Moni %username%.
Monga momwe analonjezedwa, nayi nkhani yokhudzana ndi phosphorous yachikasu ndi momwe idawotchedwa kwambiri pafupi ndi Lvov ku Ukraine posachedwa.
Inde, ndikudziwa - Google imapereka zambiri za ngoziyi. Tsoka ilo, zambiri zomwe amapereka sizowona, kapena, monga mboni zowona ndi maso zimanenera, zachabechabe.
Tiyeni tiganizire!
Chabwino, choyamba, palibe hardware yomwe amakonda, koma mwa njira ndiyofunikira kwambiri!
Monga momwe Wikipedia yotopetsa imanenera, phosphorous ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimayambira pansi pa nthaka: zomwe zili ndi 0,08-0,09% ya kulemera kwake. Sichipezeka mu ufulu waulere chifukwa cha ntchito yake yapamwamba ya mankhwala. Zimapanga pafupifupi 190 mchere, wofunikira kwambiri womwe ndi apatite Ca5 (PO4) 3 (F, Cl, OH), phosphorite Ca3 (PO4)2 ndi ena. Phosphorus ndi gawo la zinthu zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe - phospholipids. Zomwe zili m'matumbo a nyama, ndi gawo la mapuloteni ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri (ATP, DNA), ndipo ndi gawo la moyo. Kumbukirani izi, %username%, ndipo tipitilira.
Phosphorus mu mawonekedwe ake oyera ndi woyera, wofiira, wakuda ndi zitsulo. Izi zimatchedwa kusintha kwa allotropic - kugonana kofooka kumawadziwa bwino, chifukwa mwa kukhudza amatha kusiyanitsa diamondi kuchokera ku graphite - ndipo izi ndi zosinthidwa za allotropic, mu carbon. Kawirikawiri, phosphorous ndi yofanana.
ngwazi ya nkhani yathu - yellow phosphorous - kwenikweni wosayengedwa woyera. Nthawi zambiri, "wosayeretsedwa" amatanthauza kusakaniza kwa phosphorous wofiira, osati zinthu zina zowopsya zakunja.
Phosphorous wachikasu (monga phosphorous yoyera) ndi gehena weniweni: wakupha kwambiri (kuchuluka kwa ndende mumpweya wa mumlengalenga 0,0005 mg/m³), chinthu chakristalo choyaka moto kuchokera kuchikasu chowala kupita ku bulauni. Kukoka kwapadera 1,83 g/cm³, kumasungunuka pa +43,1 °C, kuwira pa +280 °C. Sipasungunuke m'madzi, imatulutsa okosijeni mosavuta mumlengalenga ndikuyaka yokha. Imayaka ndi moto wonyezimira wobiriwira ndipo imatulutsa utsi wonyezimira woyera - tinthu tating'ono ta tetraphosphorus decaoxide P4O10. Iyi ndi Wikipedia yotopetsanso, koma chonde, %username%, kumbukiraninso izi.
Tsopano tiyeni tiganizire.
Chabwino, choyamba, ngakhale kuti phosphorous ali ndi poizoni, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti aphedwe ndi poizoni pazifukwa zosavuta: zimangoyaka mlengalenga. Mwachangu kwambiri. Ndipo imayaka, monga tanenera kale, ndi buluu, lawi lobiriwira lowala. Pochita, zikuwoneka ngati izi: mumayika chidutswa patebulo ndipo pang'onopang'ono chimayamba kusuta. Ndiye mofulumira. Ndiye zambiri. Kenako imayaka ndikuyaka. Nthawi yowala imadalira kukula kwa chidutswa: chaching'ono, chofulumira. Ndicho chifukwa chake zimandivuta kulingalira fumbi labwino la phosphorous yachikasu mumlengalenga - lidzangoyaka moto.
Ngakhale, mungatsutse, amalemba kuti: mlingo woopsa wa phosphorous wachikasu kwa anthu ndi 0,05-0,15 magalamu, umasungunuka bwino m'madzi a m'thupi ndipo umatengeka mwamsanga ukalowetsedwa (mwa njira, phosphorous yofiira imakhala yosasungunuka ndipo imakhala yochepa kwambiri. ). Pachimake poyizoni kumachitika pamene chikasu phosphorous nthunzi mpweya ndi/kapena pamene alowa m`mimba thirakiti. Poizoni amadziwika ndi kupweteka kwa m'mimba, kusanza, kusanza kokongola kwamdima komwe kumanunkhira ngati adyo, komanso kutsekula m'mimba. Chizindikiro china cha poizoni wachikasu wa phosphorous ndi kulephera kwa mtima.
