HIROSHI WATANABE/GETTY IMAGES
Mu The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith akuwonetsa momwe kugawanika kwa ntchito kumakhala gwero lalikulu la zokolola zambiri. Chitsanzo ndicho chingwe cholumikizira cha fakitale ya mapini: “Wantchito wina amakoka waya, wina amawongola, wachitatu amadula, wachinayi anola mbali yake, wachisanu akupera mbali inayo kuti ikwane mutu wake. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wokhazikika pazinthu zinazake, wogwira ntchito aliyense amakhala katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito yake yopapatiza, zomwe zimatsogolera pakuchulukira kwadongosolo. Kutulutsa kwa wogwira ntchito kumawonjezeka kambirimbiri, ndipo fakitale imakhala yogwira ntchito bwino popanga mapini.
Kugawikana kwa ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito kumakhazikika m'malingaliro athu ngakhale lero kuti tidakonza magulu athu molingana ndi zomwe tidachita. Data Science ndi chimodzimodzi. Mabizinesi ovuta a algorithmic amafunikira ntchito zingapo, kotero makampani nthawi zambiri amapanga magulu a akatswiri: ofufuza, mainjiniya a data, akatswiri ophunzirira makina, asayansi oyambitsa ndi zotsatira, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito ya akatswiri imayendetsedwa ndi woyang'anira malonda ndi kusamutsidwa kwa ntchito mofanana ndi fakitale ya pini: "munthu mmodzi amalandira deta, wina amajambula, wachitatu amamuchitira, chachinayi" ndi zina zotero,
Kalanga, sitiyenera kukhathamiritsa magulu athu a Data Science kuti tiwonjezere zokolola. Komabe, mumachita izi mukamvetsetsa zomwe mukupanga: zikhomo kapena china chake, ndikungoyesetsa kukulitsa luso. Cholinga cha mizere yophatikizira ndikumaliza ntchito. Timadziwa zomwe tikufuna - zikhomo (monga chitsanzo cha Smith), koma mankhwala kapena ntchito iliyonse ikhoza kutchulidwa momwe zofunikira zimafotokozera mbali zonse za mankhwala ndi khalidwe lake. Ntchito ya ogwira ntchito ndikukwaniritsa zofunikirazi moyenera momwe angathere.
Koma cholinga cha Data Science sikumaliza ntchito. M'malo mwake, cholinga ndikufufuza ndikukulitsa mwayi wabizinesi watsopano. Zogulitsa ndi ntchito zama algorithmic monga machitidwe opangira, kuyanjana kwamakasitomala, kugawa zomwe amakonda, kukula kwake, kapangidwe ka zovala, kukhathamiritsa kwazinthu, kuzindikira kwanyengo ndi zina zambiri sizingapangidwe pasadakhale. Ayenera kuphunziridwa. Palibe mapulani obwereza, awa ndi mwayi watsopano wokhala ndi kusatsimikizika kwachilengedwe. Ma coefficients, mitundu, mitundu yamitundu, ma hyperparameter, zinthu zonse zofunika ziyenera kuphunziridwa kudzera mukuyesera, kuyesa ndi zolakwika, ndi kubwerezabwereza. Ndi zikhomo, maphunziro ndi mapangidwe amapangidwa pasadakhale kupanga. Ndi Sayansi ya Data, mumaphunzira momwe mumachitira, osati kale.
Pafakitale ya mapini, maphunziro akayamba, sitiyembekezera kapena kufuna kuti ogwira ntchito asinthe zina mwazogulitsazo kupatula kupititsa patsogolo luso la kupanga. Ntchito zapadera zimakhala zomveka chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yogwira mtima komanso yosasinthika (popanda kusintha komaliza).
