Za anthu olephera kumenya nkhondo

Moni %username%.

gjf kulumikizananso.

Ndipepese nthawi yomweyo ngati nkhani yapita zinkawoneka zosasangalatsa kwa inu, koma m'mafunso ena ndimasiya nthabwala.

Ndipo ine kupepesa ngati ine anawononga zonyenga ena owerenga.

Koma potengera zotsatira za mavoti, tidzakambirana za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Koma awa si mankhwala ongopeka omwe angasinthe munthu wofooka kukhala Msilikali Wadziko Lonse.

Izi sizowona konse.

Nditayamba kuphunzira mutuwu, ndinkakonda kwambiri anthu osachita bwino. Zoonadi: panthawi ina, anthu adazindikira mwadzidzidzi kuti ngati aliyense ali ndi poizoni monga phosgene ndi V-gases, sipakanakhala anthu otsala!

Ma incapacitants ndi osangalatsa kwambiri! Mwa kutanthauzira, "osatha mphamvu ndi zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa mphamvu yamoyo kwakanthawi." Ndendende "zakunja kwa dongosolo" - koma osati kufa.

M'moyo wanga, ndakhala ndikudziwa kuti magulu angapo ang'onoang'ono amagawidwa ngati osakwanitsa:
Mndandanda wina wodabwitsa womwe ndaupeza paukonde

1. Algogens ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kupweteka kwambiri zikakhudza khungu. Pakalipano, pali nyimbo zomwe zimagulitsidwa kuti ziteteze anthu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatira za lachrymatory. Chitsanzo: 1-methoxy-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene, dibenzoxazepine, capsaicin, pelargonic acid morpholide, resiniferatoxin, phorbol esters, cycloheptatriene.
2. Anxiogens amachititsa kuti munthu ayambe kugwidwa ndi mantha. Zitsanzo: cholecystokinin mtundu B receptor agonists.
3. Anticoagulants - kuchepetsa magazi kuundana, kuchititsa magazi. Zitsanzo: superwarfarin, dicoumarin zotumphukira.
4. Zokopa - kukopa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana kapena nyama (mwachitsanzo, zoluma, zosasangalatsa) kwa munthu. Izi zitha kuyambitsa mantha mwa munthu kapena kuyambitsa kuukira kwa tizilombo pamunthu. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kukopa tizirombo ku mbewu za adani. Chitsanzo: 3,11-dimethyl-2-nonacosanone (chokopa mphemvu).
5. Aphrodisiacs - amachititsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa libido. Malinga ndi ofufuza, izi zitha kuyambitsa mikangano pafupifupi gulu lankhondo la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zitsanzo: Viagra, Cialis.
6. Kununkha (malodorants) - kuyambitsa kuchotsedwa kwa anthu m'gawo kapena kwa munthu wina chifukwa cha kuipidwa kwa anthu ndi fungo losasangalatsa la m'deralo (munthu). Kaya zinthuzo kapena zopangidwa ndi kagayidwe kawo zimatha kukhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Zitsanzo: mercaptans, isonitriles, selenols, sodium tellurite, geosmin, benzcyclopropane.
7. Kuchititsa kupweteka kwa minofu - kumayambitsa kupweteka kwakukulu mu minofu ya munthu. Zitsanzo: thymol amino esters.
8. Kupangitsa tsitsi kutayika - cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito ndikukopa anthu okonda kucheza, kuchepetsa kukopa kwakunja. Zitsanzo: mchere wa thallium.
9. Antihypertensives - amachepetsa kwambiri kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuchititsa kugwa kwa orthostatic, zomwe zimapangitsa munthu kutaya chidziwitso kapena kusuntha. Zitsanzo: clonidine, canbisol, ma analogues oyambitsa mapulateleti.
10. Mahomoni - zimakhudza machitidwe ambiri a thupi m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe angayambitse kusintha kwa moyo wabwino komanso maganizo. Mitundu yokhazikika ya metabolic ya mahomoni nthawi zambiri imapangidwa. Zitsanzo: insulin, mahomoni adrenocorticotropic, glucocorticoids.
11. Ma denaturants - amapereka kukoma kosasangalatsa kwa zakudya, zomwe zingayambitse njala m'madera omwe akhudzidwa. Zitsanzo: mchere wa denatonium, kwinini.
12. Castrators - zimayambitsa kuthetsedwa kwa mankhwala (kutaya kwa kubalana). Zitsanzo: gossypol.
13. Catatonic - chifukwa chitukuko cha catatonia mwa omwe akhudzidwa. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mtundu wa psychochemical poizoni mankhwala. Zitsanzo: bulbocapnin.
14. Zopumula minofu zotumphukira zimayambitsa kumasuka kwathunthu kwa minofu ya chigoba. Zingayambitse imfa chifukwa cha kupumula kwa minofu yopuma. Zitsanzo: tubocurarine, dithiline.
15. Zotsitsimula zapakati za minofu zimayambitsa kumasuka kwa minofu ya chigoba. Mosiyana ndi zotumphukira, zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pakupuma ndipo kutulutsa kwawo kumakhala kovuta. Zitsanzo: kupumula minofu, phenylglycerin, benzimidazole.
16. Ma diuretics - amayambitsa kuthamanga kwa chikhodzodzo. Zitsanzo: furosemide.
17. Anesthesia - chifukwa cha opaleshoni mwa anthu wathanzi. Pakalipano, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa gulu ili la zinthu kumalepheretsedwa ndi kuchepa kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo: isoflurane, halothane.
18. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amachititsa anthu kukhala ndi chikhalidwe chomwe sangathe kunama mwachidwi. Tsopano zasonyezedwa kuti njirayi sikutsimikizira zoona zenizeni za munthu ndipo ntchito yawo ndi yochepa. Kawirikawiri izi sizinthu zapayekha, koma kuphatikiza kwa barbiturates ndi zolimbikitsa.
19. Narcotic analgesics - mu Mlingo pamwamba pa achire, amakhala ndi mphamvu yosokoneza. Wokhoza kuyambitsa chizolowezi. Zitsanzo: fentanyl, carfentanil, 14-methoxymethopon, etorphine, dihydroetorphine.
20. Kuwonongeka kwa Memory - Kumayambitsa kukumbukira kwakanthawi. Nthawi zambiri poizoni. Zitsanzo: cycloheximide, domoic acid, anticholinergics ambiri, benzdiazepines ena.
21. Neuroleptics imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa magalimoto ndi malingaliro mwa anthu. Zitsanzo: haloperidol, spiperone, fluphenazine.
22. Irreversible MAO inhibitors ndi gulu la zinthu zomwe zimatchinga monoamine oxidase. Zotsatira zake, mukamadya zakudya zomwe zili ndi amines zachilengedwe (tchizi, chokoleti), vuto la hypertensive limakwiyitsidwa. Zitsanzo: nialamide, pargyline.
23. Will suppressors - zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa kuthekera kopanga zisankho paokha. Ndi zinthu zamagulu osiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo: scopolamine.
24. Prurigens - zimayambitsa kuyabwa kosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo: 1,2-dithiocyanoethane.
25. Mankhwala a Psychotomimetic amachititsa psychosis yomwe imakhalapo kwa nthawi ndithu, pamene munthu sangathe kupanga zisankho zokwanira. Chitsanzo: BZ, LSD, mescaline, DMT, DOB, DOM, cannabinoids, PCP, psilocybin, DET, DMHP.
26. Mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba chifukwa chakuthwa mathamangitsidwe mu kukhuthula m`mimba nkhani. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwa nthawi yayitali mu gulu ili, kutopa kwa thupi kumatha kukula. Zitsanzo: bisacodyl.
27. Lachrymators (lacrimators) amayambitsa kuphulika kwakukulu ndi kutseka kwa zikope za munthu, chifukwa chake munthuyo sangathe kuwona zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iye ndikutaya mphamvu zake zolimbana. Pali zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa ziwonetsero. Zitsanzo: chloroacetophenone, bromoacetone, bromobenzyl cyanide, saltkyl lead salt, ethyl bromoacetate, ethyliodoacetate, ortho-chlorobenzylidene malonodinitrile (CS).
28. Mapiritsi ogona - amachititsa kuti munthu agone. Zitsanzo: flunitrazepam, barbiturates.
29. Sternites - zimayambitsa kuyetsemula kosalamulirika komanso kutsokomola, zomwe zingayambitse munthu kutaya chigoba cha gasi. Pali makhadi amalipoti. Zitsanzo: adamsite, diphenylchloroarsine, diphenylcyanarsine.
30. Tremorgens - zimayambitsa kugwedezeka kwa minofu ya chigoba. Zitsanzo: tremorine, oxotremorine, tremorgenic mycotoxins.
31. Photosensitizers - kumawonjezera chidwi pakhungu ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. Munthu akamatuluka padzuwa, amapsa kowawa. Zitsanzo: hypericin, furocoumarins.
32. Emetics (emetics) - zimayambitsa gag reflex, chifukwa chake kukhala mu chigoba cha gasi kumakhala kosatheka. Zitsanzo: zotumphukira za apomorphine, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, PHNO, zochokera ku aminotetralin.

