tidakambirana za momwe mabasi ndi ma protocol amagwirira ntchito mu automation yamakampani. Nthawi ino tidzayang'ana njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito: tiwona zomwe ma protocol amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'machitidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Tiyeni tiganizire zaukadaulo wamakampani aku Germany Beckhoff ndi Nokia, Austrian B&R, American Rockwell Automation ndi Russian Fastwel. Tidzaphunziranso njira zothetsera chilengedwe zomwe sizimangiriridwa ndi wopanga wina, monga EtherCAT ndi CAN.
Pamapeto pa nkhaniyi padzakhala tebulo lofananitsa ndi zizindikiro za EtherCAT, POWERLINK, PROFINET, EtherNet / IP ndi ModbusTCP protocol.
Sitinaphatikizepo PRP, HSR, OPC UA ndi ma protocol ena pakuwunikanso, chifukwa Pali kale zolemba zabwino kwambiri pa HabrΓ© zolembedwa ndi mainjiniya anzathu omwe akupanga makina opangira makina. Mwachitsanzo, ΠΈ .
Choyamba, tiyeni tifotokoze mawu akuti: Industrial Ethernet = network network, Fieldbus = field bus. Mu makina opanga mafakitale aku Russia, pali chisokonezo pankhani yokhudzana ndi mabasi am'munda ndi ma network apansi amakampani. Nthawi zambiri mawuwa amaphatikizidwa kukhala lingaliro limodzi, losamveka bwino lotchedwa "m'munsi", lomwe limatchedwa mabasi onse ndi mabasi apansi, ngakhale sangakhale basi.
Chifukwa chiyaniChisokonezochi chimakhala chotheka chifukwa chakuti ambiri olamulira amakono, kugwirizanitsa ma modules a I / O nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ndege yam'mbuyo kapena basi yakuthupi. Ndiye kuti, zolumikizira zina zamabasi ndi zolumikizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ma module angapo kukhala gawo limodzi. Koma ma node oterowo, nawonso, amatha kulumikizidwa ndi netiweki yamakampani komanso mabasi akumunda. M'mawu akumadzulo pali kugawanika koonekeratu: network ndi network, basi ndi basi. Yoyamba imatchulidwa ndi mawu akuti Industrial Ethernet, yachiwiri ndi Fieldbus. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "industrial network" ndi mawu akuti "field bus" pamalingaliro awa, motsatana.
Industrial network standard EtherCAT, yopangidwa ndi Beckhoff
Protocol ya EtherCAT ndi maukonde ogulitsa mafakitale mwina ndi imodzi mwa njira zofulumira kwambiri zotumizira ma data pamakina odzichitira lero. Maukonde a EtherCAT amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pamakina ogawa, pomwe node zolumikizana zimalekanitsidwa patali.
Protocol ya EtherCAT imagwiritsa ntchito mafelemu ovomerezeka a Efaneti kuti atumize ma telegalamu ake, choncho imakhalabe yogwirizana ndi zipangizo zilizonse za Ethernet ndipo, kwenikweni, kulandira ndi kutumiza deta kungathe kukonzedwa pa wolamulira aliyense wa Ethernet, pokhapokha pulogalamu yoyenera ilipo.
Wolamulira wa Beckhoff wokhala ndi ma module a I/O. Gwero:
Mafotokozedwe a protocol ndi otseguka komanso opezeka, koma mkati mwa dongosolo la bungwe lachitukuko - EtherCAT Technology Group.
Umu ndi momwe EtherCAT imagwirira ntchito (chiwonetserochi ndi chodabwitsa, monga masewera a Zuma Inca):
The mkulu kuwombola liwiro mu protocol iyi - ndipo tikhoza kulankhula za mayunitsi microseconds - anazindikira chifukwa chakuti Madivelopa anakana kusinthana ntchito matelegalamu anatumiza mwachindunji chipangizo. M'malo mwake, telegalamu imodzi imatumizidwa ku netiweki ya EtherCAT, yopita ku zipangizo zonse panthawi imodzimodziyo, aliyense wa akapolo mfundo zosonkhanitsira ndi kutumiza uthenga (iwo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa OSO - chinthu kulankhulana chipangizo) amatenga kuchokera "pa ntchentche" deta yomwe idapangidwira ndikuyika mu telegalamu zomwe ali wokonzeka kupereka kuti asinthe. Telegalamuyo imatumizidwa ku node yotsatira ya akapolo, komwe ntchito yomweyi imachitika. Atadutsa pazida zonse zowongolera, telegalamu imabwezeretsedwa kwa wolamulira wamkulu, yemwe, potengera zomwe adalandira kuchokera ku zida za akapolo, amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro owongolera, ndikulumikizananso kudzera pa telegalamu ndi ma node akapolo, omwe amatulutsa chizindikiro chowongolera. zida.