Koma pamene chinthucho chikukula ndipo cholinga chake ndikuphunzitsidwa, ukadaulo umasokoneza zolinga zathu pamilandu iyi:
1. Zimawonjezera ndalama zogwirizanitsa.
Ndiko kuti, ndalama zomwe zimasonkhanitsa panthawi yolankhulana, kukambirana, kulungamitsa ndi kuika patsogolo ntchito yomwe iyenera kuchitidwa. Ndalamazi zimakula molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akukhudzidwa. (Monga J. Richard Hackman anatiphunzitsa, chiwerengero cha maubwenzi r chimakula mofanana ndi ntchito ya chiwerengero cha mawu n molingana ndi equation iyi: r = (n ^ 2-n) / 2. Ndipo ubale uliwonse umasonyeza kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano wa mtengo.) Pamene asayansi a data amapangidwa ndi ntchito, pa gawo lililonse, ndi kusintha kulikonse, kuperekedwa kulikonse, ndi zina zotero, akatswiri ambiri amafunikira, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zothandizira. Mwachitsanzo, owerengera owerengera omwe akufuna kuyesa zatsopano ayenera kulumikizana ndi akatswiri opanga ma data omwe amawonjezera ma seti a data nthawi iliyonse akafuna kuyesa china chatsopano. Momwemonso, mtundu uliwonse watsopano wophunzitsidwa umatanthawuza kuti wopanga machitsanzo amafunikira wina woti agwirizane naye kuti apange. Ndalama zogwirizanitsa zimakhala ngati mtengo wobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta komanso zodula komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phunzirolo lisiyidwe. Izi zitha kusokoneza kuphunzira.
2. Zimapangitsa nthawi yodikira kukhala yovuta.
Chovuta kwambiri kuposa ndalama zogwirizanitsa ndi nthawi yomwe imatayika pakati pa kusintha kwa ntchito. Ngakhale ndalama zogwirizanitsa nthawi zambiri zimayesedwa m'maola - nthawi yomwe imatengera kuchita misonkhano, zokambirana, ndemanga zamapangidwe - nthawi yodikirira imayesedwa m'masiku, masabata kapena miyezi! Madongosolo a akatswiri ogwira ntchito ndi ovuta kulinganiza chifukwa katswiri aliyense ayenera kugawidwa pama projekiti angapo. Msonkhano wa ola limodzi wokambirana zosintha ukhoza kutenga masabata kuti ntchitoyo isayende bwino. Ndipo mutatha kuvomereza zosinthazo, ndikofunikira kukonzekera ntchito yeniyeniyo molingana ndi ma projekiti ena ambiri omwe amakhala nthawi yogwira ntchito ya akatswiri. Ntchito yokhudzana ndi kukonza ma code kapena kufufuza komwe kumangotenga maola ochepa kapena masiku angapo kuti kumalize kungatenge nthawi yayitali kuti zothandizira zisanapezeke. Mpaka pamenepo, kubwereza ndi kuphunzira kumayimitsidwa.
3. Imachepetsa nkhani yake.
Kugawikana kwa ntchito kungathe kuchepetsa kuphunzira mwa kupereka mphoto kwa anthu chifukwa chokhalabe apadera. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi wofufuza yemwe ayenera kukhala mkati mwa momwe ntchito yake ikuyendera adzaika mphamvu zake poyesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma algorithms: regression, neural network, nkhalango mwachisawawa, ndi zina zotero. Zachidziwikire, zosankha zabwino za ma aligorivimu zimatha kupititsa patsogolo kuwongolera, koma pali zambiri zomwe mungapindule kuchokera kuzinthu zina, monga kuphatikiza magwero atsopano a data. Momwemonso, zithandizira kupanga chitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zofotokozera zonse zomwe zili mu data. Komabe, mphamvu yake ikhoza kukhala pakusintha cholinga kapena kuchepetsa zopinga zina. Izi zimakhala zovuta kuziwona kapena kuchita ngati ntchito yake ili yochepa. Chifukwa wasayansi waukadaulo amakhazikika pakuwongolera ma aligorivimu, sangathe kuchita china chilichonse, ngakhale zitabweretsa phindu lalikulu.
