Za mowa kudzera m'maso mwa katswiri wamankhwala. Gawo 1

Moni %username%.

Monga ndidalonjeza kale, sindinalipo pang'ono chifukwa chaulendo wanga wantchito. Ayi, sizinathebe, koma zidalimbikitsa malingaliro ena omwe ndasankha kugawana nanu.

Tikambirana za mowa.

Tsopano sindingatsutsane ndi mitundu ina, kutsutsana kuti kukoma ndi mtundu wanji m'thupi umasintha pang'ono kuchokera pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mpaka nthawi ... kusiyana ndi chikoka cha mowa pa chamoyo chathu kuchokera pamalingaliro amankhwala.

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mowa ndi chakumwa cha anthu wamba - ndipo akulakwitsa kwambiri; ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mowa ndi wovulaza - komanso amalakwitsa, komabe, monga omwe amakhulupirira kuti mowa siwovulaza. Ndipo ifenso tizindikira izi

Ndipo mosiyana ndi nkhani zam'mbuyomu, ndiyesetsa kuchotsa zowerenga zazitali, koma ndigawanitse nkhaniyi kukhala ingapo. Ndipo ngati nthawi ina palibe chidwi, ndiye kuti ndingosiya kukhumudwitsa ubongo wa owerenga osauka.

Tiyeni tizipita.

Chiyambi

Mbiri ya mowa padziko lapansi imabwerera zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo. Kutchulidwa koyamba za izi kunayamba nthawi ya Neolithic. Kale zaka 6000 zapitazo, anthu adagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe adapangitsa kuti mkate ukhale chakumwa chokoma - ndipo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mowa ndi chakumwa chakale kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha mowa inayamba nthawi yathu isanafike, ndipo zokondweretsa za oyambitsa ndi za Asimeriya. Zolemba zawo za cuneiform, zopezedwa ndi E. Huber ku Mesopotamiya, zinali ndi maphikidwe pafupifupi 15 a chakumwachi. Anthu okhala ku Mesopotamiya ankagwiritsa ntchito malembo popanga mowa. Anawathira ndi balere, odzazidwa ndi madzi, zitsamba zinawonjezeredwa ndi kuzisiya kuti zifufute. Chakumwa chinapangidwa kuchokera ku wort. Chonde dziwani: mowa wa tirigu unapangidwa, koma palibe amene adanenapo kanthu za hops, ndiko kuti, gruit kapena mowa wa zitsamba unapangidwa. Komanso chimeracho sichinamere.

Chinthu chotsatira chapadera m’mbiri ya moŵa chinali chitukuko cha ku Babulo. Anali Ababulo amene anaganiza zowongolera zakumwazo. Anameretsa mbewuzo n’kuziumitsa kuti zitulutse chimera. Mowa wopangidwa ndi tirigu ndi chimera unkasungidwa osapitirira tsiku limodzi. Pofuna kuti zakumwazo zikhale zonunkhira, zonunkhira, khungwa la oak, masamba a mtengo, uchi zinawonjezeredwa kwa izo - zowonjezera zakudya zinapangidwa kale, ndithudi, pamaso pa Reinheitsgebot kapena, monga momwe zimamvekera, lamulo la Germany pa chiyero cha mowa. anali adakali zaka pafupifupi 5000!

Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, moŵa unafalikira ku Igupto Wakale, Perisiya, India, ndi Caucasus. Koma mu Greece wakale sanali wotchuka, chifukwa ankaonedwa chakumwa cha osauka. Ndipamene tsankho lonseli linayamba.

Mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa mowa inayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa nthawi ya kubadwa kwachiwiri kwa mowa. Amakhulupirira kuti zidachitika ku Germany. Dzina lachijeremani lakuti Bier limachokera ku Old Germanic Peor kapena Bror. Ngakhale English Ale (ale) yemweyo akuti ndi etymologically amabwerera ku mizu ya Proto-Indo-European, mwina ndi tanthauzo la "kuledzera". Chiyambi cha Indo-European cha mizu chimatsimikiziridwa motsimikizika poyerekeza ndi Danish ndi Norwegian øl zamakono, komanso Icelandic öl (gulu la zilankhulo zachijeremani, zomwe Old English anali nazo) ndi Lithuanian ndi Latvian alus - mowa (Baltic gulu la Indo -Banja la ku Ulaya), Northern Russian ol (kutanthauza chakumwa choledzeretsa), komanso Estonian õlu ndi Finnish olut. Mwachidule, palibe amene akudziwa momwe mawuwo anayambira, chifukwa wina anasokoneza mu Babulo wakale - chabwino, aliyense tsopano amatcha mowa mosiyana. Komabe, amaphika mosiyana.

Munali m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages pamene ma hops anayamba kuwonjezeredwa ku zakumwazo. Kubwera kwake, kukoma kwa mowa kunakula, ndipo moyo wake wa alumali unakhala wautali. Kumbukirani, %username%: ma hops anali osungira mowa. Tsopano chakumwacho chikanatha kunyamulidwa, ndipo chinakhala chinthu chamalonda. Mazana a maphikidwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mowa adawonekera. Asayansi ena ochokera kumadera ena amakhulupirira kuti Asilavo ndiwo omwe adayambitsa ulimi wa hop, chifukwa mowa unali wofala ku Russia m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX.

Mwa njira, m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, ma ales opepuka ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Ulaya m'malo mwa madzi. Ngakhale ana amatha kugula mowa - inde, unali mowa, osati kvass, monga ena amakhulupirira. Iwo sanamwe chifukwa chakuti amdimawo ankafuna kumwa mpaka kufa, koma chifukwa mwa kulawa madziwo akanatha kuchiza mosavuta mulu wonse wa matenda odziŵika koma osadziwika. Ndi mlingo wa mankhwala pa mlingo wa plantain ndi mzamba, zinali zoopsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mowa womwe umatchedwa patebulo ("ang'ono ale") unalinso wopatsa thanzi ndipo umayenda bwino pagome la chakudya chamadzulo, chifukwa unali ndi mowa pafupifupi 1%. Funso lomveka ndilakuti "ndiye chomwe chidapha matenda onsewo?" Ifenso tidzalingalira izo.

Zaka za m'ma 1876 zinadziwika ndi kupambana kwina m'mbiri ya mowa. Louis Pasteur adapeza koyamba mgwirizano pakati pa kuwira ndi ma cell a yisiti. Adafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufukuyu mu 5, ndipo patatha zaka 1881, mu XNUMX, wasayansi waku Denmark Emil Christian Hansen adapeza chikhalidwe choyera cha yisiti ya mowa, yomwe idakhala chilimbikitso chopangira moŵa m'mafakitale.

Ngati tilankhula za mbiri ya mowa wopanda moŵa, kulimbikitsa maonekedwe ake anali Volstead Act 1919, chimene chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yoletsa ku United States: kupanga, mayendedwe ndi kugulitsa mowa wamphamvu kuposa 0,5% zinali zoletsedwa kwenikweni. Kotero sialinso "ale aang'ono". Makampani onse opanga moŵa anali kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa zochokera ku malt, komabe, malinga ndi lamulo, chakumwacho chiyenera kutchedwa "chakumwa cha phala", chomwe anthu amachitcha "mkazi wa rabara" ndi "pafupi". mowa". M'malo mwake, kuti musinthe kuchokera kuzomwe mwachizolowezi, zoletsedwa, kupita ku "mowa" watsopano, zinali zokwanira kuwonjezera gawo limodzi lowonjezera pakupanga (ndipo tidzakumbukiradi), zomwe sizinachuluke kwambiri. mtengo wa chinthu chomaliza ndikulola kuti abwerere mwachangu pakupanga chakumwa chachikhalidwe: "Ndikuganiza kuti ino ikhala nthawi yabwino kwambiri ya mowa," atero Purezidenti wa US Franklin Roosevelt, kusaina Cullen-Harrison Act pa Marichi 22. 1933, zomwe zidalola kuti mowa muzakumwa upitirire 4%. Mchitidwewu unayamba kugwira ntchito pa Epulo 7, chifukwa chake kuyambira pamenepo tsikuli lakhala Tsiku La Mowa Ladziko Lonse ku USA! Amanena kuti kale pa Epulo 6, Achimereka anali atafola m'mipiringidzo, ndipo pomwe pakati pausiku wokondedwayo adagunda, ndiye ... Mayiko. Kodi munali ndi galasi lamowa pa Epulo 7, %username%?


