likakanikizidwa, toni. chizindikiro chinawonekera mu mafoni.
Kuipa kwina kwa kulandila kwa heterodyne kunali "kuchepetsa" kodziwika kwa nthawi ndi nthawi pamene ma frequency akufanana, koma magawo a oscillator am'deralo ndi ma sign onyamula sanagwirizane. Ma regenerative tube radio receiver (olandila Reinartz) omwe adalamulira kwambiri m'ma 20s analibe choyipa ichi. Sizinali zophweka nawonso, koma ndi nkhani ina ...
Za "superheterodynes" ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti kupanga kwawo kunakhala kotheka mwachuma kokha m'ma 30s. Pakalipano, "superheterodynes" amagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri (mosiyana ndi "otsitsimutsa" ndi "zowunikira"), koma akusinthidwa mwachangu ndi zipangizo za heterodyne ndi mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu (SDR).
Mr Lossev ndi ndani?
Mbiri ya maonekedwe a Oleg Losev pa labotale Nizhny Novgorod wailesi inayamba mu Tver, kumene, atamvetsera nkhani ndi mutu wa Tver kulandira wailesi, ndodo Captain Leshchinsky, mnyamatayo anatsegula wailesi.
Nditamaliza sukulu yeniyeni, mnyamatayo amapita ku Moscow Institute of Communications, koma mwanjira ina amabwera ku Nizhny Novgorod ndipo amayesa kupeza ntchito pa NRL, kumene ganyu monga mthenga. Palibe ndalama zokwanira, ayenera kugona mu NRL pofika, koma izi siziri chopinga kwa Oleg. Amapanga kafukufuku muzochita zakuthupi mu zowunikira ma crystal.
Anzake ankakhulupirira kuti Prof. anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa mapangidwe a Oleg Losev monga katswiri wa sayansi yoyesera. VC. Lebedinsky, amene anakumana mu Tver. Pulofesayo adasankha Losev ndipo adakonda kukambirana naye zankhani zofufuza. Vladimir Konstantinovich nthawi zonse anali wochezeka, wochenjera ndipo amapereka malangizo ambiri obisika ngati mafunso.
Oleg Vladimirovich Losev anapereka moyo wake wonse ku sayansi. Ndinkakonda kugwira ntchito ndekha. Lofalitsidwa popanda olemba anzawo. Sindinali wosangalala mβbanja langa. Mu 1928 anasamukira ku Leningrad. Anagwira ntchito ku CRL. Anagwira ntchito ndi ak. Iofe. Anakhala Ph.D. "malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito." Anamwalira mu 1942 ku Leningrad.
Kuchokera pagulu la "Nizhny Novgorod Pioneers of Soviet Radio Engineering" za "kristadin" ya Losev:
Kafukufuku wa Oleg Vladimirovich, zomwe zili mkati mwake, poyamba anali ndi luso komanso ngakhale amateur wailesi chikhalidwe, koma kudzera mwa iwo anapeza kutchuka padziko lonse, atatulukira mu zincite (mineral zinc oxide) chowunikira ndi nsonga chitsulo luso kusangalala oscillations mosalekeza. m'ma radio circuits. Mfundo imeneyi inapanga maziko a cholandirira mawayilesi opanda machubu okhala ndi makulitsidwe azizindikiro omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a chubu. Mu 1922, adatchedwa kunja "cristadine" (crystalline heterodyne).
Osamangokhalira kupezedwa kwa chodabwitsa ichi komanso chitukuko cholimbikitsa cha wolandila, wolemba akupanga njira yoyenga makhiristo amtundu wachiwiri wa zincite (powasungunula mu arc yamagetsi), komanso akupeza njira yosavuta yopezera. mfundo yogwira pamwamba pa kristalo kukhudza nsonga, zomwe zimatsimikizira chisangalalo cha oscillations.
Mavuto amene anabuka analibe njira yaingβono; kunali koyenera kuchita kafukufuku m'madera osatukuka a physics; Kulephera kwawayilesi kwachisawawa kunalimbikitsa kafukufuku wa sayansi. Zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu physics. Kufotokozera kosavuta kwa chochitika cha m'badwo wa oscillation chomwe chinali kuonekera panthawiyo chinali kugwirizana kwake ndi mphamvu ya kutentha ya kukana kwa detector ya zincite, yomwe, monga kuyembekezera, inakhala yoipa.
Kochokera:
1. Losev O.V. Pachiyambi cha teknoloji ya semiconductor. Ntchito zosankhidwa - L.: Nauka, 1972
2. "Radio Amateur", 1924, No
3. Ostroumov B.A. Apainiya a Nizhny Novgorod aukadaulo wa wailesi yaku Soviet - L.: Nauka, 1966
4.
5. Polyakov V.T. Ukadaulo wolandirira wailesi. Zolandila zosavuta zama siginecha za AM - M.: DMK Press, 2001
Source: www.habr.com