Popeza uyu ndi Habr, ndipo opus iyi sinalembedwe ndi dokotala wa sayansi, wamkulu wamkulu mu chemistry. asilikali, membala-cor. ndi zina zotero ndi zina zotero, ndiye ndimatenga ufulu wotsutsa mndandandawu.
Mtsutsowu udzakhala waufupi, wa mbali imodzi, wosagwira ntchito kwambiri komanso wokonda kwambiri."Mankhwala a choonadi" ayenera kuperekedwa kudzera m'mitsempha - ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ayenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zamaganizo pa munthuyo. Kodi mungagwiritse ntchito bwanji izi polimbana? Ndipo "zitsanzo" zimatsutsana kwambiri: mwachitsanzo, "castrator" gossypol ndi polyphenol yachilengedwe yomwe imakhala ndi antiviral, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antioxidant katundu, ndi antitumor ntchito. Sindinawonepo chidziwitso chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mankhwala: si hormone ngati cyproterone acetate, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ngakhale mwamuna wamphongo azikula, osati antipsychotic ngati benperidol, zomwe zimakupangitsani kuti musafune kalikonse. Mwachiwonekere, ntchito ya "oponya" kuchepetsa mphamvu ya nkhondo ya olemba inasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa nkhani ya Theon Greyjoy - chabwino, palibe kanthu, pambuyo pake adadziwonetsa yekha kukhala wabwino kwambiri, inde.

Kodi zinthu zonunkha zidzawopseza ankhondo? Izi zinalembedwa ndi munthu amene anali asanakhalepo m’nyumba za asilikali.

Ndipo kodi scopolamine ndi yopondereza? Bugaga.

Choncho, sindidzayesa kupereka zitsanzo kuchokera pamndandandawu kwa gulu lirilonse. Mwina alipo, koma amagawidwa, mwina awa ndi zongopeka chabe za olemba omwe adawapereka, kapena mwina sindikufuna)))

Ndimanyong'onyekanso ndi gulu la okwiya - ichi ndi kuchuluka kwa lachrymators (zomwe zimawapangitsa kulira) ndi sternites (zomwe zimawapangitsa kutsokomola). Sindingaganizire zokwiyitsa - choyamba, palinso vuto ndi iwo - sizikhala nthawi yayitali, makamaka ngati mutachoka m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwa, ndipo ndi ena, kulephera mwangozi kumatha kuchitika, makamaka ndi CS ku Vietnam (komabe, pambuyo pa defoliants). , sindikuganiza kuti ili linali vuto lalikulu). Chabwino, chachiwiri, monga ndikumvera, zowerengera nthawi yayitali zidakhumudwitsa owerenga)

Chifukwa chake, %username%, tiyeni tikambirane zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri!

Sipadzakhala kugunda parade nthawi ino, kotero aliyense asankhe zomwe amakonda.

Ftorotan (halothane)

Ftorotan ndiye wotopetsa kwambiri, wosavuta komanso wosasangalatsa. Ndi madzi opanda mtundu, omwe sangapse ndi moto komanso amatha kutentha kwambiri (kuwira pafupifupi 50 ° C). Amanunkhira ngati chlorform.

Fluorotane opaleshoni ntchito zosiyanasiyana ntchito, kuphatikizapo m`mimba ntchito (pa m`mimba kapena thoracic ziwalo), ana ndi okalamba, ndi odwala mphumu bronchial. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa kupweteka kwa fluorotane ndikothandiza makamaka ngati kupewedwa kugwedezeka ndi kupsinjika kwa wodwalayo (mwachitsanzo, mu neurosurgery, ophthalmology, etc.). Kuti mupangitse anesthesia, yambani ndi kupereka kwa fluorothane mu ndende ya 0,5 vol.% (ndi mpweya), ndiye mkati mwa mphindi 1,5-3 muwonjezere mpaka 3-4 vol.%. Kusunga gawo la opaleshoni ya opaleshoni, ndende ya 0,5-2 vol.% imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito fluorotane, chikumbumtima nthawi zambiri chimazimitsa pakatha mphindi 1-2 mutangoyamba kutulutsa nthunzi yake. Pambuyo pa mphindi 3-5, gawo la opaleshoni ya opaleshoni limayamba. Mphindi 3-5 mutasiya kupereka fluorotane, odwala amayamba kudzuka. Kukhumudwa kwa anesthesia kumatha mphindi 5-10 pambuyo pa opaleshoni yaifupi komanso mphindi 30-40 mutatha opaleshoni yayitali. Chisangalalo sichichitika kawirikawiri ndipo chimasonyezedwa mofooka. Palibe kukwiya kwa dongosolo la kupuma konse.

