Za mowa kudzera m'maso mwa katswiri wamankhwala. Gawo 4

Moni %username%.

Chachitatu gawo la mndandanda wanga wokhudza mowa pa Habré zidakhala zosawoneka bwino kuposa zam'mbuyomu - kutengera ndemanga ndi mavoti, ndiye, mwina, ndatopa kale ndi nkhani zanga. Koma popeza ndizomveka komanso zofunikira kumaliza nkhani yokhudza zigawo za mowa, nayi gawo lachinayi!

Tiyeni tizipita.

Monga mwachizolowezi, padzakhala nkhani ya mowa pang'ono poyambira. Ndipo nthawi ino adzakhala kwambiri. Iyi ikhala nkhani, mosalunjika - koma yokhudza Kupambana Kwakukulu komwe agogo athu aamuna adapeza mu 1945. Ndipo ngakhale pali zongopeka komanso zopanda pake, ndikunyadira kupambana kumeneku.

Popanda kulowa mozama, ndikuuzeni za zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakupanga ndi kumwa mowa panthawi ya Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi (deta yotengedwa kuchokera kumalo otseguka pa intaneti, komanso nkhani ya wolemba mbiri wa mowa Pavel Egorov).

• Mowa unkapangidwa ngakhale pa nthawi ya nkhondo. Inde, modabwitsa, kupanga moŵa sikunayime kotheratu pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mowa kunachepetsedwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chochepetserachi ndi chodziwikiratu: munthawi zovuta zadziko, zida zofunikira zidafunikira - anthu, chakudya, ndiukadaulo.
• Malo ena opangira moŵa anayamba kupanga zofufumitsa. Mabungwe ambiri aku Soviet amayembekezeredwa kuti asamutsidwe kuti apange zinthu zofunika kwambiri pankhondo. Mwachitsanzo, chomera cha Leningrad "Stepan Razin" chinakhazikitsidwa ndi People's Commissar of the Food Industry, Comrade Zotov, kuti apange crackers pa mlingo wopanga matani 200 pamwezi. M'mbuyomu, "Stepan Razin" yemweyo, limodzi ndi makampani ena akuluakulu, adalamulidwa kuti asiye kupanga mowa ndikusamutsa nkhokwe zonse zomwe zilipo kuti zigayidwe kukhala ufa.
• Ngati chipani cha Nazi chikafika ku Leningrad, adakonza zoti awaphe ndi mowa. Pofika December 41, m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba "Stepan Razin" panalibe malita osachepera miliyoni imodzi, makamaka "Zhigulevsky". Ichi chinali gawo la malo otchedwa strategic reserve, omwe amayenera kuponyedwa poizoni ngati fascist anabwera ku Leningrad. Zikadachitika chilichonse, woweta moŵa wamkulu wa fakitaleyo adzawononga.
• Mowa ankafulidwa ngakhale pa kuzinga Leningrad. Leningrad moŵa "Red Bavaria", malinga ndi zolemba zakale, adatha kupanga pafupifupi malita miliyoni a mowa pofika maholide a Meyi 1942, motero adapatsa ma Leningrad onse makapu achisangalalo a chakumwa cha thovu. Komanso, mbali ina ya batchiyi inayikidwa m'mabotolo ndi ogwira ntchito kufakitale ndi manja, popeza nyumbayo inalibe magetsi kwa miyezi itatu.
• Tsiku Lopambana loyamba linkakondwereranso ndi mowa. Pa May 9, 1945, chigonjetso cha chipani cha Nazi chinakondwerera kulikonse: ku USSR ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya kumene asilikali athu adatsalira. Ena, ndithudi, adakondwerera chochitika chachikulu ndi mowa wamphamvu, ndi ena ndi mowa: makamaka, asilikali a Red Army omwe anali ku Czechoslovakia panthawiyo adakondwerera kupambana ndi mowa wamba (onani chithunzi kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi).
• Lida Brewery yodziwika tsopano idapanga mowa wa Wehrmacht. Izi zinachitika, ndithudi, osati mwa kufuna kwa eni ake a zomera: pa nthawi ya chipani cha Nazi, kupanga kunayamba kulamulidwa ndi Ajeremani, omwe anayamba kupanga mowa kumeneko kwa asilikali a Nazi. Inde, anthu okhala mumzinda wa Belarusian wa Lida ndi madera ozungulira sanamwe mowa uwu, chifukwa magulu onse adagawidwa pakati pa magulu ankhondo aku Germany omwe ali m'madera amenewo.
• Mowa wa chipani cha Nazi unapangidwa ndi Ayuda. Chochititsa chidwi: ntchito ya chomeracho inkayang'aniridwa ndi injiniya wa SS Joachim Lochbiller, yemwe, mosiyana ndi machitidwe odziwika a nthawiyo, sanangokopa Ayuda kuti apange mowa, komanso kuwateteza mwachangu kwa amuna ena a SS. Panthaŵi ina, iye anachenjeza ngakhale milandu yake yakuti iwo anali pangozi ya imfa ndipo anafunikira kuthaŵa. Mu September 1943, amuna a SS anabwera pamalowo n’kumanga Ayuda onse, akuwaimba mlandu wakupha moŵa. Anthu osaukawo adakwezedwa m'sitimayo, koma panjira, ena mwa ogwidwawo adatha kudumpha m'sitimayo: mwa iwo omwe adathawa ku Nazi anali eni ake enieni a Lida, Mark ndi Semyon Pupko.
• Gawo lomwe linali ku Germany linkapangira mowa ku USSR. Makasitomala amtundu woterewu anali Gulu lankhondo za Soviet ku Germany. Ngakhale zilembo za chinenero cha Chirasha za mowa wotero zasungidwa. Mtengo wa mowa uwu, yemwe adaupeza komanso momwe unaliri wokoma - mbiri, mwatsoka, silinenapo izi.
  
