- Opusawa adayika chidebe chadothi ndi "jelly" m'chipinda chapadera, chodzipatula kwambiri ... Ndiko kuti, iwo ankaganiza kuti chipindacho chinali chokhachokha, koma atatsegula chidebecho ndi manipulators, "jelly" inadutsa muzitsulo. ndi pulasitiki, monga madzi kudzera mu blotter, ndipo anathawira kunja, ndipo chirichonse chimene iye anakumana nacho kachiwiri chinasanduka "odzola." Anthu makumi atatu ndi asanu anaphedwa, oposa zana anavulala, ndipo nyumba yonse ya labotale inali yosagwiritsidwa ntchito konse. Kodi munayamba mwakhalapo kumeneko? Nyumba yokongola! Ndipo tsopano "jelly" yalowa m'zipinda zapansi ndi pansi ... Pano pali chiyambi chokhudzana.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "Pikiniki Yamsewu"
Moni %%username%!
Amulange kuti ndakali kuyandika cintu cimwi . Anandipatsa lingaliro.
Nditangoganizira pang'ono, ndinaganiza kuti ulendo waufupi wokawona zinthu za caustic ukhale wachangu. Mwina wina angasangalale. Ndipo kwa ena ndizothandiza.
Tiyeni tizipita.
Tiyeni tifotokoze nthawi yomweyo malingaliro.
Zowononga - 1. Zowononga mankhwala. 2. Zakuthwa, zoyambitsa kukwiya, zowawa. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary ya Chirasha. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
Choncho, nthawi yomweyo timataya matanthauzo aŵiri omalizira a mawuwa. Timatayanso ma lachrymator "caustic" - omwe sakhala owopsa kwambiri chifukwa amayambitsa kutupa, ndi ma sternites - omwe amayambitsa chifuwa. Inde, pansipa padzakhala zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu izi, koma ndizofunika! - zimawononga kwambiri zida, ndipo nthawi zina thupi.
Sitidzaganizira zinthu zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi vuto linalake - chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma cell. Chifukwa chake, mpweya wa mpiru ukhalabe wosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Tikambirana zinthu zomwe zimakhala zamadzimadzi m'zipinda. Choncho, sitingaganizire mpweya wamadzimadzi ndi nayitrogeni, komanso mpweya monga fluorine, ngakhale kuti akhoza kuonedwa ngati caustic, inde.
Monga nthawi zonse, malingaliro ake azikhala okhazikika, kutengera zomwe zamuchitikira. Ndipo inde - ndizotheka kuti sindidzakumbukira wina - lembani ndemanga, %username%, pasanathe masiku atatu kuchokera tsiku lofalitsidwa, ndidzawonjezera nkhaniyi ndi zomwe zidayiwalika kuyambira pachiyambi!
Ndipo inde - ndilibe nthawi ndi mphamvu kuti ndipange "kugunda parade", kotero idzakhala hodgepodge. Ndipo kupatulapo zonse, zidakhala zazifupi kwambiri.
Caustic alkalis
Makamaka, alkali metal hydroxides: lithiamu, sodium, potaziyamu, rubidium, cesium, francium, thallium (I) hydroxide ndi barium hydroxide. Koma:
- Lithium, cesium, rubidium ndi barium amatayidwa - okwera mtengo komanso osowa
- Ngati inu, %username%, mutapeza francium hydroxide, ndiye kuti chinthu chomaliza chomwe mungadandaule nacho ndi causticity - ndiyowopsa kwambiri.
- N'chimodzimodzinso ndi thallium - ndi poizoni kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, sodium ndi potaziyamu zimakhalabe. Koma tiyeni tikhale oona mtima - katundu wa caustic alkalis onse ofanana kwambiri.
Sodium hydroxide - yomwe imadziwika kuti caustic soda - imadziwika kwa aliyense. Potaziyamu hydroxide monga chowonjezera chakudya E525 nayenso. Zonsezi ndi zofanana ndi katundu: zimakhala ndi hygroscopic kwambiri, ndiko kuti, zimakopa madzi ndi "kusungunuka" mumlengalenga. Amasungunuka bwino m'madzi ndikutulutsa kutentha kwakukulu.