Nditawerenga izi, pazifukwa zina ndinakumbukira za poizoni wa phosphine (zizindikirozo zinali zofanana kwambiri) ndipo ndinaganiza mozama - koma osati za kukhalapo kwa nthunzi wachikasu wa phosphorous, koma za kukwanira kwa munthu amene adawona kusuta, kung'anima mumdima. cha chinthu chosadziwika - ndipo nthawi yomweyo adadya. Chabwino, ndi zimenezo.
Mwa njira, kuti mupeze yankho la phosphorous m'madzi a 3 mg/l - ndipo iyi ndi yankho lodzaza, silimasungunukanso - muyenera kugwedeza chidutswa cha phosphorous m'madzi kwa sabata. Chabwino, sindinabwere ndi izi, GOST 32459-2013 ikutero - ndipo iyi si mitundu yonse ya intaneti yanu!
Nthawi zambiri, mu lingaliro langa, kawopsedwe ka phosphorous amakokomeza kwambiri. Koma ili ndi ma nuances ena. Za iwo - pansipa.
Phosphorus imayaka, monga akatswiri omwe amagwira nawo ntchito monga kunena, malinga ndi lamulo la gimlet: ndiko kuti, chidutswa choyaka chimadya pamwamba pomwe chimawotcha. Pa tebulo. Muzitsulo. Mu nsapato. M'dzanja. Chifukwa ndi losavuta: kuyaka mankhwala - phosphorous okusayidi - kwenikweni ndi acidic okusayidi, amene nthawi yomweyo amakoka madzi, kupanga phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid, ngakhale sizoyipa ngati sulfuric kapena hydrofluoric acid, amakonda kudya pang'ono - motero amawononga chilichonse. Mwa njira, nthawi zina amawonjezeredwa ku chimbudzi choyeretsa madzimadzi. Kuphatikiza kwabwino kwa kutentha kwambiri (mpaka 1300 ° C) ndi asidi otentha kumapereka mabowo owonjezera patebulo lanu, ndipo ngati mulibe mwayi, ku thupi lanu. Ndipo inde, %username% Ndi Zowawa Kwambiri.
Ndatsutsana kale nthawi zambiri ndipo ndikupitirizabe kunena kuti palibe mdani wamkulu kwa munthu kuposa iyemwini: ndithudi, katundu wa phosphorous wachikasu sanawonekere - ndipo anthu abwino adadza ndi lingaliro lowonjezera ku chowotcha. zida, chifukwa ndi yabwino kwambiri pamene chinachake mwadzidzidzi kugwira moto mpweya!
Zikuwoneka zokongola kwambiri - mutha kuzisilira
Koma anthu samawoneka okongola kwambiri pambuyo pa kuukiridwa koteroko - choncho ndibwino kuti musayang'ane
Popeza zonsezi ndi zokongola kwambiri, chitukuko, kuyesa, mayendedwe, malonda, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kutaya zida za phosphorous kumachitika poganizira mapangano ndi mapangano angapo apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza:
- Petersburg Declaration "Pakutha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zophulika ndi zoyaka" mu 1868.
- Ma Protocol owonjezera a 1977 ku Geneva Convention for the Protection of Victims of War of 1949, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za phosphorous zoyera ngati ziyika anthu wamba pachiwopsezo. USA ndi Israel sanasaine, mwa njira.
- Mogwirizana ndi Third Protocol to the 1980 UN Convention on Some Weapons, zida zopsereza siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu wamba, komanso, sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi zolinga zankhondo zomwe zili mdera lomwe anthu wamba amakhala.
Kawirikawiri, pali mapepala ambiri, koma ali ndi udindo pafupi ndi chimbudzi, chifukwa zidazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse - Palestine ndi Donbass zidzatsimikizira.
Popeza phosphorous imakhudzidwa ndi madzi pokhapokha kutentha pamwamba pa 500 digiri Celsius, kuzimitsa phosphorous, gwiritsani ntchito madzi ochuluka (kuchepetsa kutentha kwa moto ndikusintha phosphorous kukhala olimba) kapena yankho la mkuwa sulfate (copper sulfate), pambuyo pake. kuzimitsa phosphorous ndi yokutidwa chonyowa mchenga. Kuteteza ku kuyaka modzidzimutsa, phosphorous yachikasu imasungidwa ndikunyamulidwa pansi pamadzi (calcium chloride solution, kunena ndendende, koma madzi adzachitanso). Izinso ndizofunikira!
Ndani amatulutsa phosphorous? Ndipo apa,% lolowera%, munthu adzadzazidwa ndi kunyada: katundu waukulu wa phosphorous, chakudya kalasi phosphoric asidi, hexaphosphate ndi sodium tripolyphosphate amanyadira Kazakhstan!