• Zina mwa zikho zankhondozo panali zida zopangira moŵa za ku Germany. Monga gawo la chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa Nazi Germany ndi ogwirizana nawo, USSR inapatsidwa, mwa zina, zida za mowa wina waukulu wa Berlin. Zida zojambulidwazi zidayikidwa pamalo opangira moŵa Stepan Razin. Malo opangira moŵa ku Moscow ku Khamovniki adapezanso zida zofananira.
  
• Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mulingo wa mowa unakhazikitsidwa womwe ukugwirabe ntchito mpaka lero. GOST 3473-46 inakhazikitsidwa mu 1946 ndipo, ndi kusintha kwina, idakhalabe mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ndipo pambuyo pake inasinthidwa ndi yatsopano, ngakhale kuti si yamakono kwambiri. Ife ndithudi tidzakambirana za izo mosiyana

Chabwino, tsopano tiyeni tibwerere ku zosakaniza zathu. Womaliza watsala ndipo ndi uyu-

Zowonjezera.

Ndiyamba nkhani yanga yokhudza zowonjezera ndikuti sayenera kukhala mowa. Koma kwenikweni, izo ziri mwa aliyense. Ndipo sizimawonjezera kukoma, mtundu, kapena kufunika kwa chakumwa - zimangowonetsa zina mwazochita zake. Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa otchuka kwambiri a iwo, ndiyeno tilankhule za kufunikira kwawo ndi zopanda pake mwatsatanetsatane.