Mwa njira, ngati mukufuna, m'modzi mwa magawo otsatirawa ndikuwuzani za lamulo loletsa kwambiri - ndipo izi siziri ngakhale USSR, koma Iceland.

Pakadali pano, mowa supangidwa kupatula ku Antarctica - ngakhale izi sizotsimikizika. Pali magulu ambiri ndi masitayelo mazana - ndipo ngati mukufuna, mutha kuwerenga mafotokozedwe awo apa. Mowa sakhala wophweka monga momwe amakhulupilira; mtengo wa botolo nthawi zina ukhoza kupitirira mtengo wa vinyo - ndipo sindikunena za vinyo wa Chateau de la Paquette.

Choncho, %username%, ngati tsopano mwatsegula botolo la mowa pamene mukuwerenga, khalani ndi ulemu ndikupitiriza kuwerenga.

Zosakaniza

Tisanayang'ane zomwe mowa umapangidwa, tiyeni tikumbukire mwachidule ukadaulo wopangira chakumwa ichi.

Mowa - monga zinthu zambiri zapadziko lapansi - ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyaka kosakwanira. M'malo mwake, nayonso mphamvu - njira yomwe timalawa chisangalalo ichi, komanso, %username%, kuthekera kowerenga mizere iyi - ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyaka kosakwanira kwa shuga, pokhapokha ngati mowa, shuga amawotchedwa. ubongo wanu, koma mu mayendedwe a yisiti.
Mofanana ndi kuyaka kulikonse, zinthuzo ndi carbon dioxide ndi madzi - koma kumbukirani ndinanena kuti "zosakwanira"? Ndipo ndithudi: popanga mowa, yisiti siloledwa kudya mopitirira muyeso (ngakhale izi siziri zolondola, koma ndi bwino kumvetsetsa chithunzi) - choncho, kuwonjezera pa carbon dioxide, mowa umapangidwanso.

Popeza chakudya si shuga koyera, koma chisakanizo cha mankhwala osiyanasiyana, mankhwala si carbon dioxide, madzi ndi mowa - koma maluwa, ndi chifukwa chake moŵa zimenezi zilipo. Tsopano ndikambirana zina mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu, ndikutsutsanso nthano za mowa panjira.

Madzi.

Kukumbukira kuti ndine, pambuyo pa zonse, katswiri wamankhwala, ndisintha chilankhulo chotopetsa.

Mowa ndi yankho lamadzi lazinthu zopangira malt zomwe sizinasinthidwe panthawi yowotchera komanso kuthirira moŵa, mowa wa ethyl ndi zinthu zokometsera, zomwe mwina ndi ma metabolites achiwiri a yisiti kapena ochokera ku ma hop. Kapangidwe kazinthu zotulutsa kumaphatikizapo ma carbohydrate osafufumitsa (α- ndi β-glucans), zinthu za phenolic (anthocyanogens, oligo- ndi polyphenols), melanoidins ndi caramels. Zomwe zili mumowa, kutengera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowuma zomwe zimayambira mu wort, wort, njira zaukadaulo zaukadaulo komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wa yisiti, kuyambira 2,0 mpaka 8,5 g/100 g wa mowa. Zizindikiro zomwezo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomwe zili mowa, gawo lalikulu la mowa lomwe limatha kukhala 0,05 mpaka 8,6%, ndi zinthu zokometsera (ma alcohols apamwamba, ethers, aldehydes, etc.), kaphatikizidwe kamene kamadalira kapangidwe kake. wa liziwawa ndi, makamaka nayonso mphamvu modes ndi chikhalidwe cha yisiti. Monga lamulo, mowa wothira ndi yisiti pansi, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachiwiri za kagayidwe ka yisiti sikudutsa 200 mg/l, pamene mowa wonyezimira pamwamba pake umaposa 300 mg/l. Gawo laling'ono kwambiri la mowa limapangidwa ndi zinthu zowawa zochokera ku ma hop, zomwe mumowa sizidutsa 45 mg/l.