Kutchula zizindikiro zomwe zimawoneka ngati magulu asayansi a data akugwira ntchito ngati ma pini (mwachitsanzo, muzosintha zosavuta): "kudikirira kusintha kwa mapaipi a data" ndi "kudikirira zothandizira za ML Eng" ndizolepheretsa wamba. Komabe, ndikukhulupirira kuti chikoka chowopsa kwambiri ndi chomwe simukuziwona, chifukwa simungadandaule zomwe simukuzidziwa kale. Kuchita mosalakwitsako komanso kumasuka komwe kumapezeka pakukwaniritsa bwino ntchito kumatha kubisa chowonadi chakuti mabungwe sadziwa zamaphunziro omwe akuphonya.
Njira yothetsera vutoli, ndithudi, ndiyo kuchotsa njira ya pini ya fakitale. Pofuna kulimbikitsa kuphunzira ndi kubwerezabwereza, ntchito za asayansi a data ziyenera kukhala zachidule koma zokhala ndi maudindo ambiri osadalira luso laukadaulo, mwachitsanzo, kulinganiza asayansi a data kuti athe kuphunzitsidwa bwino. Izi zikutanthawuza kulemba ntchito "akatswiri athunthu" -akatswiri ambiri omwe amatha kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku lingaliro kupita ku chitsanzo, kukhazikitsa mpaka kuyeza. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti sindikunena kuti kubwereketsa talente yochuluka kuchepetse chiwerengero cha antchito. M'malo mwake, ndingoganiza kuti akapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, zolimbikitsa zawo zimagwirizana bwino ndi maphunziro ndi magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi gulu la anthu atatu omwe ali ndi luso lazamalonda. M’fakitale ya mapini, katswiri aliyense amathera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nthaŵi yake pa ntchito iliyonse, popeza kuti palibe amene angakhoze kugwira ntchito yake. Mu mulu wathunthu, generalist aliyense amadzipereka kwathunthu ku bizinesi yonse, kukulitsa, ndi maphunziro.
Pokhala ndi anthu ochepa omwe amathandizira ntchito yopangira, kugwirizanitsa kumachepetsedwa. The generalist amayenda mozungulira pakati pa zinthu, kukulitsa payipi ya data kuti awonjezere zambiri, kuyesa zatsopano mumitundu, kutumizira matembenuzidwe atsopano kuti apange miyeso ya causal, ndikubwereza masitepe mwachangu pomwe malingaliro atsopano abwera. Zachidziwikire, station wagon imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana motsatana komanso osati zofanana. Kupatula apo, ndi munthu mmodzi. Komabe, kumaliza ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kumatenga nthaŵi yochepa chabe ya nthaŵi yofunikira kuti munthu apeze chithandizo china chapadera. Choncho, nthawi yobwerezabwereza imachepa.
Katswiri wathu wanthawi zonse sangakhale waluso ngati katswiri pantchito inayake, koma sitiyesetsa kuchita bwino kapena kuwongolera pang'ono. M'malo mwake, timayesetsa kuphunzira ndikupeza zovuta zaukadaulo zomwe zimakhudzidwa pang'onopang'ono. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha yankho lathunthu, amawona mipata yomwe katswiri angaphonye. Ali ndi malingaliro ochulukirapo komanso zotheka zambiri. Iye amalepheranso. Komabe, mtengo wa kulephera ndi wotsika ndipo phindu la kuphunzira ndi lalikulu. Asymmetry iyi imathandizira kubwereza mwachangu komanso kupindula kuphunzira.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwa kudziyimira pawokha komanso luso losiyanasiyana loperekedwa kwa asayansi ochulukirachulukira kumadalira kulimba kwa nsanja ya data yomwe angagwirepo ntchito. Dongosolo lopangidwa bwino la data limatanthawuza asayansi a data kuchokera ku zovuta za kusungitsa, kugawa kugawa, kulephera kwadzidzidzi, ndi malingaliro ena apamwamba apakompyuta. Kuphatikiza pa kuphatikizika, nsanja yolimba ya data imatha kupereka kulumikizana kosasunthika kuzinthu zoyeserera, kuyang'anira ndi kuchenjeza, kumathandizira kukulitsa komanso kuwona zotsatira za algorithmic ndi kukonza zolakwika. Zigawozi zimapangidwira ndikumangidwa ndi akatswiri opanga ma data, kutanthauza kuti sizinapatsidwe kuchokera kwa wasayansi wa data kupita ku gulu lachitukuko cha data. Ndi katswiri wa Sayansi ya Data yemwe ali ndi udindo pama code onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa nsanja.
