Za "yellowmvula" ndi "agent orange"

Moni %username%.

Zabwino zonse: Kutengera zotsatira za mavoti, zikuwoneka kuti sindinakhale chete ndipo ndikupitiliza kuyipitsa ubongo wanu ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mitundu ingapo ya ziphe - zamphamvu komanso zosalimba kwambiri.

Lero tidzakambirana za mutu womwe, monga momwe zimakhalira, ndi chidwi kwa ambiri - izi zakhala zoonekeratu, makamaka popeza wokonzekera mpikisano adachotsa mpikisano wapafupi kwambiri chifukwa chosatsatira mfundo za WADA. Chabwino, monga mwachizolowezi, pambuyo pa lembalo padzakhala voti ngati kuli koyenera kupitiriza ndi zomwe muyenera kupitiriza.

Kumbukirani, %username%, tsopano ndi inu nokha amene mungadziwe ngati ndiyenera kupitiriza kunena nkhani zoterezi ndi zomwe ndinganene - ichi ndi chiwerengero cha nkhaniyo komanso mawu anu.

Ndiye…

"Yellow Rain"

Mvula yachikasu ikugunda padenga,
Pa phula ndi masamba,
Ine ndaimirira mu chikhoto changa chamvula ndi kunyowa pachabe.

- Chizh & Co.

Nkhani ya "mvula yachikasu" ndi nkhani ya kulephera kwakukulu. Dzina lakuti "mvula yachikasu" linachokera ku zochitika ku Laos ndi North Vietnam zomwe zinayamba mu 1975, pamene maboma awiri omwe anali ogwirizana ndi Soviet Union anamenyana ndi zigawenga za Hmong ndi Khmer Rouge zomwe zinagwirizana ndi United States. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti gulu la Khmer Rouge makamaka lophunzitsidwa ku France ndi Cambodia, ndipo gululo lidawonjezeredwanso ndi achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 12-15, omwe adataya makolo awo ndikudana ndi anthu aku tauniyo monga "ogwirizana ndi Amereka." Malingaliro awo anali ozikidwa pa Maoism, kukana chirichonse Chakumadzulo ndi chamakono. Inde, %username%, mu 1975 kukhazikitsidwa kwa demokalase sikunali kosiyana ndi lero.

Monga chotulukapo chake, mu 1982, Mlembi wa Boma la United States Alexander Haig anaimba mlandu Soviet Union ya kupereka poizoni wina kumaiko achikomyunizimu ku Vietnam, Laos ndi Cambodia kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi zigawenga. Akuti, othawa kwawo adalongosola zochitika zambiri za kuukiridwa ndi mankhwala, kuphatikizapo madzi achikasu akugwa kuchokera ku ndege kapena ma helikopita, omwe amatchedwa "mvula yachikasu."

"Mvula yachikasu" imadziwika kuti ndi poizoni wa T-2 - trichothecene mycotoxin yopangidwa ndi kagayidwe ka poizoni kuchokera ku nkhungu ya fusarium, yomwe imakhala yowopsa kwambiri ku zamoyo za eukaryotic - ndiko kuti, chilichonse kupatula mabakiteriya, ma virus ndi archaea. musakhumudwe akakutchani eukaryote!) . Poizoni imeneyi imayambitsa lymphatic toxic agranulocytosis ndi zizindikiro zingapo za kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo zikakhudza khungu, mapapo, kapena m'mimba. Zinyama zimatha kukhala ndi poizoni nthawi yomweyo (zotchedwa T-2 toxicosis).
Pano pali T-2 wokongola

Nkhaniyi idawomberedwa mwachangu ndipo poizoni wa T-2 adasankhidwa kukhala zida zamoyo zomwe zidadziwika kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zankhondo.

Buku la 1997 lofalitsidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Zamankhwala ya US Army linanena kuti anthu oposa zikwi khumi anaphedwa pa zida za mankhwala ku Laos, Cambodia ndi Afghanistan. Kufotokozera za kuukiraku kumasiyanasiyana ndipo kumaphatikizapo zitini za aerosol ndi ma aerosols, misampha ya bomba, zipolopolo za mfuti, maroketi ndi mabomba omwe amapanga madontho amadzimadzi, fumbi, ufa, utsi kapena "bug-ngati" zida zomwe zinali zachikasu, zofiira, zobiriwira, zoyera kapena za Brown. mtundu.

A Soviet anakana zonena za US, ndipo kufufuza koyambirira kwa United Nations kunali kosakwanira. Makamaka, akatswiri a UN adafufuza othawa kwawo awiri omwe adanena kuti akuvutika ndi zotsatira za kuukira kwa mankhwala, koma m'malo mwake adapezeka ndi matenda a fungal pakhungu.

