Mphamvu ya kinetic ya Sapsan pa liwiro lalikulu ndi yopitilira 1500 megajoules. Kuti kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu, zonsezo ziyenera kutayidwa ndi zida zamabuleki.
Panali chinthu pomwe pano pa Habre. Nkhani zambiri zowunikira pamitu ya njanji zimasindikizidwa pano, koma mutuwu sunafotokozedwe mwatsatanetsatane. Ndikuganiza kuti zingakhale zosangalatsa kulemba nkhani ya izi, ndipo mwina kuposa imodzi. Chifukwa chake, ndikupempha mphaka wa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi momwe ma braking system amapangidwira njanji, komanso pazifukwa ziti zomwe zidapangidwa motere.
1. Mbiri ya kuphulika kwa mpweya
Ntchito yoyang'anira galimoto iliyonse imaphatikizapo kuwongolera liwiro lake. Mayendedwe a njanji nawonso; Komanso, mawonekedwe ake amawonetsa zovuta kwambiri panjira iyi. Sitimayi imakhala ndi zotengera zambiri zolumikizidwa, ndipo zomwe zimatsatira zimakhala ndi kutalika komanso kulemera kwakukulu pa liwiro labwino kwambiri.
A-priory, mabuleki ndi gulu la zida zopangidwira kupanga zopanga, zosinthika kukana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa kuthamanga kwagalimoto.
Chodziwika kwambiri, pamwamba, njira yopangira braking mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mikangano. Kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka lero, mabuleki a nsapato akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zipangizo zapadera - mapepala ophwanyidwa, opangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi phokoso lambiri, amaponderezedwa pamakina pamwamba pa gudumu (kapena motsutsana ndi ma disks apadera omwe amaikidwa pa axle ya wheelset). Kuthamanga kwamphamvu kumawuka pakati pa mapepala ndi gudumu, ndikupanga torque ya braking.
Mphamvu ya braking imasinthidwa ndikusintha mphamvu yakukanikiza ma pads motsutsana ndi gudumu - brake pressure. Funso lokha ndiloti galimoto yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukanikiza mapepala, ndipo, mwa zina, mbiri ya mabuleki ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha galimotoyi.
Mabuleki a njanji yoyamba anali makina ndipo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pamanja, padera pa chonyamulira chilichonse ndi anthu apadera - ma brakemen kapena ma conductor. Makondakitalawo anali pamalo otchedwa mapulaneti a mabuleki omwe galimoto iliyonse inali ndi zida, ndipo amamangirira mabuleki pa chizindikiro cha dalaivala wa locomotive. Kusinthana kwa ma siginecha pakati pa dalaivala ndi ma kondakitala kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe chapadera chomwe chidatambasulidwa m'sitima yonse, yomwe idayambitsa mluzu wapadera.
Ngolo yonyamula katundu ya ma axle awiri yokhala ndi ma brake pad. Chogwirizira cha handbrake chikuwoneka
Brake yoyendetsedwa ndi makina yokha ili ndi mphamvu zochepa. Kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa brake kumadalira mphamvu ndi luso la kondakitala. Kuphatikiza apo, chinthu chamunthu chidasokoneza magwiridwe antchito a braking system - makondakitala sanachite ntchito zawo moyenera. Panalibe chifukwa cholankhula za mphamvu yayikulu ya mabuleki oterowo, komanso kuchuluka kwa liwiro la masitima okhala nawo.
Kupititsa patsogolo mabuleki kumafunika, choyamba, kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa mabuleki, ndipo kachiwiri, kuthekera kwakutali kwa magalimoto onse kuchokera kuntchito ya dalaivala.
Ma hydraulic drive omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mabuleki amagalimoto afalikira chifukwa chakuti amapereka kuthamanga kwambiri ndi ma compact actuators. Komabe, pogwiritsira ntchito dongosolo loterolo pa sitimayo, zovuta zake zazikulu zidzawonekera: kufunikira kwa madzi apadera ogwirira ntchito - brake fluid, kutayikira komwe sikuvomerezeka. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa mizere ya ma hydraulic hydraulic mu sitimayi, limodzi ndi zofunika kwambiri pakulimba kwawo, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka komanso zopanda nzeru kupanga mabuleki a njanji ya hydraulic.