• Chomwe chimatchuka kwambiri pakati pa opanga moŵa, chomwe sichinaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wazinthu zofunikira, ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "njere wosasungunuka" - izi ndi mbewu zomwe sizinadutse pagawo la kumera, ndiye kuti, sizinakhale malt. Zitha kukhala tirigu, mpunga kapena chimanga. Chimanga ndi mpunga ndizofala kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ufa kapena zinthu zina. Chifukwa chake ndi chosavuta: ndi gwero lotsika mtengo la shuga losavuta lomwe yisiti imafunikira kupanga carbon dioxide ndi mowa, choncho njira yowonjezera mphamvu yakumwa. Chimanga nthawi zambiri chimapezeka mumitundu yambiri ya mowa waku America (nthawi zina umatchedwa chimanga), ndipo mpunga nthawi zambiri umapezeka mu mowa waku Asia, zomwe ndizomveka: United States mwachangu komanso mochulukirapo amalima chimanga, ndipo mayiko aku Asia amakula. mpunga. Mpunga ndi chimanga zimapatsa mowawu kutsekemera kwapadera komwe aliyense angazindikire. Tirigu wosasungunuka amagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri: ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zopangira mowa wa tirigu. Ndizinthu zomwe zili mu tirigu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukwaniritsa mithunzi ina ya kukoma ndi kununkhira.
• Shuga ndi chinthu chinanso chomwe chimapezeka mumowa. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mizimu: kuwonjezera shuga kumapereka yisiti ndi chakudya chosavuta chowonjezera kuti chikhale mowa. Shuga atha kuwonjezeredwa mumtundu wa magwero okhala ndi shuga: madzi a chimanga, madzi a maltose, etc. Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito uchi, koma kupanga kumakhala kokwera mtengo kwambiri. Mwa njira, utoto wachilengedwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: mtundu wa shuga (E150), womwe ndi shuga caramel. Ngati muwona E150 pa botoloа - kawirikawiri, pumulani, chifukwa ichi ndi shuga wotentha kwambiri wachilengedwe womwe mungadye ndi spoons. Ndi E150b, E150c ndi E150d - siziri zachilengedwe, koma, palibe amene angawathire kuposa 160 mg / kg kulemera kwa thupi kwa womwa mowa.
• Tiyeni tikambirane nthano imodzi: popanga mowa, pafupifupi sagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yopangira mankhwala ndi zotetezera - zosakaniza zachilengedwe ndi zopangira zawo, komanso njira zamakono zotsimikiziridwa (zambiri pambuyo pake), ndizokwanira. Chifukwa chiyani mumawononga ndalama pamankhwala owonjezera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mukuwawonetsa muzolembazo, pomwe zonse zitha kuchitika ndi Chinsinsi? Komabe, ngati mutapeza mowa wa "zipatso" zotsika mtengo ("ndi laimu", "ndi makangaza", ndi zina zotero) - ndiye kuti mowa watsopanowu uli ndi zokometsera komanso zokometsera, koma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ndizitcha mowa. Akhozanso kuwonjezera ascorbic acid (E300) ku mowa, womwe siwopanga mankhwala, koma chinthu chowotchera (inde, ndi momwe chimapangidwira). Kuphatikizika kwa ascorbic acid kumawonjezera kukana kwa mowa ku kuwala ndi mpweya - komanso kulola mowa kutsanuliridwa m'mabotolo owonekera (zambiri pa izi pambuyo pake, koma mutha kukumbukira kale Miller ndi Corona).
• Mu mitundu yeniyeni ya mowa, wopanga amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana: cloves, cardamom, anise, zest lalanje, tsabola, puree wa zipatso kapena zipatso zokha ndi zina zambiri. Zonsezi zidapangidwa kuti zipatse mowa wowonjezera kukoma, kununkhira komanso mawonekedwe owoneka. Cherry, raspberries, mabulosi akuda - zonsezi mu mawonekedwe ake achilengedwe zimathanso kukhala mumtsuko womwewo ndi mowa wonyezimira. Opanga lambic aku Belgian amakonda kwambiri zosakaniza izi.
• Mchere ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku mowa! Ndipo izi sizongopeka, koma ndizofunikira popanga mowa mwanjira yachikhalidwe cha German gose - tirigu wowawasa ale, kupanga komwe kumagwiritsanso ntchito coriander ndi lactic acid (monga mankhwala a lactic fermentation). Njira iyi, mwa njira, ili pafupi zaka chikwi, kotero ili kale kawiri monga German "Beer Purity Law" yotchuka, yomwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake. Mwa njira, kuwonjezera mchere kumawonjezera ndende ya sodium ndi kloridi - kumbukirani Gawo 1, amene analankhula za madzi ndi katundu wa ayoni.
• Ophika ena adatha kugwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zowonjezera: bowa, khungwa lamtengo, dandelions, inki ya squid komanso "whale burp" - unyinji wopangidwa m'mimba mwa anamgumi.