Mu 1983, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo ku Harvard ndi wotsutsa wa bioweapons Matthew Meselson ndi gulu lake anapita ku Laos ndikuchita kafukufuku wina. Gulu la Meselson lidazindikira kuti trichothecene mycotoxins amapezeka mwachilengedwe mderali ndipo adakayikira umboniwo. Iwo anabwera ndi lingaliro lina: kuti mvula yachikasu inali yopanda vuto la njuchi. Gulu la Meselson lidapereka izi ngati umboni:

"Madontho amvula achikasu" akutali omwe anapezeka pamasamba ndi "ovomerezeka ngati enieni" anali makamaka mungu. Dontho lililonse linali ndi kusakaniza kosiyana kwa mbewu za mungu-monga momwe zingayembekezeredwe ngati zimachokera ku njuchi zosiyana-ndipo mbewuzo zimasonyeza makhalidwe a mungu wogayidwa ndi njuchi (mapuloteni omwe ali mkati mwa njere ya mungu anali atapita, koma chipolopolo chakunja chosagawanika chinatsalira) . Kuphatikiza apo, mungu wosakanizawo umachokera ku mitundu ya zomera za m’dera limene madonthowo amatengedwa.

Boma la US linakwiya kwambiri, linakwiya, ndipo linachitapo kanthu pa zomwe apezazi, ponena kuti munguwo unawonjezeredwa mwadala kuti apange chinthu chomwe chingathe kutulutsa mosavuta komanso "kuonetsetsa kuti poizoni asungidwa m'thupi la munthu." Meselson adayankha lingaliroli ponena kuti zinali zovuta kuganiza kuti wina angapange zida za mankhwala mwa "kukolola mungu wogayidwa ndi njuchi." Mfundo yakuti mungu unachokera ku Southeast Asia kutanthauza kuti Soviet Union sikanatha kutulutsa mankhwalawo m'dziko lawo ndipo amayenera kuitanitsa matani a mungu kuchokera ku Vietnam (m'mitsuko ya Star Balm, mwachiwonekere? Ayenera kumupatsa Meselson lingaliro!) . Ntchito ya Meselson inafotokozedwa mu ndemanga yachipatala yodziimira ngati "umboni wosatsutsika wakuti mvula yachikasu ikhoza kukhala ndi kufotokozera kwachilengedwe."

Malingaliro a njuchi atalengezedwa, nkhani yoyambirira yaku China yokhudza zitosi zachikasu m'chigawo cha Jiangsu mu Seputembara 1976 mwadzidzidzi (monga mwachizolowezi) idawonekeranso. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, Atchaina anagwiritsiranso ntchito mawu akuti “mvula yachikasu” ponena za chochitika chimenechi (kamba za kulemera kwa chinenero cha Chitchaina!). Anthu ambiri a m’mudzimo ankakhulupirira kuti zitosi zachikasuzi zinali chizindikiro cha chivomezi chimene chatsala pang’ono kuchitika. Ena amakhulupirira kuti zitosizo zinali zida za mankhwala zopopera ndi Soviet Union kapena Taiwan. Komabe, asayansi aku China adanenanso kuti zitosizo zidachokera ku njuchi.

Mayeso a zitsanzo za mvula yachikasu omwe amaganiziridwa ndi maboma a Britain, France ndi Swedish adatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa mungu ndipo adalephera kuzindikira ma mycotoxins. Kafukufuku wa Toxicology wakayikira kukhulupilika kwa malipoti oti mycotoxins adapezeka mwa anthu omwe akuwaganizira kuti akhudzidwa ndi matendawa pakatha miyezi iwiri atapezeka chifukwa mankhwalawa sakhazikika m'thupi ndipo amachotsedwa m'magazi patangotha ​​​​maola ochepa chabe.

Mu 1982, Meselson adayendera msasa wa anthu othawa kwawo a Hmong ndi zitsanzo za ndowe za njuchi zomwe adatola ku Thailand. Ambiri mwa a Hmong omwe anafunsidwa adanena kuti izi zinali zitsanzo za zida za mankhwala zomwe adawukiridwa nazo. Bambo wina anazitchula molondola kuti ndi ndowe za tizilombo, koma bwenzi lake litapita naye pambali n’kunena zinazake, anasintha n’kuyamba kunena za zida za mankhwala.

Wasayansi wankhondo waku Australia Rod Barton adapita ku Thailand mu 1984 ndipo adapeza kuti anthu aku Thailand amadzudzula mvula yachikasu chifukwa cha matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mphere, monga "madokotala aku America ku Bangkok adanenanso kuti United States ikuchita chidwi ndi mvula yachikasu ndipo ikupereka chithandizo chaulere. thandizo kwa onse omwe akhudzidwa. "