Amanena kuti simuyenera kuchita nawo kafukufuku wa fluorotane, chifukwa nthawi zina zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chiwindi (halothane hepatitis). Kutupa kwa chiwindi kumachitika makamaka mwa anthu azaka zopitilira 40, nthawi zambiri mwa akazi kuposa amuna. Mphamvu yapoizoni ya fluorotane imachitika osati chifukwa chachindunji chokha, komanso kupanga ma metabolites oopsa (trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoroethanol, trifluoroacetaldehyde).

Koma popeza nthunzi ya fluorotane imakhala yolemera nthawi 6,7 kuposa mpweya, kwenikweni inkatengedwa ngati njira ya "gasi ogona", choyipa ndi chakuti muyenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga, chifukwa mpweya utatha, aliyense adzadzuka mu mphindi zisanu.

Isoflurane ili ndi zinthu zomwezo.
Isoflurane

Awa ndi olephera kulowa. Koma amapeza gulu Lalikulu ndi Lowopsa la asing'anga - zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakanthawi - thupi kapena thupi.

Kodi tili ndi ndaninso pano?

Apomorphine

Chabwino, apomorphine mwina amadziwika bwino kwa iwo omwe akufuna kudzipha ndipo adakumanapo ndi poizoni wazakudya. Inde, inde, awa ndi mankhwala omwe amachokera ku morphine powawonetsa ku hydrochloric acid. Pankhaniyi, mlatho wa okosijeni wa morphine alkaloids umachotsedwa ndipo, chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwa maselo, kupangidwa kwatsopano kwa XNUMX-cyclic pawiri.

Onse omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ayenera kuyima osathamangira ku pharmacy - ngakhale apomorphine amasunga zina mwazinthu za abambo ake, zotsatira zake zazikulu ndizosiyana: ndi zotupa zamphamvu. 0,01 mg / kg imayambitsa zotsatirazi zosangalatsa: poyamba inu, % username%, mukuwoneka kuti mukuvutika ndi nyanja: wotumbululuka, thukuta lozizira, nseru - ngati simunayambe mwadwalapo nyanja, ndiye pitirirani - mukutsimikiziridwa kuti mumvetsetsa momwe zimakhalira. Kenako patatha pafupifupi mphindi 3-10 mudzayamba kusanza nthawi yomweyo, mochuluka komanso mosadziletsa. Ayi, sizili ngati "kutaya" monga nthawi zina mutatha kumwa - ayi: mukucheza ndi bwenzi loyera, yemwe mwina ali pamalo aulemu m'nyumba mwanu. Zidzatenga pafupifupi ola limodzi kumukumbatira ndikuyimbira Ichthyander - mosalekeza, ndi kupuma kosowa. Ndiye amalola kupita - kufooka pang'ono ndipo chirichonse chidzadutsa.

Kodi ndizomveka tsopano chifukwa chake apomorphine amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozunza poyizoni?

N’zoonekelatu kuti msilikali wolimba mtima amene amalakalaka mosadziletsa dziko lakwawo sathandiza kwenikweni pankhondo. Pali vuto limodzi lokha: apomorphine iyenera kubayidwa m'magazi kapena kulowetsa mphuno. Kuti mukhale ndi zotsatira, muyenera kumwa kwambiri ndi madzi (oposa 10 mg) - ndi kapisozi ya gelatin ndi ascorbic acid, apo ayi chinthucho chidzagwa m'mimba. Sizigwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyo kunkhondo.

Mwa njira, apomorphine nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa zidakwa zonse. Njira yophunzitsira ndi yosavuta: apomorphine hydrochloride imayikidwa pansi pa khungu pa mlingo umodzi wa 0,002 g mpaka 0,01 g, payekha kusankha mlingo umene umayambitsa kusanza kwa wodwala. Pakatha mphindi 3-4 mutatha kumwa apomorphine, patsani wodwalayo galasi lokhala ndi 30-50 ml ya zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe amachitira nkhanza. Mseru ukayamba, amati mungomwa chakumwacho, kenako muyenera kununkhiza ndikutsuka pakamwa panu. Pamene nseru imakula kwambiri ndipo wodwalayo akumva kuti akuyandikira kusanza, ayenera kutenganso zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Nthawi zambiri pakatha mphindi 1-15 chiyambi cha nseru, kusanza kumayamba. Magawo amachitika 1-2 pa tsiku. Pavlov amayamikira.

Palinso zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana. Nachi chitsanzo chapafupi:
Lycorin

Palibe amene amalandira lycorine, ali yekhayekha: ndi alkaloid yomwe imapezeka muzomera zingapo za banja la amaryllis, makamaka muzomera zamtundu wa Clivia, Crinum, Galanthus, ndi Ungernia.
Mankhwalawa ndi ofooka nthawi 50 kuposa apomorphine, koma amachititsa kusanza ngakhale poyizoni ndi antipsychotics - ndichifukwa chake amadziwika kwambiri pakati pa anthu ofuna kudzipha.

Fentanyl

Sindimakonda chinthu ichi, koma iyi ndi nkhani ina. Fentanyl ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Muzochita zamankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati citrate. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsera ululu mwachangu. Mu Russian, iwo amasiyana naye. Ndipo mwamphamvu. Monga heroin.

Pamene kutumikiridwa parenterally kwa nyama, izo zimayambitsa analgesia mu Mlingo wa thousandths kufika hundredths wa mg/kg. Zotsatira zimachitika mkati mwa mphindi 2-10. Mlingo wakupha wa fentanyl wa khoswe ukaperekedwa kudzera m'mitsempha ndi LD50 = 3-5 mg/kg. Fentanyl imayambitsa kutayika kwa chidwi mwa anthu pakamwa pa mlingo wa 0,05-0,1 mg/kg, ndipo pa mlingo woposa 0,2 mg/kg, kukomoka kumachitika kale.