Zonsezi ndizotopetsa, ziwerengero zimatha kusiyana kwambiri kapena zochepa, koma mumapeza lingaliro: zonsezi ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi madzi omwe ali mumowa. Monga inu, %username%, mowa ndi pafupifupi 95% madzi. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti mtundu wamadzi umakhudza moŵa mwachindunji. Ndipo mwa njira, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe mowa wamtundu womwewo, wopangidwa ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana, ukhoza kulawa mosiyana. Chitsanzo chapadera komanso mwinamwake chodziwika kwambiri ndi Pilsner Urquell, chomwe adayesapo kale ku Kaluga, koma sichinagwire ntchito. Tsopano mowawu umapangidwa ku Czech Republic kokha chifukwa cha madzi ake apadera ofewa.

Palibe malo opangira moŵa omwe angapangire moŵa popanda kuyesa madzi omwe akugwira nawo ntchito - ubwino wa madzi ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti ukhale womaliza. Osewera akuluakulu pankhaniyi ndi ma cations ndi anions omwe mumawawona pa botolo la koloko - milingo yokhayo imayendetsedwa osati mu "50-5000" mg / l, koma mochuluka kwambiri.

Tiye tione momwe madzi amapangidwira?

Chabwino, choyamba, madzi ayenera kutsata Malamulo ndi Malamulo a Ukhondo, choncho nthawi yomweyo timataya zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zina zoopsa - izi siziyenera kukhala m'madzi. Zoletsa zazikulu zamadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji popanga mowa (panthawi yotsuka) zimakhudzana ndi zizindikiro monga pH mtengo, kuuma, chiŵerengero chapakati pa calcium ndi magnesium ions, zomwe sizimayendetsedwa konse m'madzi akumwa. Madzi opangira mowa ayenera kukhala ndi ayoni ochepa kwambiri a iron, silicon, mkuwa, nitrates, chlorides, ndi sulfates. Ma nitrites, omwe ndi poizoni wamphamvu wa yisiti, saloledwa m'madzi. Madziwo ayenera kukhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zocheperapo za mchere (zotsalira zouma) ndi COD nthawi 2,5 (kufunidwa kwa okosijeni wamankhwala - kutha kwa okosijeni). Poyesa kuyenera kwa madzi opangira moŵa, chizindikiro monga alkalinity chinayambitsidwa, chomwe sichinaphatikizidwe pamiyeso ya madzi akumwa.

Kuonjezera apo, zofunikira zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asinthe kachigawo kakang'ono ka zinthu zolimba ndi mowa pakupanga mowa wamphamvu kwambiri. Madzi amenewa, choyamba, ayenera kukhala oyera mwachilengedwe, ndipo kachiwiri, otsika (kutanthauza kuti alibe mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi) ndipo amakhala ndi ma ion a calcium ndi ma bicarbonates ochepa poyerekeza ndi madzi omwe amavomerezedwa kuti azipanga moŵa. Kodi mowa wokoka kwambiri ndi chiyani?Ngati simunadziwe, teknoloji yopangira mowa wambiri ndi yakuti, pofuna kuonjezera zokolola za brewhouse, wort amapangidwa ndi gawo lalikulu la zinthu zouma zomwe ndi 4 ... 6% kuposa gawo lalikulu. wa zinthu zouma mu mowa womalizidwa. Kenako, wort iyi imachepetsedwa ndi madzi kupita ku gawo lofunikira la zinthu zouma, mwina isanayike, kapena mowa womalizidwa (inde, mowa umachepetsedwa - koma izi zili pafakitale, ndipo ndilankhulanso pambuyo pake). Nthawi yomweyo, kuti mupeze mowa womwe umasiyana ndi kukoma kwa mowa womwe umapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wakale, sikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa wort woyamba ndi 15%.