Mu 1987, New York Times inatulutsa nkhani yofotokoza momwe maphunziro akumunda omwe adachitika mu 1983-85 ndi magulu a boma la US sanapereke umboni wotsimikizira zonena zoyamba za chida chamankhwala cha "mvula yachikasu", m'malo mwake adakayikira kudalirika kwa malipoti oyambilira. Tsoka ilo, m'dziko la demokalase yopambana komanso ufulu wosamveka, nkhaniyi idawunikidwa ndipo sanaloledwe kusindikizidwa. Mu 1989, Journal of the American Medical Association inafalitsa kusanthula kwa malipoti oyambirira omwe anasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kwa othawa kwawo a Hmong, omwe adanena "kusagwirizana kwakukulu komwe kunasokoneza kwambiri umboni wa umboniwo": gulu lankhondo la US linafunsa anthu okhawo omwe amadzinenera kuti akudziwa. kuukira pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamankhwala, ofufuza adafunsa mafunso otsogola panthawi yofunsidwa, ndi zina. Olembawo ananena kuti nkhani za anthu zinasintha m’kupita kwa nthawi, zinali zosemphana ndi nkhani zina, ndipo anthu amene ankati ndi mboni zoona ndi maso pambuyo pake ananena kuti ankafotokoza nkhani za anthu ena. Mwachidule, chisokonezo mu umboni mu mawonekedwe ake oyera.

Mwa njira, pali nthawi zina piquant mu nkhani iyi. Lipoti la CIA la zaka za m'ma 1960 linanena zomwe boma la Cambodian adanena kuti asilikali awo adagwidwa ndi zida za mankhwala zomwe zinasiya ufa wachikasu. Anthu a ku Cambodia anaimba mlandu dziko la United States chifukwa cha kuukira kwa mankhwala. Zitsanzo zina zamvula zachikasu zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa ku Cambodia mu 1983 zidapezeka kuti zili ndi CS, chinthu chomwe dziko la United States limagwiritsa ntchito pankhondo ya Vietnam. CS ndi mtundu wa utsi wokhetsa misozi ndipo siwowopsa, koma ukhoza kufotokoza zina mwa zizindikiro zosachepera zomwe anthu akumudzi aku Hmong amanenera.

Komabe, panali mfundo zina: kuwunika thupi la msilikali wa Khmer Rouge dzina lake Chan Mann, yemwe anazunzidwa ndi Yellow Rain mu 1982, anapeza zizindikiro za mycotoxins, komanso aflatoxin, Blackwater fever ndi malungo. Nkhaniyi idawomberedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi US ngati umboni wogwiritsa ntchito "mvula yachikasu", koma chifukwa chake chidakhala chosavuta: bowa omwe amapanga mycotoxins amapezeka kwambiri ku Southeast Asia, ndipo poyizoni kuchokera kwa iwo sizachilendo. . Mwachitsanzo, labotale yankhondo yaku Canada idapeza ma mycotoxins m'mwazi wa anthu asanu ochokera m'derali omwe sanakumanepo ndi mvula yachikasu mwa 270 omwe adayesedwa, koma sanapeze ma mycotoxins mwa aliyense mwa anthu khumi omwe akuwaganizira kuti adaphedwa ndi mankhwalawo.

Tsopano zadziwika kuti kuwonongeka kwa mycotoxin muzinthu monga tirigu ndi chimanga ndi vuto lofala, makamaka ku Southeast Asia. Kuwonjezera pa chibadwa chake, kumenyanako kunakulitsa mkhalidwewo, popeza kuti mbewu zinayamba kusungidwa m’mikhalidwe yosayenera kotero kuti zisalandidwe ndi magulu omenyanawo.

Zolemba zambiri zasayansi pamutuwu tsopano zikutsutsa lingaliro lakuti "mvula yachikasu" inali chida chamankhwala cha Soviet. Komabe, nkhaniyi idakali yotsutsana ndipo boma la US silinasinthe zonenazi. Mwa njira, zolemba zambiri zaku US zokhudzana ndi chochitikachi zimakhalabe zamagulu.

Inde, inde, bwenzi langa, Colin Powell ayenera kuti anali atangoyamba kumene ntchito yake m'zaka zimenezo - koma bizinesi yake idapitilira, kotero palibe chomwe chingaganizidwe kuti anapanga china chatsopano - monga palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti United States. amabwera ndi mtundu wina waukadaulo watsopano kuti amenyere zokonda zawo.

Mwa njira, zochitika zina zakale za "mvula yachikasu" hysteria.

• Chigawo cha 2002 chotulutsa mungu wa njuchi ku Sangrampur, India, chinadzutsa mantha opanda pake ponena za kuukira kwa zida za mankhwala, pamene kwenikweni chinali chokhudzana ndi kusamuka kwa njuchi zazikulu za ku Asia. Chochitikacho chinatsitsimutsa kukumbukira zomwe New Scientist inafotokoza kuti "Cold War paranoia."
• Potsogolera ku nkhondo ya 2003 ku Iraq, Wall Street Journal adanena kuti Saddam Hussein anali ndi chida chamankhwala chotchedwa "mvula yachikasu." M'malo mwake, ma Iraqi adayesa T-2 mycotoxins mu 1990, koma adayeretsa 20 ml ya chinthucho kuchokera kumitundu ya mafangasi. Ngakhale pamenepo, mfundo yothandiza idapangidwa kuti, ngakhale kuti T-2 ingakhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chifukwa cha zida zake zapoizoni, sizothandiza, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kupanga pamafakitale.
• Pa May 23, 2015, tchuthi cha dziko la May 24 chisanafike (Tsiku la Mabuku ndi Chikhalidwe cha Chibugariya), mvula yachikasu inagwa ku Sofia, Bulgaria. Aliyense mwamsanga anaganiza kuti chifukwa chake chinali chakuti boma la Bulgaria linatsutsa zochita za Russia ku Ukraine panthawiyo. Patapita nthawi, bungwe la Bulgarian National Academy BAN linalongosola chochitikachi ngati mungu.