Chinthu chinanso ndi pneumatic drive. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mpweya wothamanga kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti munthu apeze kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa ma brake ndi miyeso yovomerezeka ya ma actuators - ma silinda a brake. Palibe kusowa kwa madzi ogwirira ntchito - mpweya uli ponseponse, ndipo ngakhale kutayikira kwamadzimadzi ogwirira ntchito kuchokera ku brake system (ndipo zimatero), imatha kuwonjezeredwa mosavuta.
Chosavuta mabuleki dongosolo ntchito wothinikizidwa mpweya mphamvu ndi Direct acting non-automatic brake
Chithunzi cha chiwombankhanga chosadziwikiratu: 1 - compressor; 2 - thanki yaikulu; 3 - mzere woperekera; 4 - crane yoyendetsa sitima; 5 - mzere wonyema; 6 - ananyema yamphamvu; 7 - kumasulidwa kasupe; 8, 9 - kufala kwa mabuleki amawotchi; 10 - pad brake.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito brake yotere, mpweya woponderezedwa umafunika, wosungidwa pa locomotive mu thanki yapadera yotchedwa nkhokwe yaikulu (2). Kulowetsa mpweya mu thanki yayikulu ndikusunga kupanikizika kosalekeza komwe kumachitika kompresa (1), motsogozedwa ndi fakitale yopangira magetsi. Mpweya wothinikizidwa umaperekedwa ku zida zowongolera mabuleki kudzera paipi yapadera yotchedwa zakudya (NM) kapena kupanikizika msewu waukulu (3).
Mabuleki amagalimoto amawongoleredwa ndipo mpweya woponderezedwa umaperekedwa kwa iwo kudzera mu payipi yayitali yomwe imadutsa m'sitima yonse ndikuyitanitsa. brake line (TM) (5). Pamene mpweya woponderezedwa umaperekedwa kudzera mu TM, umadzaza ma silinda a brake (TC) (6) yolumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi TM. Mpweya woponderezedwa umakankhira pisitoni, kukanikiza ma brake pads 10 motsutsana ndi mawilo, pa locomotive ndi pamagalimoto. Kuphulika kumachitika.
Kuti asiye mabuleki, ndiko kuti tchuthi mabuleki, m'pofunika kumasula mpweya ku mzere ananyema mu mlengalenga, zomwe zidzachititsa kubwerera kwa ananyema njira malo awo oyambirira chifukwa cha mphamvu ya akasupe kumasulidwa anaika mu TC.
Kuti anyeme, m'pofunika kulumikiza chingwe cha brake (TM) ndi mzere wa chakudya (PM). Patchuthi, gwirizanitsani chingwe cha brake kumlengalenga. Ntchito izi zimachitidwa ndi chipangizo chapadera - dalaivala wa sitima yapamtunda (4) - pobowoleza, imagwirizanitsa PM ndi PM, ikatulutsidwa, imachotsa mapaipi awa, nthawi imodzi ndikutulutsa mpweya kuchokera ku PM kupita kumlengalenga.
M'dongosolo lotere, pali chachitatu, chapakati cha crane ya dalaivala - denga pamene PM ndi TM akulekanitsidwa, koma kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya kuchokera ku TM kupita kumlengalenga sikuchitika, crane ya dalaivala imalekanitsa kwathunthu. Kupsyinjika komwe kumasonkhanitsidwa mu TM ndi TC kumasungidwa ndipo nthawi yomwe imasungidwa pamlingo wokhazikitsidwa imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umatuluka kudzera m'mitsinje yosiyanasiyana, komanso kukana kwamafuta kwa ma brake pads, omwe amawotcha pakakangana. matayala amagudumu. Kuyiyika padenga nthawi yonse ya braking komanso pakumasulidwa kumakupatsani mwayi wosintha mphamvu ya braking pamasitepe. Mtundu uwu wa braking umapereka masitepe onse komanso kumasulidwa.