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi pH yoyenera m'madzi - sindikunena za kukoma kwa mowa womalizidwa, koma za njira yowotchera wa wort (mwa njira, monga momwe adapezekera, izi sizikhudza. kukoma - simudzamva kusiyana kobisika kotero). Chowonadi ndi chakuti ntchito ya michere yomwe yisiti imagwiritsa ntchito kudya imadalira pH. Mtengo woyenera ndi 5,2..5,4, koma nthawi zina mtengo uwu umasunthidwa pamwamba kuti uwonjezere kuwawa. Phindu la pH limakhudza kuchuluka kwa njira zama metabolic m'maselo a yisiti, omwe amawonetsedwa mu coefficient of biomass kukula, kukula kwa maselo ndi kaphatikizidwe ka metabolites yachiwiri. Chifukwa chake, m'malo a acidic, mowa wa ethyl umapangidwa makamaka, pomwe m'malo amchere, kaphatikizidwe ka glycerol ndi acetic acid kumakulitsidwa. Acetic acid imakhudza molakwika njira yobereketsa yisiti, motero iyenera kuchepetsedwa posintha pH pa nthawi yowotchera. Pa "zakudya" zosiyanasiyana pakhoza kukhala pH yoyenera yosiyana: mwachitsanzo, 4,6 ndiyofunikira pa metabolism ya sucrose, ndi 4,8 ya maltose. PH ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapanga ma esters, zomwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake komanso zomwe zimapanga fungo la zipatso mumowa.

Kusintha pH nthawi zonse kumakhala koyenera kwa ma carbonates ndi ma bicarbonates mu yankho; ndi omwe amatsimikizira mtengo uwu. Koma ngakhale pano, sikuti zonse ndizosavuta, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa anions palinso ma cation.

Popanga moŵa, ma mineral cations omwe amapanga madzi amagawidwa kukhala osagwira ntchito ndi mankhwala. Mchere onse a calcium ndi magnesium ndi mankhwala yogwira cations: Choncho, pamaso kashiamu ndi magnesium (ndi mwa njira sodium ndi potaziyamu) motsutsana maziko a mkulu zili carbonates kumawonjezera pH, pamene calcium ndi magnesium (apa pali kale). sodium ndi potaziyamu mumlengalenga) - koma mogwirizana ndi sulfates ndi ma chloride, amatsitsa pH. Posewera ndi kuchuluka kwa ma cations ndi anions, mutha kukwaniritsa acidity yabwino yapakati. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, opanga mowa amakonda kashiamu kuposa magnesium: choyamba, chodabwitsa cha yisiti flocculation chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi calcium ion, ndipo kachiwiri, pamene kuuma kwakanthawi kumachotsedwa ndi kuwira (zili ngati ketulo), calcium carbonate imayamba ndipo imatha. kuchotsedwa, pamene magnesium carbonate imalowa pang'onopang'ono ndipo, madzi akazizira, amasungunukanso pang'ono.

Koma kwenikweni, calcium ndi magnesium ndizinthu zazing'ono. Kuti ndisachulukitse nkhaniyi, ndingobweretsa zovuta zina za zonyansa za ion m'madzi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira mowa komanso mtundu wake.