"Kufalikira" mumlengalenga ndiko kupanga ma alkalis okhazikika kwambiri. Choncho, ngati muyika chidutswa cha caustic alkali pamapepala, zikopa, zitsulo zina (zotayidwa zomwezo) - ndiye pakapita nthawi mudzapeza kuti zinthuzo zadya bwino! Zomwe zidawonetsedwa mu "Fight Club" ndizofanana kwambiri ndi chowonadi: manja otuluka thukuta - ndi zamchere - zidzapweteka! Payekha, ndinazipeza zopweteka kwambiri kuposa hydrochloric acid (zambiri pamunsimu).
Komabe, ngati manja anu ali owuma kwambiri, mwachiwonekere simungamve kalikonse mu alkali youma.
Ma alkalis a Caustic ndiabwino kwambiri pakuphwanya mafuta kukhala glycerin ndi mchere wamafuta acids - umu ndi momwe sopo amapangidwira (moni, "Fight Club!") Kanthawi kochepa, koma mogwira mtima, mapuloteni amaphwanyidwa - ndiye kuti, kwenikweni. , alkalis amasungunula thupi, makamaka zothetsera zolimba - komanso zikatenthedwa . Choyipa poyerekeza ndi perchloric acid yomweyo (zambiri pamunsimu) ndikuti alkalis onse amakoka mpweya woipa kuchokera mumlengalenga, motero mphamvuyo imachepa pang'onopang'ono. Kuonjezera apo, alkalis amachitiranso ndi zigawo za galasi - galasi limakhala lamtambo, ngakhale kuti lisungunuke zonse - apa, ndithudi, muyenera kuyesa.
Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides nthawi zina amatchedwa caustic alkalis, mwachitsanzo
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
M'malo mwake, zinthu izi zimaphatikiza zinthu za cationic surfactants (chabwino, zili ngati sopo wamba - cationic yokha: apa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta diphilic - ndi "+", ndi sopo - ndi mlandu "-") ndi ndi mfundo zapamwamba. Zikafika m'manja mwanu, mutha kuzipaka m'madzi ndikuzitsuka ngati sopo; mukatenthetsa tsitsi, khungu kapena misomali mumsanganizo wamadzi, zimasungunuka. The "causticity" motsutsana maziko a sodium ndi potaziyamu hydroxides ndi kotero-kotero.
Sulfuric acid
Zamgululi
Zodziwika kwambiri, mwina, m'nkhani zonse. Osati caustic kwambiri, koma zosasangalatsa: concentrated sulfuric acid (yomwe ndi 98%) ndi mafuta amadzimadzi amene amakonda madzi kwambiri, choncho amachotsa kwa aliyense. Pochotsa madzi ku cellulose ndi shuga, zimawawotcha. Momwemonso, adzakuchotserani madziwo mosangalala, %username%, makamaka ngati muwathira pakhungu losalala la nkhope yanu kapena m'maso mwanu (chabwino, kwenikweni, chilichonse chidzalowa m'maso mwanu ndi ulendo) . Makamaka anthu okoma mtima amasakaniza asidi wa sulfuric ndi mafuta kuti azitha kuchapa komanso kuti alowe bwino pakhungu.
Mwa njira, mwa kutenga madzi, sulfuric acid imawotcha, zomwe zimapangitsa chithunzicho kukhala chowutsa mudyo. Choncho, kusamba ndi madzi ndi lingaliro loipa kwambiri. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta (kutsuka, osapaka, ndiyeno muzimutsuka ndi madzi). Chabwino, kapena lalikulu otaya madzi yomweyo kuziziritsa izo.
"Madzi oyamba, kenako asidi - apo ayi vuto lalikulu lidzachitika!" - izi makamaka za sulfuric acid, ngakhale pazifukwa zina aliyense amaganiza kuti ndi za asidi.
Pokhala wothandizira oxidizing, sulfuric acid imatulutsa pamwamba pa zitsulo kukhala ma oxides. Ndipo popeza kugwirizana kwa oxides ndi zidulo kumachitika ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa madzi monga chothandizira - ndi asidi sulfuric samamasula madzi - zotsatira zotchedwa passivation zimachitika: wandiweyani, insoluble ndi sungalowe filimu chitsulo okusayidi amateteza izo kuti asawonongeke.
Malinga ndi limagwirira izi, anaikira sulfuric asidi amatumizidwa kutali ndi chitsulo ndi zotayidwa. Ndizochititsa chidwi kuti ngati asidi amasungunuka, madzi amawoneka, ndipo n'zosatheka kutumiza - zitsulo zimasungunuka.
Mwa njira, sulfure oxide SO3 imasungunuka mu sulfuric acid ndikupanga oleum - yomwe nthawi zina imalembedwa molakwika kuti H2S2O7, koma izi sizolondola. Oleum imakopa kwambiri madzi.