Chabwino, zikuwonekeratu kuti akatswiri olimba mtima olimba mtima sanayime pa fentanyl ndipo anayamba kuyang'ana mwakhama kuti achite chiyani kuti atuluke mofulumira, apamwamba, amphamvu. Chabwino, ndiyenera kunena - zinagwira ntchito. Zina zopambana pansipa.

Carfentanil

Chofunika kwambiri kupambana. Imodzi mwa ma opioid amphamvu kwambiri, gawo limodzi la carfentanil ndi lamphamvu kwambiri kuwirikiza ka 100 kuposa fentanyl, mphamvu 5000 kuposa gawo la heroin, komanso mphamvu 10 kuposa gawo la morphine. Ntchito yapakatikati ya analgesic ED000 (ndiko kuti, idakhudza 50% ya anthu) pazinthu izi zikaperekedwa kudzera m'mitsempha kwa makoswe ndi 50 mcg/kg, mlingo wakupha wapakatikati wa LD0,41 (apa 50% adamwalira) ndi 50 mg/kg, kuwonekera pa thupi la munthu limayamba ndi 3,39 mcg.

Munthawi yamtendere, carfentanil imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpumulo wa njovu: ngati inu, %username%, musunga njovu kunyumba, ndiye kuti mugone, dziwani kuti mamiligalamu awiri a carfentanil ndi okwanira. Chinthu ichi chimapangidwa mwamalonda: mankhwalawa ali pamsika wamankhwala pansi pa dzina la Wildnil monga mankhwala oletsa kupweteka kwa nyama zazikulu - potency yapamwamba kwambiri sikutanthauza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu. Ngati mukufuna, opioid yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazachipatala mwa anthu ndi sufentanil, yomwe ili pafupifupi 10-20 yotsika kuposa carfentanil. Mwa njira, ohmefentanil imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwa nyama. Ndipo inde, "masyringe owuluka" onsewa akuchokera pamutuwu.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziwika bwino cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka carfentanil pachipatala cha Chowona Zanyama ndi gawo la Discovery Channel lolembedwa ndi Animal Cops: Houston, lomwe lidawonetsa momwe chimbalangondo chabulauni chidalandilidwa ndi carfentanil (chosungunuka mu uchi) kuti chisamutsidwe bwino kuchokera ku mwiniwake wankhanza kumwera. Texas kupita ku Houston Zoo.

Malinga ndi akatswiri angapo, omwe sanatsimikizidwe ndi asilikali a chitetezo cha Russia, aerosol yochokera ku carfentanil inagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya mphepo yamkuntho ya Dubrovka Theatre Center ku Moscow mu 2002 kuti achepetse mwayi wa zigawenga zophulitsa zida zophulika. Mfundoyi inachokera ku mfundo yakuti chithandizo chamankhwala chadzidzidzi chinalangizidwa (mochedwa komanso popanda kufotokozera zamtundu wa wothandizira) kuti agwiritse ntchito opioid antagonists. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso, madokotala sakanatha kupanga njira yotsitsimutsa ndikupereka kuchuluka kokwanira kwa naloxone ndi naltrexone zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu izi kuti zithandize bwino onse ozunzidwa. Poganiza kuti carfentanil ndi gawo lokhalo logwira ntchito la hypnotic aerosol, chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa chikhoza kukhala kumangidwa kwa kupuma kwa opioid, pamene kupuma kochita kupanga ndi otsutsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaloko (osati kutumizidwa ku zipatala) akhoza kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri. kapena onse ozunzidwa.

Ndiloleni nditsindikenso: Sindinakhalepo, ndikulemba zomwe zili m'malo otseguka, ndipo chifukwa chake ndinena kuti pali malingaliro akuti:

• Sizinali carfentanil yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma 3-methylfentanyl (kuti tikambirane pansipa).
• Fluorothane idagwiritsidwa ntchito (inali yapamwamba).
• BZ idagwiritsidwa ntchito (idzakhala pansipa).

Mwachidule, %username%, ngati muli ndi mafunso ena okhudza izi, imbani +74952242222.

Alfentanil

Alfentanil ndi mchimwene wake wamng'ono kwambiri wa carfentanil. Pa mlingo wa 0,0025 mg/kg, anthu amanjenjemera, ndipo pa mlingo wa 0,175 mg/kg, munthu amakhala wosasunthika 4-5 mphindi pambuyo pa makonzedwe. Akuti bungwe la National Institute of Justice ku United States, pofufuza zinthu zomwe zingalepheretse zigawenga popanda kuvulaza, linagwiritsanso ntchito alfentanil. Zinapezeka, komabe, kuti ngati mutadutsa mlingo wochiritsira ndi maulendo 4, pali chiopsezo chakupha kupuma kumangidwa. Pamapeto pake, ofufuzawo adayenera kusiya kuyesa ndi alfentanil ndikuyang'ana zinthu zotetezeka. 1972-methylfentanyl, yopangidwa mu 3, idadziwika kwambiri - mankhwala amphamvu komanso ochepetsa ululu, nthawi 500-2000 yogwira kwambiri kuposa heroin. Ikaperekedwa ndi inhalation, mulingo wa 3-methylfentanyl umaposa ma psychomimetics ambiri.

3-methylfentanyl

Podziwa za zomwe zimachokera ku fentanyl, ena adaganiza zopanga poizoni wawo ndi machitidwe ndi mahule - ndipo α-methylfentanyl adawonekera. Izi ndi mankhwala oyipa, osavuta kupanga pakati pa zotumphukira zonse za fentanyl. Mawonekedwe: amawononga miyoyo ya omwe amavomereza, ndi amene amachita izo. Pa mfundo, sindidzalemba chilichonse chokhudza iye. Pepani, %username%.

Mwa njira, kuti musasunthike, simuyenera kumupopera wodzaza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pagulu lotsatirali lilinso ndi immobilizing effect:

0,001 mg / kg imayambitsa kusowa mphamvu kwa thupi, ngakhale kuti imadutsa mofulumira. Kuti mukhale wofooka kwamuyaya, muyenera kudya mopitirira muyeso: mlingo wapoizoni ndi wokwera nthawi 1000.
Moona mtima: Ndinayiwala kale dzina laling'ono la tsiku ndi tsiku la chinthu ichi, koma ndapeza ndondomeko yake. Gwiritsani ntchito.

Tikuwonjezera chidwi, %username%!

Sernil

Sernyl, kapena phencyclidine, kapena SN malinga ndi nomenclature ya mautumiki akunja mu Mlingo wa 0,03-1 mg/kg, pakapita nthawi yobisika mpaka ola limodzi, imayamba kugwira ntchito moseketsa: pali kusintha kwanthawi m'boma. za chisangalalo ndi kukhumudwa. Sindikudziwa momwe ndingafotokozere malingaliro osiyanasiyana awa, koma pamapeto pake thupi limatopa mwachangu. Pali kumverera kwa kusungulumwa kwakukulu ndi kudzipatula, ndiye - negativism ndi chidani. Maola 8-10 mutalandira sernil, zizindikiro zimasiyana pang'ono ndi za schizophrenia.