Mwachidule, dziko lonse lasiya kuseka kwa nthawi yaitali pa mutu wa "mvula yachikasu," koma United States siinagonje.

"Agent Orange"

"Mtumiki Orange" ndi wolephera, koma mwatsoka osati zosangalatsa. Ndipo sipadzakhala kuseka kuno. Pepani, %username%

Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala ophera udzu, kapena defoliants monga momwe amatchulidwira, adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba panthawi ya opaleshoni ya Malaya ndi Great Britain koyambirira kwa 1950s. Kuyambira June mpaka October 1952 Maekala 1,250 a zomera za m’nkhalango anapoperapo mankhwala ochotsera masamba. Chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), yomwe idapanga chochotsa masamba, idati Malaya ndi "malo oyesera opindulitsa."

Mu Ogasiti 1961, mokakamizidwa ndi CIA ndi Pentagon, Purezidenti wa US John Kennedy adavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuwononga zomera ku South Vietnam. Cholinga cha kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa chinali kuwononga zomera za m’nkhalango, zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzindikira magulu ankhondo a kumpoto kwa Vietnam ndi zigawenga.

Poyamba, pofuna kuyesa, ndege zaku South Vietnam motsogozedwa ndi asitikali aku America zidagwiritsa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa m'madera ang'onoang'ono ankhalango ku Saigon (tsopano Ho Chi Minh City). Mu 1963, dera lalikulu ku Ca Mau Peninsula (panopa Chigawo cha Ca Mau) chinathandizidwa ndi zochotsa masamba. Atalandira zotsatira zabwino, lamulo la America linayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri defoliants.

Mwa njira, mwachangu kwambiri sikunalinso za nkhalango: asitikali aku US adayamba kuloza mbewu mu Okutobala 1962. Mu 1965, 42% ya mankhwala ophera udzu onse anali opangira mbewu.

Mu 1965, mamembala a US Congress adauzidwa kuti "kuthetsa mbewu kumamveka kuti ndicho cholinga chofunikira kwambiri ... Asilikaliwo adauzidwa kuti akuwononga mbewu chifukwa akuti akufuna kudyetsa zigawenga ndi zokolola. Pambuyo pake zinadziwika ndi kutsimikiziridwa kuti pafupifupi chakudya chonse chimene asilikali anawononga sichinapangidwe kwa omenyana; kwenikweni, idakulitsidwa kuti ithandizire anthu wamba am'deralo. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha Quang Ngai, 1970% ya malo olimapo idawonongedwa mu 85 yokha, ndikusiya anthu masauzande ambiri akuvutika ndi njala.

Monga gawo la Operation Ranch Hand, madera onse a South Vietnam ndi madera ambiri a Laos ndi Cambodia adakumana ndi vuto la mankhwala. Kuwonjezera pa madera a nkhalango, minda, minda ndi minda ya mphira inalimidwa. Kuyambira 1965, defoliants akhala akupoperapo m'minda ya Laos (makamaka kumwera ndi kum'mawa), kuyambira 1967 - kumpoto kwa demilitarized zone. Mu Disembala 1971, Purezidenti Nixon adalamula kuti kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera udzu, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunaloledwa kutali ndi zida zankhondo zaku America komanso madera ambiri okhala anthu.

Pazonse, pakati pa 1962 ndi 1971, asitikali aku US adapopera pafupifupi magaloni 20 (000 cubic metres) amankhwala osiyanasiyana.

Asitikali aku America adagwiritsa ntchito mitundu inayi ya herbicide: wofiirira, lalanje, woyera ndi buluu. Zigawo zawo zazikulu zinali: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram ndi cacodylic acid. Kupanga malalanje (motsutsana ndi nkhalango) ndi buluu (motsutsana ndi mpunga ndi mbewu zina) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - koma kawirikawiri panali "othandizira" okwanira: kuwonjezera pa malalanje, pinki, ofiirira, abuluu, oyera ndi obiriwira adagwiritsidwa ntchito - kusiyana. anali mu chiŵerengero cha zosakaniza ndi mtundu mikwingwirima pa mbiya. Kumwaza bwino mankhwalawo, mafuta a palafini kapena dizilo anawonjezedwa kwa iwo.