Zomverera zanga pamene sulfuric acid ifika pa dzanja langa: kumatentha pang'ono, kenako kumayaka pang'ono - ndinatsuka pansi pa mpopi, palibe vuto lalikulu. Musakhulupirire mafilimu, koma sindikulimbikitsani kuziyika pa nkhope yanu.
Zamoyo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito chromium kapena "chromic mix" - iyi ndi potaziyamu dichromate wosungunuka mu sulfuric acid. Kwenikweni iyi ndi yankho la chromic acid, ndi yabwino kutsuka mbale kuchokera ku zotsalira za organic. Ngati ifika padzanja lanu, imayakanso, koma kwenikweni ndi sulfuric acid kuphatikiza chromium yapoizoni ya hexavalent. Simudzapeza mabowo m'manja mwanu, kupatula mwina pa zovala zanu.
Wolemba mizere iyi amadziwa chitsiru chomwe chinagwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu permanganate m'malo mwa potassium dichromate. Ikakumana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, idaluma pang'ono. Amene analipowo anadzinyansa ndipo anapulumuka ndi mantha pang’ono.
Hydrochloric acid
HCI
Palibe kuposa 38% m'madzi. Chimodzi mwa zidulo zodziwika bwino za kusungunuka - mu izi ndizozizira kuposa zina, chifukwa mwaukadaulo zimatha kukhala zoyera kwambiri, komanso kuwonjezera pakuchita ngati asidi, zimapanganso ma chloride ovuta omwe amawonjezera kusungunuka. Mwa njira, ndi chifukwa chake kuti insoluble silver chloride imasungunuka kwambiri mu hydrochloric acid.
Izi, zikakhudzana ndi khungu, zimayaka pang'ono, molunjika, zimayabwanso, komanso zimanunkha: ngati mumagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi hydrochloric acid mu labotale yokhala ndi hood yosauka, dokotala wanu wa mano azikuthokozani: mudzalemeretsa pa zodzaza. Mwa njira, kutafuna chingamu kumathandiza. Koma osati kwambiri. Bwino - ndi hood.
Popeza simafuta ndipo sichiwotcha kwambiri ndi madzi, ndi caustic kokha kuzitsulo, osati kwa onse. Mwa njira, chitsulo mu concentrated hydrochloric acid ndi passivated ndi kunena "ayi!" Izi ndi zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito poyenda.
Nitric acid
HNO3
Amakhalanso wotchuka kwambiri, pazifukwa zina anthu amamuopanso - koma pachabe. Yoyikirapo - iyi ndi 70% - ndiyotchuka kwambiri, yapamwamba - ndi "kusuta", nthawi zambiri palibe amene amafunikira. Palinso anhydrous imodzi - ndipo imaphulikanso.
Pokhala wothandizira oxidizing, imadutsa zitsulo zambiri zomwe zimakutidwa ndi filimu yosasungunuka ndi kunena "tsanzikana" - izi ndi chromium, chitsulo, aluminiyamu, cobalt, faifi tambala ndi ena.
Imakhudzidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi khungu molingana ndi mfundo ya xanthoprotein - padzakhala malo achikasu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti inu,% username%, mumapangidwabe ndi mapuloteni! Patapita nthawi, khungu lachikasu lidzatuluka, ngati latenthedwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imaluma pang'ono kuposa mchere, ngakhale kuti sichimanunkhiza kwambiri - ndipo nthawi ino imakhala yoopsa kwambiri: ma nitrogen oxides akuwuluka sali abwino kwambiri kwa thupi.
Mu chemistry, amagwiritsa ntchito otchedwa "nitrating osakaniza" - otchuka kwambiri amakhala sulfuric ndi nitric zidulo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, makamaka popanga chinthu chosangalatsa - pyroxylin. Pankhani ya causticity - chromium yemweyo kuphatikiza khungu lokongola lachikasu.
Palinso "madzi achifumu" - iyi ndi gawo la nitric acid ku magawo atatu a hydrochloric acid. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula zitsulo zina, makamaka zamtengo wapatali. Njira yodontha yowonera zitsanzo za zinthu zagolide zimatengera mareyiti osiyanasiyana komanso kuwonjezera madzi - mwa njira, ndizovuta kwambiri kwa akatswiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kunyenga ndi zabodza. Pankhani ya causticity pakhungu - "kusakaniza kwa nitrating" komweko komanso kumanunkhira bwino, fungo silingasokonezedwe ndi china chilichonse, komanso ndi poizoni.