Netiweki ya EtherCAT imatha kukhala ndi topology iliyonse, koma kwenikweni idzakhala mphete - chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a duplex ndi zolumikizira ziwiri za Efaneti. Mwanjira imeneyi, telegalamu imaperekedwa motsatizana ku chipangizo chilichonse m'basi.
Kuyimira kwadongosolo kwa netiweki ya Ethercat yokhala ndi ma node angapo. Gwero:
Mwa njira, ndondomeko ya EtherCAT ilibe zoletsa pa 100Base-TX wosanjikiza wa thupi, kotero kukhazikitsidwa kwa protocol ndi kotheka pogwiritsa ntchito mizere ya gigabit ndi kuwala.
Tsegulani maukonde ogulitsa mafakitale ndi miyezo ya PROFIBUS/NET kuchokera ku Nokia
Chodetsa nkhawa cha ku Germany Siemens chadziwika kale chifukwa cha ma programmable logic controllers (PLCs), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusinthana kwa data pakati pa ma node a makina oyendetsedwa ndi zida za Nokia kumachitika kudzera pa basi yamunda yotchedwa PROFIBUS komanso mu network ya PROFINET.
Basi ya PROFIBUS imagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chapadera chapakati pawiri chokhala ndi zolumikizira za DB-9. Siemens ali ndi chibakuwa, koma tawona ena akuchita :). Kulumikiza mfundo zingapo, cholumikizira chimatha kulumikiza zingwe ziwiri. Ilinso ndi chosinthira cha terminal resistor. Chotsutsa chotsiriza chiyenera kutsegulidwa kumapeto kwa zipangizo zaukonde, motero zimasonyeza kuti ichi ndi chipangizo choyamba kapena chotsiriza, ndipo pambuyo pake palibe kanthu, mdima ndi zopanda kanthu (zonse rs485 zimagwira ntchito motere). Mukayatsa chopinga pa cholumikizira chapakati, gawo lomwe likutsatira lizimitsidwa.
PROFIBUS chingwe chokhala ndi zolumikizira. Gwero:
Netiweki ya PROFINET imagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chopindika cha analogi, nthawi zambiri chokhala ndi zolumikizira za RJ-45, chingwecho chimakhala chobiriwira. Ngati topology ya PROFIBUS ndi basi, ndiye kuti topology ya network ya PROFINET ikhoza kukhala chilichonse: mphete, nyenyezi, mtengo, kapena chilichonse chophatikizidwa.
Siemens wolamulira ndi chingwe cholumikizidwa cha PROFINET. Chitsime: w3.siemens.com
Pali njira zingapo zoyankhulirana pa basi ya PROFIBUS ndi netiweki ya PROFINET.
Za PROFIBUS:
- PROFIBUS DP - kukhazikitsidwa kwa protocol iyi kumaphatikizapo kulumikizana ndi zida zakutali za akapolo; pankhani ya PROFINET, protocol iyi imagwirizana ndi PROFINET IO protocol.
- PROFIBUS PA kwenikweni ndi yofanana ndi PROFIBUS DP, yongogwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa ma data osaphulika komanso mphamvu zamagetsi (zofanana ndi PROFIBUS DP yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana). Kwa PROFINET, ndondomeko yotsimikizira kuphulika yofanana ndi PROFIBUS palibe.
- PROFIBUS FMS - yopangidwira kusinthana kwa data ndi machitidwe ochokera kwa opanga ena omwe sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito PROFIBUS DP. Analogi ya PROFIBUS FMS mu netiweki ya PROFINET ndi protocol ya PROFINET CBA.