Ndikufuna kunena m'malo mwanga: mwamwayi, palibe mowa wopanda zowonjezera. Ngati chifukwa muyenera kukonzekera madzi, yosalala ake mchere zikuchokera ndi pH. Ndipo izi ndi zowonjezera. ngati chifukwa muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito gasi - tinakambirana za izo. Ndipo izi ndi zowonjezera. Koma tiyeni tiyankhule za momwe zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mwalamulo.

Inde, aliyense adzakumbukira nthawi yomweyo lamulo lodziwika bwino la mowa - "Law on the Purity of Beer" kapena Reinheitsgebot, lomwe lili ndi zaka zoposa 500. Lamuloli ndi lodziwika bwino, lodziwika bwino komanso lodziwika bwino lomwe limakutidwa ndi nthano komanso malingaliro olakwika omwe amalonda amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Makamaka, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti moŵa ndi zomwe zili molingana ndi Reinheitsgeboth, ndipo zina zonse ndizomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ntchito ya impso za banja limodzi la equine. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri nthawi zambiri samadziwa zomwe zalembedwa mu lamuloli komanso kumene linachokera. Tiyeni tiganizire.

• Lamulo la Kuyeretsa Mowa lili ndi mbiri yazaka zopitilira 500 - Bavarian Beer Purity Law ya 1516 ndi imodzi mwamalamulo akale kwambiri pakupanga chakudya. Zokhumudwitsa kwambiri a Bavarian, lamulo lakale kwambiri lokhudza kuyera kwa mowa linapezeka ku Thuringia ndipo linali la zaka 82 kuposa lamulo la Bavarian lomwe linaperekedwa - kumbuyoko mu 1351, lamulo lamkati linaperekedwa ku Erfurt kuti agwiritse ntchito zosakaniza zina zokha popanga moŵa. Municipality ya Munich idayamba kuyang'anira zopangira moŵa kokha mu 1363, ndipo kutchulidwa koyamba kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malt a balere okha, ma hop ndi madzi pakufula kunayamba mu 1453. Panthawiyi, dongosolo la Thuringian linali litayamba kale kugwira ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi 20. Lamulo la 1434 ndipo linaperekedwa ku Weissensee (Thuringia) linapezeka ku Runneburg yakale pafupi ndi Erfurt mu 1999.
• Lamulo loyamba lomwe silinalamulire kuchuluka kwa mowa komanso mtengo wake. Lamulo losainidwa ndi Duke Wilhelm VI wa ku Bavaria limayang'anira mtengo wa mowa molingana ndi nthawi ya chaka, ndipo mfundo imodzi yokha inatchula zomwe zili muzosakaniza: palibe koma balere, madzi ndi hops. Lamulo la a Duke linali lofuna kupulumutsa chakudya. Atalola kuti mbewu za balere zigwiritsidwe ntchito pophika, Wilhelm analetsa tirigu pouzira moŵa chifukwa anali wofunika popanga mkate.
• Yisiti sinaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wazinthu zololedwa mwalamulo. koma izi zikutanthauza kuti sizikutanthauza kanthu: Ajeremani ankadziwa bwino za yisiti, koma popeza adachotsedwa ku zakumwa zomaliza, sanatchulidwe mulamulo.
• Mndandanda wa malamulo adalandira dzina lake lamakono - Reinheitsgebot, kutanthauza kuti "zofunika zaukhondo" - posachedwa - zaka zana zapitazo. Baibuloli, ndi kusintha kwina, likugwira ntchito ku Germany mpaka lero ndipo lili ndi magawo awiri: imodzi imayang'anira kupanga ma lager, ina imayang'anira kupanga ales. Chifukwa cha kumasulidwa kwa msika wamkati wa ku Ulaya, lamuloli linakhazikitsidwa ku malamulo a ku Ulaya.
• Mtundu wamakono wa Reinheitsgeboth suletsa kulowetsedwa kwa mowa uliwonse ku Germany ndipo samaletsa opanga moŵa wakomweko kupatuka pamalamulo. Komanso, lamuloli limasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, potsatira njira zamakono zofukira moŵa, ngakhale kuti limakhala losamala.
• Nthawi yomweyo, malamulo aku Germany amalekanitsa mowa wamba, wopangidwa molingana ndi malamulo a mowa, kuchokera ku mitundu ina: omalizawa alibe ufulu wotchedwa mawu akuti bier, komabe, samatchedwa dzina lachitsiru "chakumwa cha mowa" .
• Ngakhale zili zoletsa zonse zomwe zilipo komanso kusamala kwake, Reinheitsgebot ikusintha, kulola makampani opangira mowa ku Germany kuti apange moŵa wosiyanasiyana ndipo sapereka moŵa woyesera m'gulu la ochepera. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, opanga ambiri aku Germany ndi okonda mowa, ngati sakutsutsana ndi lamulo, ndiye kuti akufuna kusintha.