Palinso "reverse aqua regia" - chiŵerengerocho chikasinthidwa, koma izi ndizosowa.
Phosphoric acid
Mtengo wa H3PO4
M'malo mwake, ndidapereka chilinganizo cha orthophosphoric acid, chofala kwambiri. Ndipo palinso metaphosphoric, polyphosphoric, ultraphosphoric - mwachidule, ndizokwanira, koma zilibe kanthu.
Concentrated orthophosphoric acid (85%) ndi manyuchi. Acid palokha ndi avareji, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani azakudya, mwa njira - mukapeza zodzaza, pamwamba pa dzino zimakhazikika ndi phosphoric acid.
Kuwonongeka kwake kumakhala kotere, koma pali mawonekedwe osasangalatsa: madziwa amatengedwa bwino. Choncho, ngati kudontha pa zinthu, izo zidzatengeka, ndiyeno pang`onopang`ono dzimbiri. Ndipo ngati pali banga kapena dzenje kuchokera ku nitric ndi hydrochloric acid, ndiye kuti kuchokera ku phosphorous chinthucho chidzagwa, izi zimakhala zokongola kwambiri pa nsapato, pamene dzenje likuwoneka kuti likuphwanyidwa mpaka litatulukira.
Chabwino, kawirikawiri zimakhala zovuta kuzitcha kuti caustic.
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Concentrated hydrofluoric acid ndi pafupifupi 38%, ngakhale pali zosiyana.
Asidi ofooka omwe amatenga chikondi chowopsa cha ma ion fluoride kupanga ma complex olimbikira ndi aliyense amene angathe. Choncho, n'zosadabwitsa kuti amasungunula zimene ena, amphamvu abwenzi sangathe, choncho nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosakaniza zosiyanasiyana kupasuka. Mukachipeza pa dzanja lanu, zomverera zidzakhala zazikulu kuchokera ku zigawo zina za zosakaniza zoterezi, koma pali nuance.
Hydrofluoric acid imasungunula SiO2. Umenewo ndi mchenga. Ndi galasi. Ndiko kuti, quartz. Ndi zina zotero. Ayi, ngati muwaza asidi pawindo, sangasungunuke, koma banga lamtambo lidzatsalira. Kuti musungunuke, muyenera kuigwira kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena bwino, kutenthetsa. Ikasungunuka, SiF4 imatulutsidwa, yomwe ili yopindulitsa kwambiri pa thanzi kotero kuti ndi bwino kuichita pansi pa hood.
Kanthu kakang'ono koma kosangalatsa: inu, %username%, muli ndi silicon m'misomali yanu. Chifukwa chake, ngati hydrofluoric acid ilowa pansi pa misomali yanu, simudzazindikira chilichonse. Koma sungathe kugona usiku - zimapweteka kwambiri moti nthawi zina umafuna kung'amba chala chako. Ndikhulupirireni, mzanga, ndikudziwa.
Ndipo kawirikawiri, hydrofluoric acid ndi poizoni, carcinogenic, yotengedwa pakhungu ndi zina zambiri - koma lero tikukamba za causticity, chabwino?
Kodi mukukumbukira momwe tinavomerezera pachiyambi kuti sipadzakhala fluoride? Iye sadzakhala. Koma iwo adza...
Ma Fluorides a mpweya wa inert
M'malo mwake, fluorine ndi munthu wolimba, simungathe kudziwonetsera nayo, motero mipweya ina ya inert imapanga fluoride nayo. Ma fluoride okhazikika otsatirawa amadziwika: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Zonsezi ndi makhiristo, omwe mumlengalenga amathamanga mosiyanasiyana ndipo amawola mosavuta ndi chinyezi kupita ku hydrofluoric acid. The causticity ndi yoyenera.
Hydroiodic acid
HI
Amphamvu kwambiri (malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kudzipatula m'madzi) bayinare acid. Amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizira, amene ntchito organic mankhwala. M'mlengalenga, imatulutsa okosijeni ndikusanduka bulauni, zomwe zimapangitsa madontho akakhudza. Kumverera kukakhudza kumakhala ngati madzi amchere. Zonse.