Ngakhale kuti ma brake system ndi osavuta, imakhala ndi vuto lalikulu - sitima ikalumikizidwa, ma brake line amaphulika, mpweya umatuluka ndipo sitimayo imasiyidwa popanda mabuleki. Ndicho chifukwa chake brake yotere singagwiritsidwe ntchito pamayendedwe a njanji, mtengo wa kulephera kwake ndi wokwera kwambiri. Ngakhale popanda kusweka kwa sitima, ngati pali mpweya waukulu wotuluka, mphamvu ya brake idzachepetsedwa.
Kutengera zomwe tafotokozazi, pakufunika kuti braking ya sitimayo imayambika osati ndi kuwonjezeka, koma ndi kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa TM. Koma bwanji ndiye kudzaza masilindala ananyema? Izi zimabweretsa chofunikira chachiwiri - gawo lililonse lomwe likuyenda m'sitimayo liyenera kusunga mpweya woponderezedwa, womwe umayenera kuwonjezeredwa nthawi yomweyo pakatha braking iliyonse.
Malingaliro a uinjiniya kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 1872 adafika pamalingaliro ofananawo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti George Westinghouse apange mabuleki a njanji yoyamba mu XNUMX.
Westinghouse ananyema chipangizo: 1 - kompresa; 2 - thanki yaikulu; 3 - mzere woperekera; 4 - crane yoyendetsa sitima; 5 - mzere wonyema; 6 - mpweya wogawa (vavu katatu) wa Westinghouse system; 7 - ananyema yamphamvu; 8 - thanki yosungira; 9 - valve yoyimitsa.
Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a brake iyi (Chithunzi a - ntchito ya brake pakumasulidwa; b - kugwira ntchito kwa brake panthawi yoboola). Chinthu chachikulu cha brake ya Westigauze chinali brake air distributor kapena, monga nthawi zina amatchedwa, valavu katatu. Wogawa mpweya uyu (6) ali ndi chiwalo chodziwika bwino - pisitoni yomwe imagwira ntchito pa kusiyana pakati pa zovuta ziwiri - mu mzere wa brake (TM) ndi posungira (R). Ngati kuthamanga kwa TM kumakhala kochepa kuposa TC, pisitoni imasunthira kumanzere, ndikutsegula njira ya mpweya kuchokera ku CM kupita ku TC. Ngati kupanikizika mu TM kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kupanikizika kwa SZ, pisitoni imasunthira kumanja, kulankhulana ndi TC ndi mlengalenga, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kulankhulana ndi TM ndi SZ, kuonetsetsa kuti yotsirizirayo yadzazidwa ndi mpweya woponderezedwa kuchokera. ndi TM.
Choncho, ngati kuthamanga kwa TM kumachepa pazifukwa zilizonse, kaya ndi zochita za dalaivala, kutuluka kwa mpweya wochuluka kuchokera ku TM, kapena kuphulika kwa sitima, mabuleki adzagwira ntchito. Ndiko kuti, mabuleki oterowo ali nawo zochita zokha. Katundu wa brake uyu adapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwonjezera mwayi wina wowongolera mabuleki a sitima, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasitima apamtunda mpaka lero - kuyimitsidwa kwadzidzidzi kwa sitimayo ndi wokwera polumikizana ndi ma brake ndi mlengalenga kudzera pa valve yapadera - mabuleki mwadzidzidzi (9).
Kwa amene akudziwa bwino mbali imeneyi ya dongosolo mabuleki sitima, ndi zoseketsa kuonera mafilimu kumene mbava-ng'ombe motchuka kumasula ngolo ndi golide m'sitima. Kuti izi zitheke, anyamata a ng'ombe ayenera, asanayambe kugwirizanitsa, atseke ma valve otsiriza pa mzere wa brake womwe umalekanitsa mzere wa brake kuchokera kuzitsulo zogwirizanitsa pakati pa magalimoto. Koma iwo samatero. Komano, ma valve otsekedwa otsekedwa adayambitsa masoka owopsa okhudzana ndi kulephera kwa brake, pano (Kamensk mu 1987, Eral-Simskaya mu 2011) ndi kunja.