Ngati muwonjezera pang'ono, ndiye kuti pa 2 mg/kg catalepsy ndizotheka mpaka masiku atatu. Apa ndi pamene mukhala, yang'anani pawindo ndipo musasunthe. Koma pali zabwino zake - mutha kuwonetsa muzithunzi zina ...

Chozizwitsa ichi chidapangidwa m'ma 1950 ku USA ndipo chidagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachipatala mpaka 1965. Kuyambira 1979, sernyl yaletsedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupanga.

Mwa njira, malo osangalatsa a pabwalo lanu amatha kudziwa sulfure monga PCP, mapiritsi amtendere, fumbi la Angelo - inde, "Aria" amaimba za izo, HOG, Killer udzu, KJ, Embalming fluid, Rocker fuel, Sherms, ndi zina zotero.

Sernil amayambitsa chizolowezi choledzeretsa, komanso, mnzakeyo amachitira nsanje kwambiri ndi magwero ena a zosangalatsa zapadziko lapansi: kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina - mwachitsanzo, mowa, chamba kapena benzodiazepines - zimatha kuyambitsa chikomokere.

Mnzake wa Sernil ndi mnzake m'manja ndi awa:
Zoyipa zina

Ichi ndi chinthu chachiwiri chomwe ndinayiwala dzina lochepa. Tsopano mukudziwa zolemba zanga zopusa, %username%! Ndikhulupirireni, izi ndi zoipa kuposa poizoni aliyense.

Izi zinyalala Mlingo wa 60-210 mcg/kg amachita mu 0,5-2 hours ngati atengedwa pakamwa, ndipo ngati pokoka mpweya kapena jekeseni, pambuyo 5 mphindi. Pafupifupi, 5 mg yokha ndiyofunika pa munthu aliyense.

Zikakhudzidwa, zizindikirozo zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi sernil. Posakhalitsa kuledzera, kufooka, chizungulire, kunjenjemera ndi kugwedezeka kwa minofu zidzawoneka, ndiye nseru, dzanzi m'kamwa ndi vuto la kulankhula lidzawonekera. Ndipo pafupifupi ola limodzi chinthu chachikulu chidzayamba. Kutha kukhazikika ndi kuganiza, lingaliro la nthawi ndi malo zidzatayika. Kulumikizana kumasokonekera, ma reflex okhazikika amasokonekera. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri: kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo. Zokongola. Zomveka komanso zowoneka. Koma vuto ndi lakuti, aliyense ndi woipa. Potsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha mantha osatha ndi mantha, ichi ndi chinachake. Mudzakhala ndi mantha, kumva ndi kuwona zomwe mukuwopa kwa nthawi yayitali ya 5-6, ndipo ngati muli ndi mwayi wogwira 200 mcg / kg kapena kuposa, depersonalization wathunthu zimachitika, inu, % username%, simulinso % username% - koma chaching'ono, chonjenjemera, chogwedeza cholengedwa chomwe chikulira, kulira komanso kuchita MANTHA. Sizosangalatsa?

Zosangalatsa kwambiri moti anthu otchuka kwambiri a psychotropic incapacitants amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira za hallucinogenic.

Kotero, tiyeni tikumane - LSD

Mwa njira, kuseri kwa mawu akuti "LSD" ndi dzina la mwaluso - D-lysergic asidi N, N-diethylamide. Chabwino, zili ngati kutchedwa dzina lanu loyamba ndi patronymic.

Pa November 16, 1938, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Switzerland Albert Hofmann ku Basel anapeza LSD-25 kuchokera ku lysergic acid (25 chifukwa inali chigawo cha 25 chomwe adapanga). Anthu ankadziwa kale za kawopsedwe ka ergotoxins kuchokera ku ergot; Arthur Stoll mu labotale ya Sandoz anali atapatula ergotamine kuchokera ku sclerotia mu 1918 - koma adaphunzira potengera momwe amakhudzira minofu ya chiberekero. Sindikuganiza kuti Hofmann anali ndi vuto ndi chiberekero chake, koma mwanjira ina, adalandira LSD. Mwombereni m'manja (ngakhale adamwalira kale, koma osati izi).

Ndipo kotero, pa Epulo 19, 1943, Hofmann, monga wasayansi wowona (hmm?), Adavomereza zomwe adapanga. 250 micrograms. Zotsatira zake: patapita kanthawi, chizungulire ndi nkhawa zinayamba kuonekera. Posakhalitsa zotsatira zake zinakhala zamphamvu kwambiri moti Albert sakanathanso kupanga ziganizo zogwirizana ndipo, atawona wothandizira wake, atadziwitsidwa za kuyesako, adakwera njinga yake kunyumba. Ulendowu udakhala wosangalatsa: Kumvera kwa Hofmann - kuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono - sikunafanane ndi zolinga zake: adayendetsa ngati nkhumba yolimbikitsidwa. Pa nthawi yomweyi, boulevard yodziwika bwino panjira yopita ku nyumbayi inatembenukira kwa Hofmann kukhala chojambula cha Salvador Dali: zinkawoneka kwa iye kuti nyumbazo zinali zodzaza ndi mafunde ang'onoang'ono.

Hofmann atafika kunyumba, anapempha wothandizira wake kuti aitane dokotala n’kufunsa mkaka wa mnansi, umene anausankha kuti ukhale mankhwala ophera poizoni.

Dokotala wofikayo sanapeze zolakwika zilizonse mwa wodwalayo, kupatula ana omwe anali ofooka. Komabe, kwa maola angapo, Hofmann anali mumkhalidwe wachisokonezo: zinkawoneka kwa iye kuti wagwidwa ndi ziwanda, kuti mnansi wake anali mfiti, ndi kuti mipando ya m'nyumba mwake inali kumuopseza. Ndiye kumverera kwa nkhawa kunachepa, ndipo m'malo ndi zithunzi zamitundu yambiri mu mawonekedwe a mabwalo ndi zozungulira, zomwe sizinathe ngakhale ndi maso otsekedwa. Hofmann ananenanso kuti anamva phokoso la galimoto yodutsa ngati chithunzi cha kuwala.

Pa April 22, iye analemba za kuyesera kwake ndi zimene zinamuchitikira, ndipo pambuyo pake anaphatikiza cholemba ichi m’buku lake la LSD - My Problem Child.