Perchloric acid
HCLO4
Chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri (potengera kuchuluka kwa kudzipatula m'madzi) ma acid ambiri (ma super acid amapikisana nawo - zambiri za iwo pansipa) - ntchito ya Hammett acidity (chiwonetsero cha manambala cha kuthekera kwa sing'anga kukhala wopereka proton. pokhudzana ndi maziko osagwirizana, kutsika kwa chiwerengerocho, ndi mphamvu ya asidi) ndi - 13. Anhydrous ndi oxidizing amphamvu, amakonda kuphulika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika. Koyikirapo (70% -72%) ndi wothandizila oxidizing palibe choipa, nthawi zambiri ntchito kuwonongeka kwa kwachilengedwenso zinthu. Kuwola kumakhala kosangalatsa komanso kosangalatsa chifukwa kumatha kuphulika panthawiyi: muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti palibe tinthu ta malasha, kuti musaphike mwamphamvu, ndi zina zotero. Perchloric acid ilinso yonyansa kwambiri - siingayeretsedwe ndi subdistillation, matenda amaphulika! Choncho, sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.
Ikakhudza khungu, imayaka ndikumva ngati mchere. Zimanunkha. Mukawona m'mafilimu kuti wina adaponya mtembo mu chidebe chokhala ndi asidi perchloric ndikusungunuka, inde, izi n'zotheka - koma zidzatenga nthawi yaitali kapena kutentha. Mukatenthetsa, imatha kuphulika (onani pamwambapa). Chifukwa chake khalani otsutsa zamakanema (ndikuganiza kuti ndidawona izi mu 10 Cloverfield Lane).
Mwa njira, causticity wa chlorine okusayidi (VII) Cl2O7 ndi chlorine oxide (VI) Cl2O6 ndi chifukwa chakuti oxides awa kupanga perchloric asidi ndi madzi.
Tsopano tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti tinaganiza zophatikiza acidity yamphamvu ndi causticity ya fluorine pawiri imodzi: tengani molekyulu ya perchloric kapena sulfuric acid ndikusintha magulu ake onse a hydroxyl ndi fluorine! Zinyalala zidzakhala zosowa: zidzalumikizana ndi madzi ndi mankhwala ofanana - ndipo pamalo omwe amachitirapo asidi amphamvu ndi hydrofluoric acid adzapezeka nthawi yomweyo. A?
Fluorides wa sulfure, bromine ndi ayodini
Mukukumbukira tinagwirizana kuti tizingoganizira zamadzimadzi zokha? Pachifukwa ichi, sichinaphatikizidwe m'nkhani yathu. chlorine trifluoride ClF3, yomwe imatentha pa +12 ° C, ngakhale kuti nkhani zonse zowopsya kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri, zimayatsa galasi, chigoba cha gasi, ndipo pamene kutaya makilogalamu 900, amadya masentimita 30 a konkire ndi mita ya miyala - zonsezi ndi zoona. Koma tinavomera - zakumwa.
Komabe, pali madzi achikasu - Iodine pentafluoride IF5, madzi opanda mtundu - Bromine trifluoride BrF3, chikasu chowala - Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, zomwe sizili zoipitsitsa. BrF5, mwachitsanzo, imasungunula galasi, zitsulo ndi konkire.
Mofananamo, mwa onse sulfure fluorides, okha Disulfur decafluoride (yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwanso sulfure pentafluoride) ndi madzi opanda mtundu okhala ndi formula S2F10.. Koma chigawochi chimakhala chokhazikika pa kutentha wamba, sichiwola ndi madzi - ndipo chifukwa chake sichimayambitsa vuto. Zowona, ndizowopsa nthawi 4 kuposa phosgene yokhala ndi njira yofananira.
Mwa njira, ayodini pentafluoride akuti anali "gasi wapadera" wogwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza mlengalenga mu shuttle yopulumukira muzithunzi zomaliza za filimu ya 1979 Alien. Chabwino, sindikukumbukira, moona mtima.
Super acids
Mawu akuti "super acid" adapangidwa ndi James Conant mu 1927 kuti asankhe ma acid omwe ali amphamvu kuposa ma mineral acid wamba. M'malo ena, perchloric acid imatchedwa kuti super acid, ngakhale izi siziri choncho - ndi mchere wamba.
Ma superacids angapo ndi ma mineral acid omwe halogen adalumikizidwa: halogen imakokera ma elekitironi pawokha, maatomu onse amakwiya kwambiri, ndipo chilichonse chimapita ku haidrojeni mwachizolowezi: imagwera mu mawonekedwe a H + - boom: kotero asidi wakhala wamphamvu.