Chifukwa chakuti kudzazidwa kwa ma silinda a brake kumachokera ku gwero lachiwiri la mpweya woponderezedwa (thanki yopuma), popanda kuwonjezereka kwake kosalekeza, kuphulika koteroko kumatchedwa. kuchita mosalunjika. Kulipiritsa ma brake ndi mpweya wothinikizidwa kumachitika pokhapokha ngati braking imatulutsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi zambiri ma braking ndi kumasulidwa, ngati palibe nthawi yokwanira mutatha kumasulidwa, brake sikhala ndi nthawi yolipira kukakamiza kofunikira. Izi zingapangitse kuti mabuleki alephereke komanso kulephera kuwongolera mabuleki a sitima.
Pneumatic brake imakhalanso ndi drawback ina yokhudzana ndi kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa mzere wonyezimira, monga chisokonezo chilichonse, kumafalikira mumlengalenga pamtunda wapamwamba, koma womaliza, liwiro - osapitirira 340 m / s. Bwanji osawonjezera? Chifukwa liwiro la mawu ndiloyenera. Koma mu dongosolo la pneumatic la sitimayi pali zopinga zingapo zomwe zimachepetsa kuthamanga kwa kufalikira kwa kutsika kwapansi komwe kumakhudzana ndi kukana kwa mpweya. Choncho, pokhapokha ngati pali njira zapadera, mlingo wa kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa TM udzakhala wotsika, pamene galimotoyo imachokera ku locomotive. Pankhani ya Westinghouse brake, liwiro la otchedwa braking wave osapitirira 180 - 200 m / s.
Komabe, kubwera kwa mabuleki a pneumatic kunapangitsa kuti mabuleki azitha kukulitsa mphamvu zonse za mabuleki komanso kuyendetsa bwino kwawo mwachindunji kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito a dalaivala. za sitima, ndipo chifukwa chake, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa katundu wonyamula katundu pa njanji, kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa njanji padziko lonse lapansi.
George Westinghouse sanali woyambitsa chabe, komanso wochita bizinesi. Anapanga chilolezo chopangidwa kale mu 1869, chomwe chinamuthandiza kuti ayambe kupanga zida zambiri za brake. Mwamsanga, mabuleki a Westinghouse adafalikira ku USA, Western Europe ndi Ufumu wa Russia.
Ku Russia, kuphulika kwa Westinghouse kunalamulira mpaka October Revolution, ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali pambuyo pake. Kampani ya Westinghouse inamanga malo ake opangira mabuleki ku St. Komabe, kuphulika kwa Westinghouse kunali ndi zovuta zingapo.
Choyamba, brake iyi idapereka njira ziwiri zokha zogwirira ntchito: kuphika mpaka masilinda anyema atadzazidwa kwathunthu, ndi tchuthi - kukhuthula masilinda a brake. Zinali zosatheka kupanga kuchuluka kwapakatikati kwa brake ndikukonza kwanthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti, brake ya Westinghouse inalibe mode. denga. Izi sizinalole kuwongolera bwino liwiro la sitima.
Kachiwiri, mabuleki a Westinghouse sanagwire ntchito bwino pamasitima ataliatali, ndipo ngakhale izi zitha kulekeredwa mwanjira ya okwera, mavuto adabuka pamayendedwe onyamula katundu. Mukukumbukira ma braking wave? Choncho, Westinghouse ananyema analibe njira kuonjezera liwiro lake, ndipo mu sitima yaitali, kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa ananyema madzimadzi pa galimoto otsiriza akhoza kuyamba mochedwa kwambiri, ndipo pa mlingo wochepa kwambiri kuposa mutu wa Sitimayi, yomwe idapangitsa kuti zida za mabuleki zisamayende bwino m'sitimayo.
Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti ntchito zonse za kampani ya Westinghouse, ku Russia panthawiyo komanso padziko lonse lapansi, zadzaza bwino ndi fungo la capitalist la nkhondo zovomerezeka ndi mpikisano wopanda chilungamo. Zimenezi n’zimene zinachititsa kuti dongosolo lopanda ungwiroli likhale ndi moyo wautali chonchi, makamaka m’nyengo ya m’mbiri imeneyo.
Ndi zonsezi, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ananyema Westinghouse anayala maziko a braking sayansi ndi mfundo ya ntchito yake sanasinthe mabuleki masiku anagubuduza katundu.
2. Kuchokera ku Westinghouse braking kupita ku Matrosov brake - mapangidwe a sayansi ya braking m'nyumba.
Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kuonekera kwa ananyema Westinghouse ndi kuzindikira zolakwa zake, anayesetsa kusintha dongosolo lino, kapena kulenga wina, makamaka latsopano. Dziko lathu linalinso chimodzimodzi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, Russia inali ndi ma network otukuka a njanji, omwe adathandizira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti dzikoli likukula bwino komanso chitetezo. Kuwonjezeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ndalama zikhale bwino).
Chilimbikitso chachikulu cha chitukuko cha braking sayansi mu RSFSR ndipo kenako USSR anali kuchepa chikoka chachikulu Western likulu, makamaka kampani Westinghouse, pa chitukuko cha makampani zoweta njanji pambuyo October 1917.
F.P. Kazantsev (kumanzere) ndi I.K. Oyendetsa sitima (kumanja) - omwe amapanga mabuleki apamtunda
Chizindikiro choyamba, kupambana koyamba kwakukulu kwa sayansi yachinyamata ya braking, inali chitukuko cha injiniya Florenty Pimenovich Kazantsev. Mu 1921, Kazantsev anapereka dongosolo Direct acting automatic brake. Chithunzi chili m'munsichi chikufotokoza malingaliro onse akuluakulu omwe adayambitsidwa osati ndi Kazantsev okha, ndipo cholinga chake ndi kufotokoza mfundo zazikulu za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
Direct-acting automatic brake: 1 - kompresa; 2 - thanki yaikulu; 3 - mzere woperekera; 4 - crane yoyendetsa sitima; 5 - chida chodulira chingwe choboola; 6 - ananyema mzere; 7 - kulumikiza ananyema hoses; 8 - valve yomaliza; 9 - valve yoyimitsa; 10 - valavu; 11 - thanki yosungira; 12 - wogawa mpweya; 13 - ananyema yamphamvu; 14 - kufalikira kwa lever ya brake.
Chifukwa chake, lingaliro lalikulu loyamba ndilakuti kukakamiza kwa TM kumayendetsedwa mosalunjika - kudzera pakuchepa / kuwonjezereka kwapanikizidwe m'malo apadera otchedwa. thanki yowonjezera (UR). Ikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi chakumanja kwa mpopi wa dalaivala (4) ndi pamwamba pa chipangizo chamagetsi chotulutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku TM (5). Kachulukidwe ka malo osungira awa ndi osavuta kutsimikizira mwaukadaulo kuposa kuchuluka kwa chingwe cha brake - chitoliro chofikira makilomita angapo m'litali ndikudutsa sitima yonse. Kukhazikika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa UR kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kusunga kupanikizika mu TM, pogwiritsa ntchito kupanikizika kwa UR monga chofotokozera. Zoonadi, pisitoni mu chipangizo (5) pamene kupanikizika kwa TM kumachepa, kumatsegula valavu yomwe imadzaza TM kuchokera pamzere woperekera, motero kusunga kupanikizika mu TM kofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa UR. Lingaliro ili linali ndi njira yayitali yopitira patsogolo, koma tsopano kupanikizika kwa TM sikunadalire kukhalapo kwa kutuluka kwa kunja kwa izo (mpaka malire ena). Chipangizo cha 5 chinasamukira ku makina ogwiritsira ntchito ndipo chikukhalabe mmenemo, mumpangidwe wosinthidwa, mpaka lero.