Kukula kwa komputayi mu mawonekedwe okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru kumadziwika kuti ndi magawo a labotale a DuPont Corporation. Amadziwikanso kuti adatenga nawo gawo pakupeza mapangano oyamba operekera mankhwala a herbicides, pamodzi ndi Monsanto ndi Dow Chemical. Mwa njira, kupanga gulu ili la mankhwala ndi wa gulu la owopsa kupanga, chifukwa cha matenda concomitant (nthawi zambiri amapha) pakati pa ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale a makampani kupanga tatchulazi, komanso okhala m'midzi. mkati mwa malire a mizinda kapena pafupi ndi malo opangirako .
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)

Picloram

Cacodylic acid

Maziko a kupanga "othandizira" anali ntchito ya American botanist Arthur Galston, amene pambuyo pake anafuna kuletsa ntchito osakaniza, amene iye ankaona ngati chida mankhwala. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1940, wophunzira wina wachichepere ku yunivesite ya Illinois, Arthur Galston, adaphunzira za mankhwala ndi biological properties za auxins ndi physiology ya mbewu za soya; adapeza zotsatira za 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid pa maluwa. ndondomeko ya gulu ili la zomera. Iye anakhazikitsa zasayansi kuti mu mkulu ndende izi asidi kumabweretsa kufooka kwa mapadi ulusi pa mphambano ya tsinde ndi masamba, zomwe zimabweretsa kukhetsa masamba (defoliation). Galston adateteza zolemba zake pamutu womwe adasankhidwa mu 1943. ndipo adapereka zaka zitatu zotsatira kuti afufuze ntchito yopanga zinthu za rabara pazosowa zankhondo. Panthawiyi, chidziwitso chokhudza kupezeka kwa wasayansi wamng'ono, popanda kudziwa, chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi othandizira ma laboratory a asilikali ku Camp Detrick base (bungwe lalikulu la pulogalamu ya ku America yopanga zida zankhondo) kuti adziwe momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nkhondo. mankhwala defoliants kuthetsa mavuto tactical (choncho dzina lovomerezeka la zinthu zamtunduwu zotchedwa "tactical defoliants" kapena "tactical herbicides") mu Pacific theatre of operations, kumene asitikali aku America adakumana ndi kutsutsidwa koopsa ndi asitikali aku Japan kugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango zowirira. . Galston anadabwa pamene, mu 1946, Akatswiri awiri otsogola ochokera ku Camp Detrick adabwera kwa iye ku California Institute of Technology ndipo adamuuza mwaulemu kuti zotsatira za chiphunzitso chake zidakhala maziko azomwe zikuchitika pankhondo (iye, monga wolemba, anali ndi mwayi wolandira mphotho ya boma). Pambuyo pake, pomwe tsatanetsatane wa kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku America ku Vietnam mu 1960s. atasindikizidwa m'nyuzipepala, Galston, akudzimva kuti ali ndi udindo pa chitukuko cha Agent Orange, adafuna kuti kupopera mankhwala kumayiko a Indochina Peninsula kuyimitsidwe. Malinga ndi wasayansi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ku Vietnam "kunagwedeza chikhulupiriro chake chozama pa ntchito yothandiza ya sayansi ndipo kunamupangitsa kuti ayambe kutsutsa ndondomeko ya boma ya US." Mwamsanga pamene chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chinthucho chinafika kwa wasayansi mu 1966, Galston nthawi yomweyo adalemba zokamba zake pamsonkhano wapachaka wa sayansi wa American Society of Plant Physiologists, ndipo pamene komiti yayikulu ya anthu inakana kumulola kuti achitepo kanthu. kulankhula, Galston mwachinsinsi anayamba kutolera siginecha asayansi anzake pansi pempho kwa Purezidenti wa US Lyndon Johnson. Asayansi khumi ndi awiri adalemba mu pempholi malingaliro awo pakusavomerezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito "othandizira" komanso zotsatira zomwe zingakhalepo pa dothi ndi kuchuluka kwa madera opopera.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala kwa asitikali aku America kudadzetsa zotsatira zoyipa. Nkhalango za mangrove (mahekitala 500 zikwi) zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa, 60% (pafupifupi mahekitala 1 miliyoni) a nkhalango ndi 30% (mahekitala oposa 100) a nkhalango zotsika. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1960, zokolola m'minda ya labala zatsika ndi 75%. Asitikali aku America adawononga 40% mpaka 100% ya mbewu za nthochi, mpunga, mbatata, papaya, tomato, 70% yaminda ya kokonati, 60% ya hevea, mahekitala 110 a minda ya casuarina.

Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, chilengedwe cha Vietnam chasintha kwambiri. M’madera okhudzidwawo, mwa mitundu 150 ya mbalame, 18 yokha inatsala, zamoyo za m’madzi ndi tizilombo tinatsala pang’ono kutha, ndipo chiwerengero cha nsomba m’mitsinje chinachepa. The microbiological zikuchokera nthaka anasokonekera ndipo zomera anali poizoni. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya mitengo ndi zitsamba m'nkhalango zamvula zatsika kwambiri: m'madera okhudzidwa ndi mitundu yochepa ya mitengo ndi mitundu ingapo ya udzu waminga, wosayenera kudyetsa ziweto.