Zitsanzo - fluorosulfuric ndi chlorosulfuric acid
Fluorosulfuric acid imakhala ndi ntchito ya Hammett ya -15,1; mwa njira, chifukwa cha fluorine, asidiyu amasungunula chubu choyesera momwe amasungiramo.
Kenako wina anaganiza bwino: tiyeni titenge Lewis acid (chinthu chomwe chingalandire ma electron kuchokera ku chinthu china) ndikusakaniza ndi Brønsted acid (chinthu chomwe chingapereke pulotoni)! Tinasakaniza antimony pentafluoride ndi hydrofluoric acid ndikupeza hexafluorantimony asidi HSbF6. Mu dongosolo lino, hydrofluoric acid imatulutsa proton (H +), ndipo conjugate base (F-) imasiyanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wogwirizana ndi antimony pentafluoride. Izi zimapanga anion yaikulu ya octahedral (SbF6-), yomwe ili ndi nucleophile yofooka kwambiri komanso yofooka kwambiri. Pokhala "mfulu", pulotoni imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa acidity ya dongosolo - Hammett ntchito -28!
Ndiyeno ena anadza nati chifukwa chake anatenga asidi ofooka a Bernstead ndipo anabwera ndi izi.
Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- palokha ndi kale asidi wapamwamba (Hammett ntchito - 14,1). Chifukwa chake, adawonjezeranso antimony pentafluoride kwa iyo - adatsika mpaka -16,8! Chinyengo chomwecho ndi fluorosulfuric asidi anapereka kuchepa kwa -23.
Kenako gulu la asayansi ochokera ku dipatimenti ya chemistry ya American University of California, motsogozedwa ndi Pulofesa Christopher Reed, adakumana ndi anzawo a Institute of Catalysis of the Siberia Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) ndipo adabwera ndi carborane. asidi H (CHB11Cl11). Chabwino, iwo amachitcha "carborane" kwa anthu wamba, koma ngati mukufuna kumva ngati wasayansi, nenani "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)” katatu komanso mofulumira.
Umu ndi momwe kukongolaku kumawonekera
Uwu ndi ufa wouma womwe umasungunuka m'madzi. Iyi ndiye Acid Yamphamvu kwambiri pakadali pano. Carborane asidi ndi mphamvu pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni kuposa concentrated sulfuric acid. Sizingatheke kuyeza mphamvu ya asidi pamlingo wamba, popeza asidi amatulutsa maziko onse ofooka omwe amadziwika ndi zosungunulira zomwe zimasungunuka, kuphatikizapo madzi, benzene, fullerene-60, ndi sulfure dioxide.
Pambuyo pake, Christopher Reed anauza atolankhani a Nature kuti: “Lingaliro la kaphatikizidwe ka asidi wa carborane linachokera m’malingaliro onena za “mamolekyu amene anali asanapangidwepo kale.” Pamodzi ndi anzake, akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito asidi carborane kuti oxidize maatomu a inert mpweya xenon - chifukwa palibe amene anachitapo kale. Choyambirira, ndinganene chiyani.
Chabwino, popeza ma asidi apamwamba ndi ma asidi wamba, amachita bwino, amphamvu pang'ono. Zikuwonekeratu kuti khungu lidzayaka, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti lidzasungunuka. Fluorosulfonic acid ndi vuto lapadera, koma zonse ndi chifukwa cha fluorine, monga fluoride.
Trihaloacetic acid
Makamaka, trifluoroacetic ndi trichloroacetic acid
Wokongola komanso wosangalatsa chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa zinthu za organic polar zosungunulira komanso asidi wamphamvu kwambiri. Amanunkha—ngati vinyo wosasa.
Chinthu chozizira kwambiri ndi trifluoroacetic acid: yankho la 20% limawononga zitsulo, nkhuni, mphira, bakelite, polyethylene. Khungu limayaka ndi kupanga zilonda zowuma zomwe zimafika pamnofu.
Trichloroacetic acid ndiye mchimwene wake pankhaniyi, koma zili bwino. Mwa njira, kuwomba m'manja kwa amuna ofooka: pofunafuna kukongola, ena amapita kuzomwe zimatchedwa TCA peeling (TCA ndi TetraChloroAcetate) - pamene tetrachloroacetic acid yomweyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula pamwamba, wosanjikiza wa khungu.
Zowona, ngati cosmetologist amacheza pa foni, kulephera kumatheka
Chabwino, chinachake chonga ichi, ngati tilankhula za madzi ndi causticity. Kodi padzakhala zowonjezera?
Source: www.habr.com