Za PROFINET:
- PROFINET IO;
- Malingaliro a kampani PROFINET CBA.
PROFINET IO protocol yagawidwa m'magulu angapo:
- PROFINET NRT (nthawi yosakhala yeniyeni) - yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu omwe magawo a nthawi sali ovuta. Imagwiritsa ntchito Ethernet TCP/IP data transfer protocol komanso UDP/IP.
- PROFINET RT (nthawi yeniyeni) - apa I / O kusinthana kwa data kumayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafelemu a Ethernet, koma deta yowunikira ndi yolankhulana imasamutsidwabe kudzera pa UDP / IP.
- PROFINET IRT (Isochronous Real Time) - Protocol iyi idapangidwa makamaka kuti igwiritse ntchito zowongolera zoyenda ndipo imaphatikizapo gawo losamutsa deta la isochronous.
Ponena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa PROFINET IRT hard-time protocol, pazolumikizana ndi zida zakutali zimasiyanitsa njira ziwiri zosinthira: isochronous ndi asynchronous. Njira ya isochronous yokhala ndi utali wokhazikika wosinthana imagwiritsa ntchito kuyanjanitsa kwa wotchi ndikutumiza deta yofunikira nthawi; ma telegalamu amtundu wachiwiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa. Kutalika kwa kufalikira mu njira ya isochronous sikudutsa 1 millisecond.
Njira ya asynchronous imatumiza zomwe zimatchedwa zenizeni zenizeni, zomwe zimayankhidwanso kudzera pa adilesi ya MAC. Kuphatikiza apo, zidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zowunikira komanso zothandizira zimafalitsidwa kudzera pa TCP/IP. Palibe deta yeniyeni, mocheperapo zambiri, zomwe zingasokoneze kuzungulira kwa isochronous.
Kuchulukitsa kwa ntchito za PROFINET IO sikofunikira pamakina aliwonse opanga makina, chifukwa chake protocol iyi imakulitsidwa pulojekiti inayake, potengera makalasi omvera kapena makalasi ogwirizana: CC-A, CC-B, CC-CC. Makalasi omvera amakulolani kusankha zida zam'munda ndi zida zam'mbuyo zomwe zili ndi magwiridwe antchito ochepa.
Source:
Protocol yachiwiri yosinthira mu network ya PROFINET - PROFINET CBA - imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kulumikizana kwa mafakitale pakati pa zida zochokera kwa opanga osiyanasiyana. Chigawo chachikulu chopanga machitidwe a IAS ndi gulu linalake lotchedwa chigawo. Chigawochi nthawi zambiri chimakhala chophatikiza zamakina, zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi pazida kapena kukhazikitsa, komanso mapulogalamu ogwirizana nawo. Pa gawo lililonse, gawo la pulogalamu limasankhidwa lomwe lili ndi kufotokoza kwathunthu kwa mawonekedwe a gawoli malinga ndi zofunikira za PROFINET standard. Pambuyo pake ma modules a mapulogalamuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusinthanitsa deta ndi zipangizo.
B&R Ethernet POWERLINK protocol
Protocol ya Powerlink idapangidwa ndi kampani yaku Austria B&R koyambirira kwa 2000s. Uku ndikukhazikitsa kwina kwa protocol ya nthawi yeniyeni pamwamba pa mulingo wa Ethernet. Mafotokozedwe a protocol amapezeka ndikugawidwa mwaulere.
Ukadaulo wa Powerlink umagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa kuti mavoti osakanikirana, pomwe kulumikizana konse pakati pa zida kumagawidwa m'magawo angapo. Deta yofunikira kwambiri imaperekedwa mu gawo la kusintha kwa isochronous, pomwe nthawi yoyankhira yofunikira imakonzedwa; zotsalira zotsalira zidzatumizidwa, ngati kuli kotheka, mu gawo la asynchronous.
B&R controller yokhala ndi ma module a I/O. Chitsime: br-automation.com
Protocol idakhazikitsidwa pamwamba pa 100Base-TX wosanjikiza, koma pambuyo pake kukhazikitsa kwa gigabit kudapangidwa.