Lingaliro lina lofunika kwambiri lomwe limapanga mapangidwe a mtundu uwu wa brake ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku brake fluid kudzera mu valve yotsegula 10. Pamene kupanikizika kwa valve ya brake kumapitirira kupanikizika kwa valavu ya brake, valve iyi imatsegula, kudzaza valavu kuchokera ku brake. madzimadzi. Mwanjira iyi, kutayikira kumangowonjezeredwa mosalekeza kuchokera kumalo osungira ndipo mabuleki samatha.
Lingaliro lachitatu lofunika la Kazantsev ndi mapangidwe a mpweya wogawa mpweya omwe amagwira ntchito pa kusiyana kwa zovuta ziwiri, koma zitatu - kuthamanga kwa mzere wonyema, kuthamanga kwa silinda yonyezimira, ndi kupanikizika mu chipinda chapadera chogwirira ntchito (WC), zomwe, pakumasulidwa, zimadyetsedwa ndi kukakamizidwa kuchokera ku mzere wa brake , pamodzi ndi thanki yopuma. Munjira ya braking, kuthamanga kwacharge kumachotsedwa ku reservoir ndi brake line, kusunga mtengo wa kukakamiza koyambira. Katunduyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogubuduza mabuleki a stock onse kuti atulutse mwapang'onopang'ono ndikuwongolera kufanana kwa kudzaza kwa TC m'sitima yonyamula katundu, popeza chipinda chogwirira ntchito chimakhala ngati muyeso wa kuthamanga koyambira. Kutengera mtengo wake, ndizotheka kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono ndikukonzekeretsa kudzazidwa koyambirira kwa malo ogulitsira m'magalimoto amchira. Ndidzasiya kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zinthu izi kwa nkhani zina pa mutu uwu, koma pakali pano ndingonena kuti ntchito ya Kazantsev inakhala ngati chilimbikitso cha chitukuko cha sukulu ya sayansi m'dziko lathu, zomwe zinayambitsa chitukuko choyambirira. ma rolling stock brake systems.
Woyambitsa wina wa ku Soviet yemwe adakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha mabuleki apakhomo anali Ivan Konstantinovich Matrosov. Malingaliro ake sanali osiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a Kazantsev, komabe, mayesero otsatila a machitidwe a mabuleki a Kazantsev ndi Matrosov (pamodzi ndi machitidwe ena amabowo) adawonetsa kupambana kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lachiwiri lokhudzana ndi machitidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa sitima zonyamula katundu. Choncho, Matrosov ananyema ndi wogawa mpweya ndi zovomerezeka. No. 320 inakhala maziko opititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndi mapangidwe a zida za braking za 1520 mm gauge njanji. Brake yamakono yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia ndi mayiko a CIS imatha kukhala ndi dzina la brake ya Matrosov, chifukwa idatengera, pa gawo loyambirira la chitukuko chake, malingaliro ndi njira zopangira za Ivan Konstantinovich.
M'malo mapeto
Mapeto ake ndi chiyani? Kugwira ntchito pankhaniyi kunanditsimikizira kuti mutuwo ndi woyenera kukhala ndi nkhani zingapo. M'nkhani yoyendetsa iyi, takhudza mbiri ya chitukuko cha mabuleki oyendetsa katundu. M'munsimu tidzapita kuzinthu zowutsa mudyo, zomwe sizikukhudza kokha mabuleki apakhomo, komanso zomwe zikuyenda bwino ndi anzathu ochokera ku Western Europe, ndikuwonetsa mapangidwe a mabuleki amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya ma rolling stock service. Chifukwa chake, ndikhulupilira kuti mutuwu ukhala wosangalatsa, ndikukuwonaninso pamalopo!
Zikomo chifukwa chakumvetsera!
Source: www.habr.com