Kusintha kwa nyama zaku Vietnam kunapangitsa kuti mtundu umodzi wa makoswe wakuda usamutsidwe ndi mitundu ina yomwe imanyamula mliri ku South ndi Southeast Asia. Nkhupakupa zomwe zimanyamula matenda oopsa zapezeka mumtundu wa nkhupakupa. Kusintha kofananako kwachitika m'mitundu ya udzudzu: m'malo mwa udzudzu wopanda vuto, udzudzu womwe umanyamula malungo wawonekera.

Koma zonsezi n’zosamveka poganizira mmene anthu amakhudzira anthu.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti mwa zigawo zinayi za "othandizira," choopsa kwambiri ndi cacodylic acid. Kafukufuku wakale kwambiri wokhudza ma cacodyles anachitidwa ndi Robert Bunsen (yup, wowotcha wa Bunsen ali mwaulemu wake) payunivesite ya Marburg: “fungo la thupili limapangitsa kumva kunjenjemera m'manja ndi miyendo, komanso mpaka chizungulire ndi kusamva bwino... N’zochititsa chidwi kuti munthu akakumana ndi fungo la zinthu zimenezi, lilime lake limakutidwa ndi nsaru yakuda, ngakhale pamene palibe zotsatirapo zina zoipa.” Cacodylic acid ndi poizoni kwambiri ngati italowetsedwa, kukopa, kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu. Zawonetsedwa mu makoswe kukhala teratogen, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kufa kwa mkamwa komanso kufa kwa mwana pamilingo yayikulu. Zawonetsedwa kuti zikuwonetsa ma genotoxic m'maselo amunthu. Ngakhale kuti si carcinogen yamphamvu, cacodylic acid imapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu ziwalo monga impso ndi chiwindi.

Koma awanso ndi maluwa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, chifukwa cha dongosolo la kaphatikizidwe, 2,4-D ndi 2,4,5-T nthawi zonse imakhala ndi 20 ppm ya dioxin. Mwa njira, ndinalankhula kale za iye.

Boma la Vietnam lati 4 miliyoni mwa nzika zake adakumana ndi Agent Orange ndipo pafupifupi 3 miliyoni adadwala. Bungwe la Red Cross la Vietnam likuyerekeza kuti anthu okwana 1 miliyoni ndi olumala kapena ali ndi vuto la thanzi chifukwa cha Agent Orange. Pafupifupi 400 aku Vietnamese adamwalira ndi poizoni wa Agent Orange. Boma la United States limatsutsa ziwerengerozi kukhala zosadalirika.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi Dr. Nguyen Viet Ngan, ana a m’madera amene Agent Orange ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ali ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana a thanzi, monga kung’ambika m’kamwa, kusokonezeka maganizo, zotupa, ndi zala ndi zala zowonjezera. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, kuchuluka kwa dioxin kunapezeka mu mkaka wa amayi a South Vietnamese komanso m'magazi a asilikali a US omwe ankatumikira ku Vietnam. Madera omwe akhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mapiri a Truong Son (Mapiri Aatali) ndi malire a Vietnam ndi Cambodia. Anthu okhala m'maderawa akudwala matenda osiyanasiyana obadwa nawo.

Dinani apa ngati mukufunadi kuwona zotsatira za Agent Orange pa munthu. Koma ndikukuchenjezani: sizoyenera.



Malo onse akale ankhondo aku US ku Vietnam komwe mankhwala ophera udzu amasungidwa ndikukwezedwa mundege atha kukhalabe ndi ma dioxin ambiri m'nthaka, zomwe zikuwopseza thanzi la anthu ozungulira. Kuyesa kwakukulu kwa kuipitsidwa kwa dioxin kunachitika m'malo omwe kale anali ndege zaku US ku Da Nang, Pho Cat District ndi Bien Haa. Zina mwa dothi ndi zinyalala zimakhala ndi dioxin wokwera kwambiri womwe umafuna kuchotsedwa. Ku Da Nang Air Base, kuipitsidwa kwa dioxin ndikwambiri nthawi 350 kuposa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Dothi loipitsidwa ndi dothi likupitilirabe kukhudza anthu aku Vietnamese, kuwononga chakudya chawo ndikuyambitsa matenda, zovuta zapakhungu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa m'mapapo, larynx ndi prostate.

(Mwa njira, kodi mumagwiritsabe ntchito mankhwala a Vietnamese? Chabwino, ndinganene chiyani ...)