Nanenso nthawi ina ndinali ndi chidwi ndi kugawikana kwa magwiridwe antchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito, koma kudzera m'mayesero ndi zolakwika (palibe njira yabwinoko yophunzirira), ndidazindikira kuti maudindo omwe amathandizira bwino kuphunzira ndi luso komanso kupereka njira zoyenera: kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira. kupanga mipata yambiri yamabizinesi kuposa njira yapadera. (Njira yothandiza kwambiri yophunzirira za njira iyi yokonzekera kuposa kuyesa ndi kulakwitsa komwe ndinadutsamo ndikuwerenga buku la Amy Edmondson la Team Collaboration: How Organizations Learn, Innovate, and Compete in the Knowledge Economy).
Pali malingaliro ofunikira omwe angapangitse njira iyi yokonzekera kukhala yodalirika m'makampani ena. Njira yobwerezabwereza imachepetsa mtengo woyesera ndi zolakwika. Ngati mtengo wolakwika uli wokwera, mungafune kuwachepetsa (koma izi sizovomerezeka pazofunsira zamankhwala kapena kupanga). Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mukuchita ndi ma petabytes kapena ma exabytes a data, luso laukadaulo la data lingafunike. Momwemonso, ngati kukhalabe ndi luso la bizinesi yapaintaneti ndi kupezeka kwawo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kuwongolera, kuchita bwino kwambiri kumatha kuyambitsa kuphunzira. Pomaliza, mtundu wathunthu wa stack umadalira malingaliro a anthu omwe amadziwa. Iwo si unicorns; mukhoza kuwapeza kapena kukonzekera nokha. Komabe, akufunika kwambiri ndipo kukopa ndi kuwasunga kumafunikira chipukuta misozi, mayendedwe olimba amakampani ndi ntchito yovuta. Onetsetsani kuti chikhalidwe cha kampani yanu chikhoza kuthandizira izi.
Ngakhale ndi zonse zomwe zanenedwa, ndikukhulupirira kuti mtundu wathunthu umapereka mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yoyambira. Yambani nawo, ndiyeno mwachidwi kusamukira ku magawo ogwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira.
Palinso kuipa kwa magwiridwe antchito. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito ataya udindo wawo komanso kusasamala. Smith mwiniwake amatsutsa kugawanika kwa ntchito, kutanthauza kuti kumabweretsa kufooketsa talente, i.e. ogwira ntchito amakhala mbuli ndi kusiya chifukwa maudindo awo amakhala ochepa kubwerezabwereza. Ngakhale kuti luso lapadera lingapereke njira zogwirira ntchito, sizingatheke kulimbikitsa ogwira ntchito.
M'malo mwake, maudindo osiyanasiyana amapereka zinthu zonse zomwe zimayendetsa kukhutitsidwa kwa ntchito: kudziyimira pawokha, kuchita bwino komanso cholinga. Kudziyimira pawokha ndikuti sadalira chilichonse kuti akwaniritse bwino. Kudziwa bwino kumakhala muubwino wampikisano. Ndipo lingaliro la cholinga lili mu mwayi wokhala ndi chidwi pabizinesi yomwe amapanga. Ngati titha kupangitsa anthu kukondwera ndi ntchito yawo ndikukhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu pakampani, ndiye kuti china chilichonse chidzachitika.
Source: www.habr.com