M'mawu oyamba a bukhu lake, Hofmann adalemba, makamaka, kuti adakhala katswiri wamankhwala chifukwa cha chikhumbo chake chofuna mgwirizano ndi chilengedwe. Anali kufunafuna zinthu zimene zimakulitsa luso la munthu lotha kuzindikira dziko lonse lomuzungulira. Komabe, pa nthawi yolemba bukuli, wasayansiyo adadziwa kale kuti kugwirizana komwe adapeza sikumangowonjezera chidziwitso, komanso kuwononga psyche yaumunthu, zomwe zimabweretsa zotsatira zoopsa.

"Kulowetsa mwadala zochitika zachinsinsi, makamaka mothandizidwa ndi LSD ndi ma hallucinogens ofanana, poyerekeza ndi zokumana nazo zongochitika zokha, zimakhala ndi zoopsa zomwe sitingathe kuzinyalanyaza. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuganizira zina mwazotsatira za zinthuzi, zomwe ndi kuthekera kwawo kukhudza chidziwitso chathu, zozama kwambiri za ife eni. Mbiri ya LSD mpaka pano ikuwonetseratu zotsatira zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pamene kuya kwa zotsatira zake kumachepetsedwa ndipo chinthucho chimadziwika kuti ndi mankhwala omwe amatengedwa kuti asangalale. Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kudapangitsa LSD kukhala mwana wanga wamavuto."

- "LSD ndi vuto langa mwana", A. Hofmann.

Komabe, kuyambira pamenepo, April 19, 1943, otsatira ena atcha “Tsiku la Njinga” ndipo amalikondwerera. Mwa njira yanga.
Sitampu yolemekeza tchuthi. Ndi chiyani mbali ina ya sitampu - ndikuganiza?

Limagwirira ntchito LSD ndi zovuta kwambiri. Choyamba, chinthu ichi ndi analogue ya serotonin, neurotransmitter yomwe imayang'anira kupuma, kugona ndi kusunga mphamvu. Mphamvu ya antiserotonin ya LSD imatsogolera ku ziwonetsero. Kuphatikiza pa serotoninolytic yotsika kwambiri (chinthu chomwe chimatchinga ma receptor a mitsempha ya mitsempha momwe mkhalapakati ndi serotonin), LSD imakhalanso ndi zoletsa pa monoamine oxidase (MAO) ya serotonin, komanso pa MAO a oyimira ena ena. - γ-aminobutyric acid, histamine ndi norepinephrine. Mwachidule, zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndipo ziyenera kunenedwa kuti sizinaphunzire bwino.

Kwa nthawi ndithu zinkaganiziridwa kuti kuphunzira mankhwala atsopano kungapereke chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha schizophrenia, chomwe chimadziwikanso ndi mavuto ndi ntchito ya serotonin. Komabe, asayansi ambiri sanakhulupirire kuti psychedelic ndi schizophrenic psychosis zinali zofanana. Ngakhale kufanana kwina, lingaliro la chikhalidwe chimodzi cha schizophrenia ndi zochita za LSD zatsutsidwa.

Mwanjira ina, m'zaka za m'ma 1960, kafukufuku wa LSD adachitika mwachangu - ndipo tsopano ndikulankhula za kafukufuku wamtendere kwathunthu ndi asayansi ku mayunivesite ku USA ndi mayiko ena. Maphunziro otchuka kwambiri ndi Stanislav Grof ndi Timothy Leary. Womalizayo adalimbikitsa psychotropic iyi, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti phindu lake limaposa zotsatira zake. Kuphatikiza apo, adapereka LSD kwa ophunzira ena popanda kuwachenjeza za dzina lake, monga momwe amachitira nthawi zambiri pophunzira za psychedelics panthawiyi. Pambuyo pake, a Timothy Leary adazunzidwa kwambiri ndi akuluakulu aboma, kuphatikiza chifukwa chaukali wake pazabwino za "kukulitsa chidziwitso" kwa anthu.

Mu 1977, pamsonkhano wa Senate ya US, Mtsogoleri wa CIA a Stansfield Turner adavomereza kuti CIA yakhala ikuchita mayesero angapo pogwiritsa ntchito LSD kwa anthu popanda chilolezo chawo kapena chidziwitso kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 (pulogalamu ya MK Ultra). Anthu ambiri a ku America anayesedwa kotereku, amene mwa iwo anali, makamaka akaidi, odwala m’zipatala za amisala ndi odwala m’zipatala za khansa, anamwino, ndi “antchito ena azachipatala.” Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nkhani zina zoyesera “zinali zizindikiro zoyambirira za schizophrenia.”

Kuchulukirachulukira kwa zinthu za psychotropic ndi LSD kudasesa ku America konse, komwe kudakhudza kwambiri kupangika kwa chikhalidwe chazaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri. Mawu a Dr. Leary anadziwika kwambiri ndipo anakhala mawu a anthu ochirikiza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa psychedelics: “Yatsani, mvetserani, siyani.” Mawu akuti "kugwa" amatanthauza kuchoka ku makhalidwe abwino ndi moyo wa gawo lalikulu la anthu.

Mu 1966, kupanga, kugawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zidaletsedwa ku United States. Mankhwalawa anali oletsedwa ngakhale kafukufuku wa labotale.
Ndipo ndithudi anthu opanga ankakonda LSD.

• Pamene The Beatles analemba nyimbo "Lucy mu Sky ndi Diamonds", John Lennon anafotokoza chiyambi cha mutu wa nyimbo ponena kuti mwana wake Julian christened zojambula zake motero. Komabe, ambiri adawona m'dzina ili chizindikiro cha mankhwala a LSD, chifukwa ichi ndi chidule cha zilembo zake zoyambirira, ndipo BBC idaletsa nyimboyi kuti isasinthe. Pambuyo pake Paul McCartney adanena kuti chikoka cha LSD pa nyimboyi ndi chodziwikiratu.
• Otsatira a LSD adaphatikizapo asayansi odziwika bwino monga Francis Crick, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa maphunziro a DNA ndi machitidwe, ndi Stanislav Grof, yemwe adaphunzira zamaganizo a transpersonal. Steve Jobs ndi Bill Gates adagwiritsanso ntchito mankhwalawa. Jobs akufotokoza zochitika zake za LSD monga "chimodzi mwa zinthu ziwiri kapena zitatu zofunika kwambiri zomwe ndinachitapo pamoyo wanga." Mwa njira, Jobs adamwalira ndi khansa ya kapamba, ndipo Gates ndi m'modzi mwa omwe ali ndi mbiri ya ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ku zachifundo. Mwinamwake izi ziribe kanthu kochita nazo.
• Ndizodziwika bwino kuti inali LSD yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito "kudzoza" ndi olemba otchuka padziko lonse lapansi Aldous Huxley ("Dziko Latsopano Lolimba Mtima"), Kurt Vonnegut ("Cat's Cradle"), Ken Kesey ("One Flew Over the Cuckoo's). Nest"), komanso oimba ena monga John Lennon, Syd Barrett, Jim Morrison ndi ena.
• Mwa njira, mu filimu "Black Mirror. Bandersnatch” ngwaziyo ndi mnzake amakumana ndi zotsatira za LSD zofanana kwambiri ndi zenizeni.