Protocol ya Powerlink imagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana. Chizindikiro china kapena uthenga wowongolera umatumizidwa ku netiweki, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi zida ziti zomwe zili ndi chilolezo chosinthanitsa deta. Chida chimodzi chokha chingathe kukhala ndi mwayi wosinthanitsa panthawi imodzi.
Kuyimira kwadongosolo kwa netiweki ya Ethernet POWERLINK yokhala ndi ma node angapo.
Mu gawo la isochronous, woyang'anira zisankho amatumiza pempho ku node iliyonse yomwe ikufunika kulandira deta yovuta.
Gawo la isochronous limachitidwa, monga tanenera kale, ndi nthawi yosinthika. Mu gawo la asynchronous la kusinthanitsa, stack ya IP protocol imagwiritsidwa ntchito, wolamulira amapempha deta yosafunikira kuchokera ku node zonse, zomwe zimatumiza yankho pamene akupeza mwayi wotumizira ku intaneti. ChiΕ΅erengero cha nthawi pakati pa magawo a isochronous ndi asynchronous chingasinthidwe pamanja.
Rockwell Automation Ethernet/IP Protocol
Protocol ya EtherNet/IP idapangidwa ndikuchita nawo mwachangu kampani yaku America Rockwell Automation mu 2000. Imagwiritsa ntchito stack ya TCP ndi UDP IP, ndikuikulitsa kuti igwiritse ntchito makina opanga mafakitale. Gawo lachiwiri la dzinali, mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, sizikutanthauza Internet Protocol, koma Industrial Protocol. UDP IP imagwiritsa ntchito stack yolumikizirana ya CIP (Common Interface Protocol), yomwe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamanetiweki a ControlNet/DeviceNet ndipo imayikidwa pamwamba pa TCP/IP.
Mafotokozedwe a EtherNet/IP amapezeka pagulu ndipo amapezeka kwaulere. The Ethernet/IP network topology ikhoza kukhala yosasunthika ndikuphatikiza mphete, nyenyezi, mtengo kapena basi.
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zokhazikika za ma protocol a HTTP, FTP, SMTP, EtherNet/IP, imagwiritsa ntchito kusamutsa deta yofunikira nthawi pakati pa wowongolera mavoti ndi zida za I / O. Kutumiza kwa data yosafunikira nthawi kumaperekedwa ndi mapaketi a TCP, ndipo nthawi yovuta yoperekera deta ya cyclic control ikuchitika kudzera mu protocol ya UDP.
Kuti mugwirizanitse nthawi mu machitidwe ogawidwa, EtherNet / IP imagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya CIPsync, yomwe ndi yowonjezera ya CIP kulankhulana protocol.
Kuyimira kwadongosolo kwa netiweki ya Ethernet/IP yokhala ndi ma node angapo ndi kulumikizana kwa zida za Modbus. Gwero:
Kuti muchepetse kukhazikitsidwa kwa netiweki ya EtherNet/IP, zida zambiri zodzipangira zokha zimabwera ndi mafayilo osinthidwiratu.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa protocol ya FBUS ku Fastwel
Tidaganiza kwa nthawi yayitali ngati tiphatikizepo kampani yaku Russia ya Fastwel pamndandandawu ndikukhazikitsa kwapakhomo kwa FBUS protocol protocol, koma tidaganiza zolemba ndime zingapo kuti timvetsetse bwino zenizeni zolowetsa m'malo.
Pali machitidwe awiri a FBUS. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi basi yomwe protocol ya FBUS imayenda pamwamba pa muyezo wa RS485. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kukhazikitsidwa kwa FBUS mu network ya Ethernet network.
FBUS silingatchulidwe kuti protocol yothamanga kwambiri; nthawi yoyankha imadalira kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma module a I/O pabasi komanso pakusinthana; nthawi zambiri imachokera ku 0,5 mpaka 10 milliseconds. Node imodzi ya akapolo ya FBUS imatha kukhala ndi ma module 64 a I/O okha. Kwa fieldbus, kutalika kwa chingwe sikungapitirire 1 mita, kotero sitikulankhula za machitidwe ogawidwa. Kapena m'malo mwake, zimatero, koma pokhapokha ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito netiweki yamakampani a FBUS pa TCP/IP, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yovota kangapo ikuwonjezeka. Zingwe zowonjezera mabasi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ma module, omwe amalola kuyika bwino kwa ma module mu kabati yodzichitira.