Ndipotu, kuyambira nthawi ya USSR ntchito Kazphosphate inamangidwa mu ulemerero mzinda wa Dzhambul (inde, dzina lomwelo Dzhambul Dzhabayev). Ndiye Dzhambul anadzatchedwanso Taraz - chabwino, tiyeni tisakambirane expediency, Kazakhs kudziwa bwino - koma ntchito anakhalabe. Kupezeka kwa zopangira ndi mphamvu, komanso mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa ntchito (ndipo kwenikweni palibe kwina kulikonse kogwirira ntchito ku Taraz/Dzhambul) adatsimikiza kuti phosphorous yachikasu imapangidwa pano.
Pamene ndinali ku bizinesi iyi, zinali zabwino! Kumwera kwa Kazakhstan, 300 km kupita ku Uzbekistan - kutentha! Mbalame zikuimba! Zonse ndi zobiriwira! Pali mapiri m'chizimezime! Kukongola!
Mwa njira, chomera cha Kazphosphate sichisokoneza idyll iyi mwanjira iliyonse: zonse zobiriwira, maluwa, m'mphepete mwa phiri laling'ono.
Ndi zabwino kwenikweni kumeneko
Chifukwa chokongola ndi chosavuta - zopangira, zopangira ndi zotayira zopangira ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi phosphorous, zomwe kwenikweni ndi feteleza. Choncho zonse zimakula ndi maluwa.
Mwa njira, kasamalidwe apamwamba kwambiri a mbewu sakonda dandelions. Palibe amene akudziwa chifukwa chake. Choncho, akuluakulu a boma asanafike, ogwira ntchito amakonzekera tsiku loyeretsa kuti achotse dandelions. Chabwino, aliyense amadziwa momwe zimakhalira kulimbana ndi dandelions kuchokera ku dachas / minda yamasamba; mkati mwa chisokonezo cha phosphorous, izi ndizopanda pake: ndizokwanira kwa tsiku limodzi, awiri kwambiri. Koma utsogoleri ndi chomwe uli.
Ndinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito ya labotale ya kampaniyo. Pali anthu anzeru kwambiri akhala pamenepo. Ndipo kotero mukumvetsa, %username%, mfundo zochepa.
Mu phosphorous yachikasu, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwongolera zonyansa - makamaka arsenic, antimony, selenium, faifi tambala, mkuwa, nthaka, aluminium, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead, iron. Kuwongolera zonsezi, phosphorous iyenera kusungunuka, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, zonse zomwe zimayendetsedwa siziyenera kuwuluka.
Vuto loyamba: momwe mungayesere chinthu chomwe chimayatsa mpweya? Amachita izi: amamenyetsa nsonga ya phosphorous pansi pa madzi osanjikiza, amatulutsa zidutswa zazikulu—zing’onozing’ono zimayaka mofulumira kwambiri—ndi kuziika m’kapu yamadzi. Kenaka amayeza kapu ina yamadzi, kutenga phosphorous kuchokera koyamba, kupukuta ndi mowa, kuyembekezera mpaka itauma, ndikuponyera mumadzi oyezera. Unyinji wa phosphorous umatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana kwa kulemera.
Popeza imatha kugwira moto - pali njira yothetsera mkuwa wa sulphate pafupi - ngati igwira moto, ndiye iponyamo.
Ndiye phosphorous imasungunuka. Imasungunuka mu asidi wa nitric, wodzaza ndi nthunzi ya bromine - chinthu chokoma kwambiri komanso chonunkhira. Ndikupangira pafamu. Muyenera kuponyera phosphorous mu chisakanizochi, ndikuwotchera pang'ono, ndipo zikayamba, musunthire mumphika ndi madzi ozizira, chifukwa kutentha ndi kwakukulu. Ndipo gwedezani, gwedezani, gwedezani - ngati simukugwedezeka, zidutswazo zimangodumpha kuchokera mu supu yotumphukira - zotsatira zake sizikhala zolondola! Amagwedeza ndi manja awo, atavala mittens ziwiri: rabara yoteteza asidi ndi yomverera yotetezera kutentha (rabala imasungunuka, koma yomvererayo sapulumutsa madontho a asidi. Komabe, phosphorous ikalowa, zonse sizidzakupulumutsani.
Chiwonetsero chochititsa chidwi cha kutha kwa phosphorous yachikasu
Pa nthawi yomweyo, nitrogen oxides ndi bromine ntchentche - ichi ndi cholemba. Mtsikanayo amawopa michira yofiira iyi ndi zidutswa za phosphorous zomwe zimatha kufika pa zovala zake kapena mitten. Sindikukumbukira chiphe ndi "nthunzi" kapena "njira" za phosphorous.