Koma tiyeni tibwererenso ku mutu wathu. Pa nthawi yomwe LSD idapezeka, asitikali ndi anzeru anali ndi mndandanda wazinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa kale zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana: mescaline, psilocybin, TMA, THC, nalorphine, harmine, DOM, DMT, ibotenic acid. Ngakhale N, N-dimethylamide yomweyo ya asidi acetic - ndipo pa 400 mg/kg imayambitsa kukhumudwa, kutayika kwa malingaliro, kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, kunyengerera ndi kufooka - komanso modalirika, kwa masiku 7!

Koma adasankhabe LSD. Chifukwa chiyani?

• Kuti mupulumuke modalirika, 0,1-0,2 mg pa teetotaler ndi 0,3-0,5 mg pa wakumwa ndi wokwanira (inde, ndiko kulondola!). IZI NDI ZANG'ONO! Ndicho chifukwa chake m'malo osangalatsa sagulitsa mapiritsi a LSD-amagulitsa zizindikiro zomwe, ngati mukuwanyambita, mumatsimikiziridwa kuti mutenge mlingo woyenera.
• LSD imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi (mu mawonekedwe a tartrate) ndipo imakhala yokhazikika.
• Mlingo wakupha ndi pafupifupi 100 mg pa munthu, womwe ndi 500-1000 nthawi zambiri kuposa mlingo woyenera. Ndizovuta kupha (koma mwa njira, munthu mmodzi mwa 1 amadzuka kuchokera ku N,N-dimethylamide ya acetic acid yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa).
• Palibe zotsatira zowonjezera.
• Palibe chizolowezi - osachepera physiologically.
• "Amanyamula" kwa maola 5 osachepera - masiku awiri.

Chifukwa chake mankhwalawa sanangopeza njira yolowera m'mabuku, komanso adalandiridwa pansi pa code yomveka komanso yomveka bwino ya LSD. Anapanganso ma analogi! Zowona, onse sanapambane.
Ma analogue akulu a LSD (m'mabako zochita zawo za hallucinogenic poyerekezera ndi LSD mu%)

• 2-bromo-LSD (7%, zotsatira limapezeka kokha 2% ya maphunziro, 1,5 nthawi yogwira antiserotonin kuposa LSD, chidule - BOL);
• lysergic acid amide (0%);
• Lysergic acid dimethylamide (10%);
• lysergic asidi monoethylamide (5-10%);
• lysergic acid morpholide (30%);
• 1-acetyl-LSD (100%, koma nthawi ya zochita ndi 2-3 nthawi lalifupi, ndipo zotsatira vegetative ndi kutchulidwa kwambiri, dzina - ALD-52);
• 1-methyl-LSD (36%, 4 nthawi zambiri kuposa LSD ponena za ntchito ya antiserotonin);
• 1-methoxy-LSD (66%);
• lysergic asidi pyrrolidide (5%).

Kuipa kwa LSD kukanakhala kodziwikiratu: ergot inali yofunika kuti ipangidwe, imayenera kukula, imatulutsa lysergic acid - mankhwalawo anali okwera mtengo. Kufufuzako kunayamba kusaka chinthu chomwe sichingakhale choipitsitsa. Ndipo komabe tazipeza!
BZ

Ayi, %username%, "BZ" ilibe kanthu kochita ndi mawu aliwonse achilengedwe. Ndipo mfundo yakuti "BZ", pamene pali cholakwika ndi masanjidwewo, imakhala "YA" ndizongochitika mwangozi. Mwina.

BZ - benzyl acid 3-quinuclidyl ester ndi psychotomimetic kuchokera ku gulu la glycolate.
Idapangidwa ndi kampani yaku Swiss mankhwala Hoffman-LaRoche mu 1951 - kampaniyo inali kufufuza antispasmodics zochizira matenda am'mimba. Ndipo zomwe zidakhala zosayenera zilonda zidakhala zoyenera kwambiri pazolinga zina (chabwino, ndi Viagra, mwa njira, zomwezo zidachitika).

Panthawiyi, asilikali a ku United States anali kuyendayenda kuti apeze mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe sangaphe, kuphatikizapo psychedelic mankhwala monga LSD ndi THC, mankhwala osokoneza bongo monga ketamine ndi phencyclidine, opioids amphamvu monga fentanyl, ndi glycolate anticholinergics angapo. . Ndipo ndipamene ndinapeza mwayi.

Mankhwalawa poyamba adatchedwa "TK", koma atakhazikitsidwa ndi asilikali mu 1961, adalandira dzina la NATO "BZ". Wothandizirayo adadziwika kuti "Buzz" chifukwa cha katchulidwe kameneka komanso zotsatira zake pamaganizidwe a anthu odzipereka ochita kafukufuku ku Edgewood Arsenal ku Maryland.

Mu 1962, pa Pine Bluff asilikali base (Arkansas), kukhazikitsa kwa kupanga zinthu BZ pa sikelo mafakitale. Kuchita kwake kwankhondo kunayesedwa pamayesero akumunda omwe adamalizidwa mu 1966.

Popeza BZ ndi kristalo yoyera yokhala ndi malo osungunuka a 190 ° C, kusasunthika kochepa komanso kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwakukulu, mabomba amagulu anagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe anabalalitsa mabomba a pyrotechnic "kusuta" ndi BZ pafupifupi mahekitala 1,2. Panalinso "jenereta" wodzazidwa ndi 5-6 makilogalamu BZ. Njira zoipitsira kuchokera ku zipolopolo, zipolopolo, ndi zinthu zina zinalingaliridwanso.

BZ imagwira ntchito ngati aerosol pafupifupi 110 mg * min/l - ndipo ndizovuta kupha ndi chinthu ichi; zidadziwika kuti gulu lowopsa limaphatikizapo okalamba, ana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi matenda am'mimba.