Mmene mowa umakhudzira

• Calcium ions - Kukhazikika kwa alpha-amylase ndikuwonjezera ntchito yake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri. Amachulukitsa ntchito ya michere ya proteolytic, chifukwa cha izi zomwe zili ndi nayitrogeni wa α-amine mu wort zimawonjezeka.
• Mlingo wa kuchepa kwa liziwawa pH pa misala, otentha liziwawa ndi hops ndi nayonso mphamvu anatsimikiza. Yisiti flocculation anatsimikiza. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa ayoni ndi 45-55 mg/l wa wort.
• Magnesium ayoni - Gawo la michere ya glycolysis, i.e. zofunika kuti onse awiri nayonso mphamvu ndi kufalitsa yisiti.
• Ma ions a potaziyamu - Amalimbikitsa kubereka kwa yisiti, ndi gawo la ma enzyme system ndi ribosomes.
• Iron ions - Zotsatira zoyipa pamachitidwe a mashing. Kuyika kwakukulu kuposa 0,2 mg/l kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa yisiti.
• Manganese ions - Amaphatikizidwa ngati cofactor mu michere ya yisiti. Zolemba siziyenera kupitirira 0,2 mg/l.
• Ammonium ions - Atha kupezeka m'madzi onyansa. Zosavomerezeka konse.
• Ma ions amkuwa - Pazambiri kuposa 10 mg/l - ndi poizoni ku yisiti. Itha kukhala mutagenic factor ya yisiti.
• Zinc ions - Pamagulu a 0,1 - 0,2 mg / l, amalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa yisiti. Pazowonjezereka, amalepheretsa ntchito ya α-amylase.
• Chlorides - Amachepetsa kuphulika kwa yisiti. Pamagulu opitilira 500 mg / l, njira yowotchera imachepetsedwa.
• Ma hydrocarbonates - Pakuchulukirachulukira kumapangitsa kuti pH ichuluke, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa ntchito ya ma enzymes amylolytic ndi proteolytic, kumachepetsa zokolola. ndikuthandizira kukulitsa mtundu wa wort. Mlingo sayenera kupitirira 20 mg/l.
• Nitrates - Amapezeka m'madzi otayira pamlingo wopitilira 10 mg/l. Pamaso pa mabakiteriya a banja la Enterbacteriaceae, ion nitrite ion imapangidwa.
• Ma silicates - Chepetsani ntchito ya nayonso mphamvu pazambiri kuposa 10 mg/l. Ma silicates nthawi zambiri amachokera ku chimera, koma nthawi zina, makamaka masika, madzi amatha kukhala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo mowa.
• Fluorides - Mpaka 10 mg/l alibe mphamvu.

Chikoka pa kukoma kwa mowa

• Calcium ions - Kuchepetsa kuchotsedwa kwa tannins, zomwe zimapangitsa mowa kukhala wowawa kwambiri komanso kukoma kowawa. Amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowawa kuchokera ku ma hops.
• Magnesium ions - Perekani kukoma kowawa kwa mowa, komwe kumamveka pamlingo wopitilira 15 mg/l.
• Sodium ions - Pamilingo yopitilira 150 mg/l, imayambitsa kukoma kwa mchere. Pazigawo za 75 ... 150 mg / l - amachepetsa kudzaza kwa kukoma.
• Sulfates - Apatseni mowa wowawa komanso wowawa, zomwe zimayambitsa kukoma. Pamagulu opitilira 400 mg / l, amapatsa mowa "kukoma kowuma" (hello, Guiness Draft!). Mwina patsogolo mapangidwe sulfure zokonda ndi fungo kugwirizana ndi ntchito kupatsira tizilombo ndi yisiti.
• Ma silicates - amakhudza kukoma mosalunjika.
• Nitrates - Imasokoneza njira yowotchera pamlingo wopitilira 25 mg/l. Kuthekera kwa kupanga ma nitrosamines oopsa.
• Ma kloridi - Perekani mowa kukoma kosawoneka bwino komanso kokoma (inde, inde, koma ngati mulibe sodium). Ndi ma ayoni pafupifupi 300 mg/l, amawonjezera kukoma kwa mowa ndikuupatsa kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa vwende.
• Iron ions - Pamene zomwe zili mumowa zaposa 0,5 mg/l, zimawonjezera mtundu wa mowawo ndipo chithovu chofiirira chimawonekera. Amapatsa mowa kukoma kwachitsulo.
• Manganese ions - Zofanana ndi ma ayoni achitsulo, koma amphamvu kwambiri.
• Ma ions amkuwa - Amasokoneza kukhazikika kwa kukoma. Imafewetsa kukoma kwa sulfure kwa mowa.