Umu ndi momwe akukhala ku Ulaya ndi ku Germany, kumene anayamba kupanga mowa kalekale kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ku Belgium, komwe amalumikizana ndi yisiti momasuka kwambiri, ndipo sachita manyazi kuwonjezera chilichonse chomwe akufuna kuti amwe mowa, samavutikira konse. Ndipo amapangira mowa wabwino kwambiri, womwe umagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Nanga bwanji ku Russian Federation? Ndizomvetsa chisoni kwambiri pano.

Chifukwa mu Russian Federation pali malamulo awiri, kapena m'malo mfundo: GOST 31711-2012, amene ndi mowa, ndi GOST 55292-2012. zomwe zikutanthauza "zakumwa mowa". Ndikukhulupirira moona mtima kuti nyumba zamalamulo ndi olemba malamulo Russian moŵa ankafuna kulemba Reinheitsgebot awo ndi zokonda ndi mahule - koma zinangokhala ngati nthawi zonse. Tiyeni tione ngale zazikulu.

Izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kukhala mowa molingana ndi GOST 31711-2012

koma izi ndizo zonse - chakumwa cha mowa molingana ndi GOST 55292-2012

Ndiye ndinene chiyani? M'malo mwake, chakumwa chamowa ndi mowa wathunthu, wamba, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zina osati zosakaniza zakale: mwachitsanzo, zest ya citrus, zokometsera kapena zipatso. Chotsatira chake, pansi pa dzina lowopsya "chakumwa cha moŵa", mowa unkawoneka pamasitolo akuluakulu kuposa ma GOSTs onse, Russian Federation komanso Reinheitsgebot. Zitsanzo: Hoegaarden - kholo lake lidapangidwa m'mudzi wa Flemish wa dzina lomwelo (tsopano Belgium) kuyambira 1445, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo adagwiritsa ntchito coriander ndi zest lalanje. Kodi Hoegaarden amadandaula kuti adzatchedwa choncho? Ndikuganiza kuti ali m'mavuto. Koma ogula athu osawona pang'ono, atawerenga zomwe zidalembedwa pabotololo, nthawi yomweyo amafufuza zovuta zamalingaliro okhudzana ndi chiwembu chapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuti "mowa womwe amabweretsa ku dispensary SI CHENANI!" Mwa njira, ku Russia Hoegaarden amapangidwa ku Russia komweko - koma zambiri pambuyo pake.

Chifukwa chake ngati muwona mawu oti "chakumwa chamowa" pamtengo kapena chizindikiro, dziwani kuti uwu ndi mowa wosangalatsa kwambiri womwe uyenera kuyesa. Pokhapokha ngati muwona zokometsera zosaiŵalika zamakemikolo ndi utoto pakupanga - uwu ndi mkodzo ngati "Garage", womwe ndi wabwino kusaugwira konse.