Inde, mwa njira, malipiro a atsikana omwe amachita izi sali oposa $ 200 (ndipo yankho ndi losavuta: palibe kwina kulikonse komwe mungagwire ntchito ku Taraz, ndinanena kale). Ndiye nthawi ina, %username%, mukadzadandaula za malipiro ochepa komanso ntchito zovulaza - kumbukirani Kazphosphate!
Chabwino, tsopano popeza chidziwitso choyambirira chasonkhanitsidwa, tiyeni tipite ku ngozi yeniyeni ku Lvov.
Popeza phosphorous ikufunika ku Europe, Kazphosphate imatumiza mwachangu malonda kudzera mwa anzawo aku Czech. Imayenda m'matangi odzaza madzi, ndipo zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi njanji.
Lolemba, July 16, 2007, nthawi ya 16:55 m'chigawo cha Bus cha Lviv ku Ukraine, pa gawo la Krasnoye-Ozhidiv, matanki 15 okhala ndi phosphorous yachikasu ya sitima yapamtunda No. Matigari onse analipo 2005. Akasinja anali kuyenda kuchokera ku siteshoni ya Kazakh Asa (Taraz, Kazakhstan) kupita ku siteshoni ya Oklesa (Republic of Poland). Kutayikira kwa phosphorous kuchokera mu thanki imodzi kunayambitsa kuyaka modzidzimutsa kwa matanki ena asanu ndi limodzi.
Izo zinkawoneka epic
Ndiyeno - chisakanizo cha mantha, chokwezedwa ndi atolankhani, kusowa chidziwitso pakugwira ntchito ndi phosphorous yachikasu ndi kusadziwa kwathunthu kwa chemistry.
Kuzimitsa motowo, mtambo wa zinthu zoyaka moto udapangidwa ndi malo owonongeka a 90 masikweya kilomita. Derali linaphatikizapo midzi 14 ya chigawo cha Mabasi, kumene anthu 11 amakhala, komanso madera osiyana a zigawo za Radekhiv ndi Brodivo. Unduna woona za ngozi zadzidzidzi ku Ukraine unapempha anthu okhala m’midzi yapafupi kuti asamuke ndipo anawatumizira pafupifupi mabasi 6, koma anthu ambiri anakana kuchoka m’nyumba zawo. Akuluakulu a Lviv anatsimikizira kuti sangathamangitse aliyense, ngakhale kuti anachenjeza za kusadziŵika kwa zotsatira za ngoziyo. Ponseponse, anthu pafupifupi 800 adakhazikika kwakanthawi kuchokera kumidzi XNUMX m'boma la Mabasi usiku umodzi.
Pofika Lachiwiri, panali anthu 20 omwe anazunzidwa (akatswiri 6 ochokera ku Unduna wa Zadzidzidzi, oimira 2 a Unduna wa Zam'kati, ogwira ntchito njanji 2 ndi anthu 10 ochokera mdera lanu), omwe 13 mwa iwo adagonekedwa m'chipatala ali ndi vuto lalikulu komanso locheperako. Military Medical Center ya Western Operational Command ku Lviv. Anthu asanu ndi awiri mwa omwe adagonekedwa mchipatala ndi ogwira ntchito ku Unduna wa Zadzidzidzi, awiri ndi ogwira ntchito ku State Traffic Inspectorate, anayi ndi okhala mderali.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulira koopsa komanso koopsa kunabuka m'manyuzipepala. Zina mwa ngale:
- ...
Kuwerenga zonsezi kumandimvetsa chisoni. Chifukwa izi zikuwonetsa kusazindikira kwathunthu za chemistry pakati pa anthu ambiri. Komanso - ndizosavuta bwanji kusokoneza anthu osaphunzira (mwa njira, % username%, kodi mumadziwa kuti eni ake akapolo ku USA amakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti akapolo ayenera kukhala osaphunzira - kotero kuti sakanatha kupanga ziphaso za tchuthi, mapepala ena, zimagwirizana ndi midzi ina, kugwirizanitsa zipolowe ndi zina zotero - zasintha pang'ono).
Zochitika zambiri kapena zochepa pakutsatizana kwa zaka zikuwonetsedwa apa (mosamala - Chiyukireniya, ngati zili zamanyazi zomwe simukuzidziwa - Google Translate):
Kodi tingamvetse chiyani kuchokera m’ndandanda wa nthawi imeneyi?
- Palibe amene ankadziwa kalikonse.