Tiyenera kukhala ndi cholinga ndikunena kuti asitikali aku US ku Vietnam adavutikanso: sanadziwitsidwe za ngoziyo, chifukwa chake adatsimikiza kuti mankhwalawo anali opanda vuto ndipo sanachitepo kanthu. Atabwerera kwawo, asilikali ankhondo a ku Vietnam anayamba kukayikira chinachake: thanzi la ambiri linali litalowa pansi, akazi awo anali kupita padera, ndipo ana anabadwa ndi zilema. Omenyera nkhondo adayamba kulembera madandaulo ku dipatimenti ya Veterans Affairs mu 1977 kuti apereke ndalama zothandizira olumala chifukwa cha chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe amakhulupirira kuti chinali chokhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa Agent Orange, kapena makamaka dioxin, koma zonena zawo zidakanidwa. anali muutumiki kapena pasanathe chaka chimodzi atachotsedwa ntchito (zoyenera kupereka mapindu). Ife, m'dziko lathu, tikudziwa bwino izi.

Pofika mu Epulo 1993, dipatimenti yoona za ankhondo akale idalipira chipukuta misozi kwa anthu 486 okha, ngakhale idalandira zikalata zolemala kuchokera kwa asitikali 39 omwe adakumana ndi Agent Orange pomwe akutumikira ku Vietnam.

Kuyambira 1980, kuyesayesa kwapangidwa kuti apeze chipukuta misozi kudzera m'milandu, kuphatikizapo makampani omwe amapanga zinthuzi (Dow Chemical ndi Monsanto). Pa mlandu wa m'mawa pa May 7, 1984, pa mlandu womwe mabungwe ankhondo a ku America anazenga, maloya a kampani ya Monsanto ndi Dow Chemical adatha kuthetsa mlandu wa gulu kunja kwa khoti patangotsala maola ochepa kuti oweruza ayambe kusankha. Makampaniwa adagwirizana kuti apereke chipukuta misozi cha $180 miliyoni ngati omenyera nkhondowa ataya zonena zawo zonse. Omenyera nkhondo ambiri omwe anali ozunzidwa adakwiya kuti mlanduwo unathetsedwa m'malo mopita kukhoti: adamva ngati aperekedwa ndi maloya awo. “Milandu ya Chilungamo” inachitikira m’mizinda ikuluikulu isanu ya ku America, kumene asilikali omenyera nkhondo ndi mabanja awo anakambitsirana za mmene anachitira ndi kutha kwachiweruzocho ndipo anadzudzula zochita za maloya ndi makhoti, akumafuna kuti mlanduwo ukazengedwe ndi oweruza a anzawo. Woweruza wa Federal Jack B. Weinstein anakana madandaulowo, ponena kuti kuthetsako kunali “kwachilungamo komanso kolungama. Pofika m'chaka cha 1989, mantha a asilikali ankhondo adatsimikiziridwa pamene adasankhidwa momwe ndalamazo zidzalipire: momwe zingathere (inde, ndendende). pamapeto pake!) Msilikali wolumala waku Vietnam akhoza kulandira ndalama zopitirira $12, zomwe zimalipidwa pang'onopang'ono pazaka 000. Kuonjezera apo, povomera malipirowa, omenyera nkhondo olumala akhoza kukhala osayenerera kulandira madalitso ambiri aboma omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri, monga masitampu a chakudya, thandizo la boma, ndi penshoni za boma.

Mu 2004, wolankhulira Monsanto Jill Montgomery adanena kuti Monsanto siinali ndi udindo wovulala kapena imfa chifukwa cha "othandizira": "Timamvera chisoni anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti avulala ndipo amamvetsa nkhawa zawo ndi chikhumbo chawo chofuna kupeza chifukwa, koma odalirika" Sayansi. umboni umasonyeza kuti Agent Orange sayambitsa mavuto aakulu azaumoyo. "