Fastwel controller yokhala ndi ma module a I/O olumikizidwa. Gwero:
Total: momwe zonsezi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito muzochita zoyendetsera makina opangira
Mwachilengedwe, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yama protocol amakono otengera deta yamakampani ndi yayikulu kuposa momwe tafotokozera m'nkhaniyi. Zina zimamangirizidwa ndi wopanga wina, zina, mosiyana, ndizo zonse. Popanga makina owongolera opangira makina (APCS), injiniya amasankha ma protocol abwino, poganizira ntchito ndi zoletsa zina (zaukadaulo ndi bajeti).
Ngati tilankhula za kufalikira kwa protocol inayake yosinthira, titha kupereka chithunzi cha kampaniyo Malingaliro a kampani HMS Networks AB, zomwe zikuwonetsa magawo amsika aukadaulo wosinthana osiyanasiyana pama network amakampani.
Source:
Monga tikuwonera pachithunzichi, PRONET ndi PROFIBUS ochokera ku Siemens ali ndi maudindo apamwamba.
Chochititsa chidwi, zaka 6 zapitazo .
Gome ili m'munsili lili ndi chidule cha ma protocol omwe afotokozedwa. Magawo ena, mwachitsanzo, magwiridwe antchito, amawonetsedwa m'mawu osamveka: apamwamba / otsika. Zofanana ndi manambala zitha kupezeka m'nkhani zowunikira magwiridwe antchito.
|
|
Mtengo wa EtherCAT
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POWERLINK
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PROFINET
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Ethernet / IP
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Mtengo wa ModbusTCP
|
|
Thupi wosanjikiza
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100/1000 BASE-TX
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100/1000 BASE-TX
|
100/1000 BASE-TX
|
100/1000 BASE-TX
|
100/1000 BASE-TX
|
|
Mulingo wa data
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Channel (mafelemu a Efaneti)
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Channel (mafelemu a Efaneti)
|
Channel (mafelemu Efaneti), Network/transport (TCP/IP)
|
Network/Transport(TCP/IP)
|
Network/Transport(TCP/IP)
|
|
Thandizo la nthawi yeniyeni
|
kuti
|
kuti
|
kuti
|
kuti
|
No
|
|
Kukonzekera
|
ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ
|
ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ
|
IRT - yapamwamba, RT - yapakatikati
|
Avereji
|
Low
|
|
Kutalika kwa chingwe pakati pa mfundo
|
100
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100m/2km
|
100
|
100
|
100
|
|
Kusamutsa magawo
|
No
|
Isochronous + asynchronous
|
IRT - isochronous + asynchronous, RT - asynchronous
|
No
|
No
|
|
Chiwerengero cha mfundo
|
65535
|
240
|
TCP/IP Network Limitation
|
TCP/IP Network Limitation
|
TCP/IP Network Limitation
|
|
Kuthetsa kugunda
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Topology ya mphete
|
Kulunzanitsa koloko, magawo opatsirana
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Ring topology, magawo opatsirana
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Kusintha, nyenyezi topology
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Kusintha, nyenyezi topology
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|
Kusintha kotentha
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No
|
kuti
|
kuti
|
kuti
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Kutengera kukhazikitsa
|
|
Mtengo wa zida
|
Low
|
Low
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ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ
|
Avereji
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Low
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Madera ogwiritsira ntchito ma protocol omwe akufotokozedwa, ma fieldbus ndi ma network a mafakitale ndi osiyanasiyana. Kuchokera kumakampani opanga mankhwala ndi magalimoto kupita kuukadaulo wazamlengalenga ndi kupanga zamagetsi. Ma protocol osinthira mwachangu akufunika pamakina oyika nthawi yeniyeni pazida zosiyanasiyana komanso ma robotiki.
Ndi ndondomeko ziti zomwe mudagwira nazo ntchito ndipo mudazigwiritsa ntchito kuti? Gawani zomwe mwakumana nazo mu ndemanga. π
Source: www.habr.com