Zotsatira pa kukhazikika kwa colloidal (turbidity)

• Calcium ions - Amachepetsa ma oxalates, motero amachepetsa kuthekera kwa kugwa kwa oxalate mu mowa. Iwo amawonjezera mapuloteni coagulation pamene otentha liziwawa ndi hops. Amachepetsa kutulutsa kwa silicon, komwe kumapindulitsa pa kukhazikika kwa mowa wa colloidal.
• Ma silicates - Amachepetsa kukhazikika kwa mowa chifukwa cha mapangidwe osasungunuka omwe ali ndi calcium ndi magnesium ions.
• Iron ions - Imathandizira njira zotulutsa okosijeni ndikuyambitsa colloidal turbidity.
• Ma ions a Copper - Amakhudza moyipa kukhazikika kwa mowa, kumachita ngati chothandizira kuti ma polyphenols apangidwe.
• Chlorides - Kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwa colloidal.

Chabwino, zimakhala bwanji? Ndipotu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mowa inapangidwa m’madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi chifukwa cha madzi osiyanasiyana. Ofutsa moŵa m’dera lina anali kupanga moŵa wopambana wokhala ndi chimera champhamvu ndi fungo lonunkhira bwino, pamene ofulira moŵa m’dera lina anali kupanga moŵa waukulu wodziŵika bwino—zonsezi chifukwa chakuti madera osiyanasiyana anali ndi madzi osiyanasiyana amene amapangitsa moŵa umodzi kukhala wabwino kuposa wina. Tsopano, mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe amadzi a mowa amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino mwa mawonekedwe awa:

Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zopotoka - ndipo zopotokazi nthawi zambiri zimatsimikizira kuti "Baltika 3" kuchokera ku St. Petersburg si "Baltika 3" kuchokera ku Zaporozhye konse.

Ndizomveka kuti madzi aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mowa amadutsa magawo angapo okonzekera, kuphatikizapo kusanthula, kusefa komanso, ngati kuli kofunikira, kusintha kwa mowawo. Nthawi zambiri, malo opangira moŵa amapanga njira yokonzekera madzi: madzi omwe amapezeka mwa njira imodzi amachotsa chlorine, kusintha kwa mchere ndi kusintha kwa kuuma ndi alkalinity. Simuyenera kudandaula ndi zonsezi, koma - ndipo pokhapokha ngati muli ndi mwayi wokhala ndi madzi otchedwa - mowa umatha kupanga mitundu ingapo. Choncho, kuyang'anira ndi kukonzekera madzi kumachitika NTHAWI ZONSE.

Umisiri wamakono, wokhala ndi ndalama zokwanira, umatheketsa kupeza madzi okhala ndi mikhalidwe yofunidwa. Pansi pake akhoza kukhala madzi apampopi a mumzinda kapena madzi otengedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku gwero la artesian. Palinso zochitika zachilendo: moŵa wina wa ku Sweden, mwachitsanzo, mowa wophikidwa kuchokera m'madzi otayidwa, ndipo amisiri aku Chile amapanga mowa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi otengedwa kuchokera ku chifunga cha m'chipululu. Koma zikuwonekeratu kuti popanga misala, njira yopangira madzi okwera mtengo imakhudza mtengo womaliza - ndipo mwina ndichifukwa chake Pilsner Urquell yomwe yatchulidwa kale sinapangidwe kwina kulikonse kupatula kunyumba ku Czech Republic.

Ndikuganiza kuti ndizokwanira gawo loyamba. Ngati nkhani yanga ikhala yosangalatsa, mu gawo lotsatirali tikambirana za zowonjezera ziwiri zovomerezeka za mowa, ndipo mwina imodzi mwazosankha, tikambirana chifukwa chomwe mowa umanunkhira mosiyanasiyana, kaya pali "kuwala" ndi "mdima", ndipo komanso kukhudza zilembo zachilendo OG, FG, IBU, ABV, EBC. Mwina padzakhala china, kapena chinachake sichingachitike, koma chidzawonekera mu gawo lachitatu, momwe ndikukonzekera mwachidule kupyolera mu teknoloji, ndikuthana ndi nthano ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudza mowa, kuphatikizapo kuti ndi " kuchepetsedwa" ndi "mpanda", tikambirananso ngati mutha kumwa mowa womwe watha.

Kapena mwinamwake padzakhala gawo lachinayi ... Chosankha ndi chanu, %username%!

Chitsime: www.habr.com