Koma tiyeni tipitirire! Popeza kuwonongeka kwa Soviet Union sikuli m'mabwalo, koma pamitu, GOST ikuyesera kuchepetsa kwambiri mitundu ya mowa ndi mapangidwe ake. Komabe, monga "zakumwa mowa". Dziwani, %username%, kuti:

Ndipotu, chilichonse ndi chokhwima kwambiri






Ndiko kuti, sitepe kumanzere kapena kumanja ndiko kuyesa kuthawa, kulumpha ndiko kuyesa kuthawa.

Zimakhala zovuta kuti ndikambirane za mphamvu ndi kuya kwa misala iyi, koma ndingokhudza mayunitsi a EBC - uwu ndi mtundu wa mowa molingana ndi European Brewing Convention. Ndi njira iyi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu GOST, ngakhale kuti dziko lonse lapansi lasintha kwa nthawi yayitali ku Standard Reference Method (SRM). Koma izi zilibe kanthu - zikhalidwe zimasinthidwa mosavuta wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Moray: EBC = 1,97 x SRM (pamlingo watsopano wa EBC) kapena EBC = 2,65 x SRM - 1,2 (pamlingo wakale wa EBC - ndipo inde , ndi SRM zonse ndizosavuta).

Mwa njira, SRM nthawi zina imatchedwanso Lovibond sikelo polemekeza wotulukira Joseph Williams Lovibond, yemwe, pokhala wopangira moŵa, adadza ndi lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito colorimeter kuti awonetse mtundu wa mowa ndi sikelo. yokha.

Mwachidule, zikuwoneka motere:

Ngati munawerenga mosamala ndikuyang'ana %username%, ndiye kuti mwamvetsetsa. kuti chilichonse chomwe chili pansi pa EBC 31 ndi mowa wopepuka, ndipo chilichonse pamwamba ndi mowa wakuda. Ndiko kuti:


Ndi ulemu wonse, koma gulu loterolo ndi misala, kutali ndi zenizeni - koma kwa omwe adayambitsa mawu akuti "chakumwa cha mowa". Ndi magalasi ati a mowa omwe mukuganiza kuti ali ndi mowa wopepuka?

Yankho lili panoKumanzere ndi Guinness Nitro IPA, kumanja ndi Saldens Pineapple IPA. Mitundu yonse iwiri ya mowa imalembedwa kuti "mowa wopepuka" pazitini.
Ndipo mwa njira, English Pale Ale (kwenikweni: pale English ale) Fuller's London Pride, malinga ndi GOST, ndi mowa wakuda. Ndikumva ngati ndine wosaona.

Mwa njira, pomaliza kukambirana za zosakaniza ndi tisanapite ku gawo lotsatira, kumene tidzakambirana za teknoloji, tiyeni tiwone chidule china chofunikira pofotokozera kapangidwe ka mowa ndi ubwino wake. Mumadziwa kale za IBU, SRM/EBC. Yakwana nthawi yoti tikambirane za ABV.

ABV si kuyesa konse kukukumbutsani zilembo pamene, pambuyo pa malita atatu, mwaganiza zowerenga chinachake - ndipo chizindikiro chimatulukira - ichi ndi Mowa Mwa Volume (ABV). Chizindikirocho chikhoza kukhala ndi 4,5% ABV, 4,5% vol. kapena 4,5% vol. - zonsezi zikutanthauza kuchuluka kwa ethanol mu chakumwa, ndipo "voliyumu" si "chiwopsezo" chanthano, koma ndendende "voliyumu". Ndipo inde - palinso "madigiri amphamvu" - mbiri yakale zomwe palibe amene akugwiritsa ntchito tsopano, choncho "mowa 4,5 madigiri" ndi 4,5% vol. zochitidwa ndi Wamkulu ndi Wamphamvu zathu.