- Aliyense ankafuna kudzikweza.
- Ozimitsa moto/EMERCOM anali ndi mantha.
- Asilikali nawonso.
- Panali chipwirikiti pakati pa anthu am'deralo.
- Mpaka pamene oimira Kazphosphate anafika pa July 18, palibe amene anamvetsa zoyenera kuchita.
- Palibe amene ankafuna kulipira kalikonse.
Nditakambirana ndi antchito ena a Kazphosphate omwe akukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kuthetsa zotsatira za ngoziyo, ndinganene zotsatirazi.
Panalibe kuphulika / kuyaka modzidzimutsa / kuphulika kwa phosphorous - inayenda modekha pansi pa madzi. Ndipo phosphorous yachikasu sangathe kuphulika yokha! Koma njanjiyo inawonongeka, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti akasinja awonongeke. Akasinja atagunda, mng'alu udapangidwa, madzi adatuluka - ndipo phosphorous idapsa bwino. The kutentha ndi kuyaka makhalidwe anawononga kwathunthu thanki.
- Utsi woyera umamveka bwino - ndi utsi wa phosphoric acid, koma osati phosphorous. Ngati muwapumira, inde, mudzayamba kukhala ndi chifuwa champhamvu ndipo kawirikawiri izi sizothandiza makamaka. Komabe, sizimavulaza munthu. Ambiri mwa kuvulala kwa anthu a m'deralo anali chifukwa chakuti anthu anathamanga kukatola zidutswa zosangalatsa kusuta m'mabotolo a madzi, koma cordon sinakhazikitsidwe nthawi yomweyo - aliyense ankachita mantha.
- Ozimitsa motowo akuopa kuti akuti “zinthuzi zikupsa chifukwa cha madzi!” chifukwa chakuti ndege yamphamvu yamadzi inathyola phosphorous m'zidutswa zing'onozing'ono - chabwino, iwo anamwazikana ndikugwira moto. Zinali zofunikira mwina ndi mtsinje wofooka kapena ndi thovu, zomwe zinachitidwa pambuyo pake.
- Mwa njira, pamene chirichonse chinazimitsidwa ndi zidutswa zokha zinatsala mkati mwa thanki, a Kazakhs anazimitsa. Eya, pamene ankazimitsa, anatolera n’kuziponya m’ndowa za madzi ambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zomera, wosuta kwambiri. Choncho - iye stewed ndi kusuta. M’madera ena munali ngakhale zithunzi za “munthu wamisala wa ku Kazakh yemwenso amasuta m’moto woopsa wa mankhwala!” Ndiye?
- Panali ndipo sipangakhale tsoka lachilengedwe kapena "Chernobyl yachiwiri" - kwenikweni, chilengedwe chinalandira mlingo wa feteleza wa phosphorous.
- Munthu yekhayo amene anachita mokwanira, kumvetsera ku Kazakhs ndi kuchita zofunika anali Vladimir Antonets, Woyamba Wachiwiri Minister wa Utumiki wa Emergency Situation. Mwina chifukwa ndi Colonel wamkulu wokhala ndi mphotho zambiri.
Pambuyo podziwika kuti panalibe kumverera: kunalibe zigawenga, panalibe chiwopsezo cha tsoka la chilengedwe, palibe amene anafa ndipo palibe ndalama zomwe zidzaperekedwe - iwo mwamsanga anataya chidwi ndi tsokalo. Mwalamulo, zomwe zidayambitsa ngoziyi zinali:
- Kusakwanira kwa njanji pagawo la njanjiyi.
- Kuphwanya malamulo achitetezo ndi ogwira ntchito pama locomotive.
- Kunyalanyaza (malangizo okhudza kutentha kwa zonyamula katundu wowopsa sananyalanyazidwe).
- Kusakwanira luso la akasinja.
Ndipotu, zoona kwambiri mwa izi ndi zoyambirira. Zina zonse zidawonjezedwa kuti apewe kulipira a Kazakh chifukwa chotaya katundu. Chabwino, zikuwoneka ngati inshuwaransi yalipidwa.
Choncho aliyense anakhala yekha.
Makhalidwe, %username%: phunzirani chemistry. Iye ali paliponse. Zidzakuthandizani kukhala ndi moyo, kupulumuka, ndi kumvetsetsa chinachake nokha.
Ndipo potsiriza...
Si mankhwala onse omwe ali ovulaza. Mwachitsanzo, popanda haidrojeni ndi okosijeni, sikukanakhala kotheka kupanga madzi, chigawo chachikulu cha moŵa.
- Dave Barry, osati wamankhwala
Source: www.habr.com