Bungwe la Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange and Dioxin Poisoning (VAVA) lidasumira mlandu wa "personal injury, chemical design and production liability" ku Khothi Lachigawo la United States ku Eastern District ku New York ku Brooklyn motsutsana ndi makampani angapo aku US, ponena kuti Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa "othandizira" kunaphwanya Msonkhano wa Hague wa 1907 pa Land Wars, 1925 Geneva Protocol ndi 1949 Geneva Conventions. Dow Chemical ndi Monsanto anali awiri omwe amapanga "othandizira" akuluakulu a asilikali a US ndipo adatchulidwa pamlanduwo pamodzi ndi makampani ena ambiri (Diamond Shamrock, Uniroyal, Thompson Chemicals, Hercules, etc.). Pa Marichi 10, 2005, Woweruza Jack B. Weinstein wa Kum’mawa (yemweyonso amene anatsogolera mlandu wa asilikali ankhondo a US mu 1984) anathetsa mlanduwo, ponena kuti panalibe choimirira pazifukwazo. Anatsimikiza kuti Agent Orange sankatengedwa ngati poizoni pansi pa malamulo apadziko lonse panthawi yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States; US sanaletsedwe kugwiritsa ntchito ngati herbicide; ndipo makampani amene amapanga zinthuzo sanali ndi udindo pa njira ya boma yochigwiritsira ntchito. A Weinstein adagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha ku Britain kuti athetse zonenazo: "Anthu aku America akadakhala olakwa pankhondo chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito Agent Orange ku Vietnam, ndiye kuti aku Britain akanakhalanso olakwa pankhondo chifukwa anali dziko loyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu ndi defoliants mu nkhondo." ndipo adawagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri panthawi yonse ya ntchito ya Malaya. Popeza panalibe zionetsero zochokera kumayiko ena poyankha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Britain, a US adawona kuti ndi chitsanzo chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu ndi defoliants pankhondo zankhalango. " Boma la US silinatenge nawo mbali pamlanduwo chifukwa chodziteteza, ndipo khotilo lidagamula kuti makampani opanga mankhwala, monga makontrakitala aboma la US, anali ndi chitetezo chofanana. Mlanduwu unachitika apilo ndipo Khothi Lachiwiri la Apilo la Circuit ku Manhattan pa June 18, 2007. Oweruza atatu a Khothi Lachiwiri la Apilo adagwirizana ndi zomwe a Weinstein adagamula kuti asiye mlanduwo. Iwo analamula kuti ngakhale kuti mankhwala a herbicides ali ndi dioxin (poizoni wodziŵika), iwo sanapangidwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati poizoni kwa anthu. Choncho, defoliants satengedwa ngati zida za mankhwala choncho samaphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse. Kulingalira mowonjezereka kwa mlanduwu ndi gulu lonse la oweruza a Khoti Loona za Apilo kunatsimikiziranso chigamulochi. Maloya a anthu omwe anazunzidwawo anakadandaula ku Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States kuti limvetsere nkhaniyi. Pa March 2, 2009, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linakana kubwereza chigamulo cha Khoti Loona za Apilo.

Pa Meyi 25, 2007, Purezidenti Bush adasaina malamulo omwe adapereka $ 3 miliyoni makamaka kuti azipereka ndalama zothandizira ma dioxin pamalo omwe kale anali ankhondo aku U.S., komanso mapulogalamu azaumoyo a anthu ozungulira. Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kuwonongedwa kwa ma dioxins kumafuna kutentha kwakukulu (kuposa 1000 ° C), njira yowononga ndiyofunika mphamvu, kotero akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti malo okhawo a mpweya aku US ku Da Nang adzafunika $ 14 miliyoni kuti ayeretse, ndi kuyeretsa malo ena akale ankhondo aku Vietnam aku US okhala ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kudzafunikanso $60 miliyoni.

Mlembi wa boma a Hillary Clinton adati paulendo wake ku Hanoi mu Okutobala 2010 kuti boma la US liyamba ntchito yochotsa kuipitsidwa kwa dioxin ku Da Nang Air Base.
Mu June 2011, mwambo unachitika pa Da Nang Airport kusonyeza kuyamba kwa US kuchotsedwa kwa dioxin hotspots ku Vietnam. Mpaka pano, bungwe la US Congress lapereka ndalama zokwana madola 32 miliyoni kuti zithandizire pulogalamuyi.

Pofuna kuthandiza omwe akukhudzidwa ndi dioxin, boma la Vietnam lakhazikitsa "midzi yamtendere", yomwe ili ndi 50 kwa anthu 100 omwe amalandira chithandizo chamankhwala ndi maganizo. Pofika 2006, pali midzi 11 yotereyi. Omenyera nkhondo yaku Vietnam yaku America ndi anthu omwe amadziwa ndikumvera chisoni ndi omwe adazunzidwa ndi Agent Orange adathandizira mapulogalamuwa. Gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lankhondo zankhondo zaku Vietnam zochokera ku United States ndi ogwirizana nawo, pamodzi ndi mdani wawo wakale, omenyera nkhondo a Vietnam Veterans Association, akhazikitsa mudzi wa Vietnam Friendship kunja kwa Hanoi. Malowa amapereka chithandizo chamankhwala, kukonzanso ndi kuphunzitsa ntchito kwa ana ndi asilikali a ku Vietnam omwe akhudzidwa ndi dioxin.

Boma la Vietnam limapereka ndalama zochepa pamwezi kwa anthu oposa 200 a ku Vietnam omwe amakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ophera udzu; mu 000 mokha, ndalamazi zinali $2008 miliyoni. Bungwe la Red Cross la Vietnam lakweza ndalama zoposa $40,8 miliyoni zothandizira odwala kapena olumala, ndipo maziko angapo a US, mabungwe a UN, maboma a ku Ulaya ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma apereka ndalama zokwana madola 22 miliyoni pakuyeretsa, kukonzanso nkhalango, chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi ntchito zina. .

Werengani zambiri zakuthandizira ozunzidwa ndi Agent Orange angapezeke pano.

Iyi ndi nkhani yakubzalidwa kwa demokalase, %username%. Ndipo sizikhalanso zoseketsa.

Ndipo tsopano…

Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Lowani muakauntichonde.

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Ogwiritsa 32 adavota. Ogwiritsa 4 adakana.

Source: www.habr.com