Ngati muli ndi chidwi ndi mbiri ya madigiri ndikulemekeza D.I. MendeleevZakumwa zoledzeretsa zakhala zikudetsa nkhawa anthu nthawi zonse, makamaka pamene nkhani ya mtengo idabuka. Johann-Georg Tralles, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Germany, wotchuka chifukwa cha kutulukira mita ya mowa, analemba buku lofunika kwambiri lakuti “Untersuchungen über die specifischen Gewichte der Mischungen ans Alkohol und Wasser” (“Kafukufuku wa kuopsa kwa misanganizo ya mowa ndi madzi”) mu 1812.
Ma Degrees of Tralles amafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mowa wamakono ndi kuchuluka kwa zakumwazo. Mwachitsanzo, madigiri 40 a Tralles ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi 40% mowa ndi voliyumu. Komabe, monga D. I. Mendeleev anasonyeza, zimene Tralles anatenga "mowa" - mowa koyera, anali kwenikweni njira yake amadzimadzi, kumene kunali 88,55% mowa anhydrous, kotero kuti 40 digiri kumwa malinga Tralles limafanana 35,42% "malinga ndi Mendeleev". Chifukwa chake, kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi, wasayansi waku Russia m'mbiri adapeza kudzaza pang'ono kwa ma bourgeoisie akunja.

M'zaka za m'ma 1840, Academician G. I. Hess, wolamulidwa ndi boma la Russia, adapanga njira ndi chipangizo chodziwira kuchuluka kwa mowa mu vinyo. M'mbuyomu, mphamvu idayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Tralles, komanso "annealing". Mwachitsanzo, chisakanizo cha mowa ndi madzi, chomwe chinataya theka la voliyumu yake panthawi ya annealing (pafupifupi 38% mowa) amatchedwa polugar (malinga ndi "Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" ya 1830: "amatanthauzidwa motere. njira yomwe, idatsanuliridwa mu annealer yodziwika ndi boma, chitsanzo cha onago chomwe chinawotchedwa theka pakuwotchedwa "). M'mawu a Minister of Finance Kankrin mu 1843, akuti vinyo annealing ndi English hydrometers sapereka kuwerenga molondola, ndi Tralles mowa mita amafuna mawerengedwe kudziwa mphamvu, choncho m'pofunika kupereka Tralles dongosolo a. fomu yabwino kwa Russia.

Mu 1847, Hess adasindikiza buku lakuti "Accounting for Alcohol," lomwe linalongosola malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito mita ya mowa ndi matebulo kuti adziwe mphamvu ndi kusungunuka kwa mowa. Kusindikiza kwachiwiri mu 1849 kunalinso ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale ndi chiphunzitso cha kuyeza kwa linga. Matebulo a mita ya mowa a Hess amaphatikiza miyeso molingana ndi Tralles ndi mwambo waku Russia wowerengeranso mowa pa theka la gar. Meta ya mowa ya Hess sinawonetse kuchuluka kwa mowa, koma kuchuluka kwa ndowa zamadzi zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwa 12,44 ° R (madigiri Reaumur, 15,56 ° C), zomwe zimayenera kuwonjezeredwa ku ndowa 100 za mowa zomwe zimayesedwa kuti zipeze theka. -gar, kutanthauza 38% mowa (ngakhale Ngakhale apa pali mikangano). Dongosolo lofananalo linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku England, komwe umboni (57,3% mowa) unali muyezo.

Mwachidule, Hess yekha zovuta zonse, choncho chifukwa cha wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich, amene anayambitsa mfundo yolondola buku kuchuluka mowa.

Chabwino, kumene mowa umachokera kumamveka bwino kwa aliyense: ndicho chinthu chachikulu cha mowa, choncho chimachokera ku chakudya cha yisiti - shuga. Shuga poyamba amachokera ku chimera. Zimachitika kuti shuga watsala, koma yisiti yatha kale. Pachifukwa ichi, wowotchera amawonjezera gawo lina la yisiti. Koma ngati mukufuna kuti mowa ukhale wolimba kwambiri, mwina mulibe shuga wokwanira mu wort, ndipo izi ndizovuta kale. Palibe chifukwa chowonjezera chimera, chifukwa chiŵerengero cha mitundu ya malt sichimakhudza mowa wokha - ndipo takambirana kale izi. Eeeee?