The isanayambike mwachizolowezi: dilated ana, pakamwa youma, kuchuluka kugunda kwa mtima. Pambuyo pa mphindi 30-60, chochitika chachikulu cha sewerocho chimayamba: kufooka kwa chidwi ndi kukumbukira, kuchepa kwa zochitika zakunja, kutchulidwa kukhumudwa komanso kusokonezeka kwa chilengedwe. Pambuyo pa maola 1-4, tachycardia yoopsa, chisokonezo, ndi kutaya kukhudzana ndi dziko lakunja zimadziwika. Ziwonetserozi zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri moti munthu watsoka sangamvetse zomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe amaganiza. Izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri, %username%. Mudzafuna kuseka, dala.

Zotsatira zake, negativism yaukali imayamba: munthu amachita zosiyana ndi zomwe akuuzidwa. Ndipo nthawi zambiri - ndi kupsa mtima. Misala iyi imatha mpaka masiku 4-5, zovuta zotsalira - mpaka milungu 2-3. Kutha kukumbukira pang'ono kapena kwathunthu ndizotheka.

Limagwirira ntchito BZ si zochepa zovuta kuposa LSD. BZ ndi mdani wa muscarinic acetylcholine zolandilira, ndiko kuti, kwenikweni ndi anticholinergic kuti kusokoneza kufala kwa mitsempha zikhumbo ndi nawo acetylcholine - inde,% lolowera%, monga VX, koma pali nuances. The nuance ndi mkulu chiŵerengero cha poizoni kwa mlingo wogwira: kwa BZ chiŵerengero ichi ndi pafupifupi 40 nthawi (kuchokera 32 mpaka 384 nthawi), ndiye, kwenikweni, zotsatira za BZ - ndi pang'ono poyizoni kwambiri. Mwachidule, mdierekezi yekha adzathyola mwendo wake, koma Datura, diphenhydramine ndi taren (aprofen) ndi abale limagwirira ntchito ndi BZ. Chabwino, mwina osati achibale, koma ndithu azisuweni.

Pali kutchulidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo ya Vietnam, koma zotsatira zake zimangonenedwa kuti ndi "zokhutiritsa."

Amakhulupirira kuti Paul Robeson adaledzeretsa ndi BZ mu 1961, zomwe zidayambitsa kukomoka komanso kukhumudwa kwambiri.

Mu February 1998, Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku UK unadzudzula Iraq chifukwa chosunga kuchuluka kwa glycolate anticholinergic "Agent 15". Agent 15 ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi mankhwala ofanana kapena ofanana kwambiri ndi BZ, ndipo adasungidwa mochuluka kwambiri isanayambe komanso pa nthawi ya Gulf War. Komabe, nkhondo itatha, CIA idatsimikiza kuti Iraq sinasungitse kapena kutumiza Agent 15.

Mu Januwale 2013, mkulu wina wa US osadziwika, akutchula chingwe cha US State Department chomwe sichinatchulidwe, adanena kuti "okhudzana ndi Syria amapereka umboni wokwanira kuti Agent 15, mankhwala a hallucinogenic ofanana ndi BZ, adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Homs." Komabe, poyankha malipoti amenewa, mneneri wa bungwe la United States National Security Council anati: “Malipoti omwe tawaona m’manyuzipepala onena za zida za mankhwala ku Syria zomwe akuti zachitika ku Syria sakugwirizana ndi zomwe timakhulupirira kuti ndi zoona pankhani ya zida zankhondo zaku Syria. " Mankhwalawa adagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu August 2013 Ghouta.

Pa Epulo 14, 2018, Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Russia, Sergei Lavrov, adalengeza kuti akatswiri ochokera ku Switzerland Center for radiological and chemical-radiological analysis mumzinda wa Spiez, omwe adasanthula zitsanzo za Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons kuchokera pamalo omwe adaphapo poizoni. Sergei ndi Yulia Skripal ku Salisbury, adapeza zolemba za BZ. Pa April 18, pamsonkhano wa bungwe la akuluakulu a OPCW, mkulu wake wamkulu, Ahmet Üzümcü, adalongosola kuti chotsatira cha BZ chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo chowongolera kuti ayang'ane ubwino wa ma laboratories ndipo alibe chochita ndi zitsanzo kuchokera ku Salisbury.

Monga amalemba, mu 1988-1990, nkhokwe zonse za BZ ku United States zinathetsedwa pamodzi ndi kupanga mafakitale. Tsopano kupanga kokha woyendetsa ndege padziko lapansi, yomwe ili mumzinda wa Edgewood (USA), imalola kupanga matani a 20 / chaka, pamene kunja kwa USA mphamvu zonse zopanga sizifika ngakhale tani 1 / chaka, chifukwa vutoli. sichinathe kuthetsedwa motere nthawi yonse yopangira kalambulabwalo wake - 3-quinuclidol. Chabwino, ndi zomwe akunena, sindikudziwa. Koma ndikudziwa kuti pakhala pali zoyeserera m'malo - wotchuka kwambiri ndi dithran.
Ditran kwenikweni ndi chisakanizo cha izi

Pa mlingo wa 5-15 mg, kusakaniza kumeneku kumakhulupirira kuti kumayambitsa zizindikiro zofanana ndi BZ, zomwe zikukula mkati mwa ola limodzi.

Pakadali pano, mankhwala a psychotropic sakugwira ntchito movomerezeka ndi mayiko padziko lonse lapansi. Koma nditawona zochitika zazikulu m'maiko oyandikana nawo osati kwambiri, ndikukayikira kwambiri kuti izi zili choncho. Ankhondo sangakhale nawo, koma ntchito zanzeru zikuyenda bwino.

Chabwino, umu ndi momwe nkhani inakhalira.

Tiyeni tiwone ngati mumakonda, %username%. Sipadzakhala kuvota nthawi ino - zonse zidzawonetsedwa ndi chiwerengero cha nkhaniyi.

Tsoka ilo, Loweruka ndiyamba nthawi ina yaulendo wautali komanso wosatalikirapo wabizinesi - chifukwa chake padzakhala nthawi yochepa yopangira - ndipitanso sabata ina. Ndipo popeza pali nthawi yochepa, ndipo pakali pano pali nkhani imodzi yokha kapena yocheperapo m'mutu mwanga ya phosphorous yachikasu ndi ngozi yomwe ili pafupi ndi Lvov yomwe ikugwirizana nayo, ndiye kuti ndikadali wokondweretsa, ndikugawana nkhaniyi. ndi inu.

Chabwino, ngati sichoncho, chabwino, ndinayesera.

Zabwino zonse ndipo musadandaule! Osati mwakuthupi kapena m'maganizo ...

Source: www.habr.com