Pali njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino. Yoyamba komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: ingopatsani yisiti chotsitsa chosavuta cha malt (osati chimera!), maltose, uchi kapena china chokoma. Mitundu yotsika mtengo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito shuga basi - ndiye kuti, sucrose, koma imakhala yokoma kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kutsekemera mowa mopitirira muyeso, wopangira mowa angagwiritse ntchito mtundu wina wa madzi a chimanga kapena dextrose chifukwa kuwonjezera kwawo sikukhudza kwambiri kukoma komaliza. Nthawi zambiri, tidawonjezera shuga wosavuta ndikumwa mowa wambiri. Koma pali vuto lina.

Pamene chigawo china cha mowa chikufika, yisiti sichikhoza kupirira ndi kufa muzowonongeka zake - ayi, zimamveka zonyansa, choncho: amaledzera - komanso chinachake cholakwika - mwachidule: amafa. kusiya kugwira ntchito, kapena kufa konse. Kuti izi zisachitike, opanga moŵa wamphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito magulu apadera a yisiti. Nthawi zambiri, mwa njira, muzochitika zotere, opanga mowa amagwiritsa ntchito yisiti ya vinyo. Koma ngakhale mu nkhani iyi, sangathe kukwera pamwamba pa 12-13%. Ndipo chifukwa...

Njira yachiwiri yowonjezerera digiriyi ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mowa mwa kuchotsa madzi ena mwa kuzizira. Umu ndi momwe mowa waku Germany wa Eisbock umapangidwira, mwachitsanzo. Koma kwenikweni, mowa wamphamvu kuposa 12-13% ndiwosowa.

Mfundo yofunika: palibe amene adzasakaniza mowa mu mowa. Ayi. Choyamba, izi zidzafuna zilolezo zowonjezera zogwiritsira ntchito mowa wachakudya, ndipo kachiwiri, zimasokoneza ndikupangitsa mowa kukhala wosakhazikika. Ndipo bwanji kugula chinthu chomwe chapezedwa kale chifukwa cha fermentation? Inde, zimachitika kuti mowa umamveka bwino kununkhiza kwa mowa, koma izi siziri zotsatira za kuwonjezera mwadala kwa ethanol, koma kukhalapo kwa esters enieni mu mowa (mukumbukira kukambirana za esters?)

Mwa njira, ndidzatumizanso kuwala kwa chidani ku Russian GOST 31711-2012:

Payekha, sindikumvetsa "pang'ono" ndi "+-" - kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti ndingathe kugulitsa mowa wamphamvu mkati mwa 0,5% osati mofooka? Inde, ndipo kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa mowa wamatsenga kwa 8,6% kudabweranso kuchokera ku chikalatachi. Chifukwa chake, chilichonse chomwe chili champhamvu sichidziwika bwino. Ajeremani amaseka mokweza pa izi. Mwachidule, mdierekezi amadziwa, ndipo moni kwa State Scientific Institution "VNIIPBiVP" ya Russian Agricultural Academy, woyambitsa muyezo.

Komabe, kuwerenga kwanthawi yayitali kunatuluka. Zokwanira!

Ndipo zikuoneka kuti anthu atopa ndi nkhani yonseyi. Chifukwa chake, ndipumula, ndipo ngati zikuwoneka kuti pali chidwi, nthawi ina tidzakambirana mwachidule zaukadaulo wopangira moŵa, tiphunzire zinsinsi za mowa wopanda mowa ndipo, mwina, tichotse nthano zingapo zingapo. Popeza sindine katswiri waukadaulo, kusanthula kwaukadaulo kudzakhala philistine kwambiri, koma, ndikhulupilira, magawo akulu ndi mafunso okhudza zotengera, kusefera ndi pasteurization adzafotokozedwa.

Zabwino zonse, %username%!

Chitsime: www.habr.com