Nthawi ina, mukazipeza pa siteshoni, kutenga miniti ya chidwi chanu ndi kulipira kwa zolembedwa, ndendende pakati pa pansi pa galimoto sitima, pamene inu whisked kupita lotsatira kwa nthawi yaitali kuyembekezera. tchuthi. Zolemba izi sizinangochitika mwangozi; zimatiuza zachinsinsi, nambala wamba ya brake air distributor yomwe imayikidwa pagalimoto iyi.
Zolembazo zimawonekera ngakhale sitimayi itaima pamtunda wapamwamba, kotero musaphonye.
Pagalimoto iyi - "Ammendorf", yomwe idakonzedwanso kwambiri kukonzanso (KVR) ku Tver Carriage Works, wofalitsa mpweya (VR) conv. No. 242 mtundu wapaulendo. Tsopano yaikidwa pamagalimoto onse atsopano ndi "osavala", m'malo mwa 292nd VR yoyambirira. Ndizida izi zomwe ndi za banja la zida za braking zomwe tikambirana lero.
1. Westinghouse Heirs
Ogawa mpweya wamtundu wa anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njanji ya 1520 mm gauge ndi mtundu wonyengerera pakati pa kuphweka kwa mapangidwe omwe anatengera ku Westinghouse katatu valve ndi zofunikira zachitetezo pamsewu. Sanadutse njira yayitali komanso yochititsa chidwi ngati anzawo onyamula katundu.
Pakadali pano, mitundu iwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito: air distributor conv. No. 292 ndi conv. air distributor conv., yomwe ikusintha mofulumira (makamaka mu zombo za Russian Railways). No. 242.
Zidazi zimasiyana pamapangidwe, koma zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito.Zipangizo zonse ziwirizi zimagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi zovuta ziwiri - mu brake line (TM) ndi reservoir reserve (R). Onsewa amapereka kutulutsa kowonjezera kwa chingwe cha brake panthawi ya braking: 292nd imatulutsa TM m'chipinda chapadera chotsekedwa (chipinda chowonjezera), chokhala ndi lita 1, ndi 242 - mwachindunji mumlengalenga. Zida zonsezi zili ndi chowonjezera chadzidzidzi braking. Zida zonsezi zilibe kumasulidwa kwapang'onopang'ono - zimamasula nthawi yomweyo kukakamiza kwa TM kukakwera pamwamba pa kukakamizidwa kwa malo oyatsira omwe akhazikitsidwa pamenepo pambuyo pomaliza kuphulika; monga akunena, ali ndi "kumasulidwa" kofewa.
Kupanda kumasulidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kumalipidwa ndi mfundo yakuti zida zonse ziwiri sizigwira ntchito pa galimoto yokha (ngakhale zingatheke), koma pamodzi ndi conv wogawa mpweya wamagetsi. No. 305, yomwe imayambitsa kuwongolera ma brake amagetsi, ndi chipinda chogwirira ntchito chokhala ndi cholumikizira cha pneumatic, chopatsa mwayi wotuluka.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za VR 242, ngati yamakono, komanso EVR 305.
VR 242 yatsopano pagulu la pneumatic mu chipinda cha injini ya EP20 locomotive magetsi
Yemweyo adayikidwa pagalimoto yonyamula anthu
Tiyeni tsopano titembenukire ku kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chipangizochi.
Chithunzi chofotokozera chipangizo cha VR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 - mabowo opangidwa; 2,4 - zosefera; 5 - pisitoni yowonjezera kutulutsa limiter TM;
7, 10, 13, 21, 22 - akasupe; 8 - valavu yotulutsa mpweya; 9 - ndodo yopanda kanthu; 11 - pisitoni yaikulu; 12 - valavu yowonjezera yowonjezera; 14 - kuyimitsidwa kwa switch mode opareshoni; 15 - ntchito mode kusintha pisitoni; 17. 28 - ndodo; 18 - vavu ananyema; 19 - valavu; 20 - kuyimitsidwa kwa chosinthira chadzidzidzi braking; 23, 26 - mavavu; 24 - dzenje; 25 - mwadzidzidzi ananyema accelerator pisitoni; 27 - valavu yochepetsera kutulutsa kowonjezera; UK - chipinda chofulumira; ZK - chipinda cha spool; MK - chipinda chachikulu; TM - brake line, ZR - thanki yopuma; TC - silinda ananyema
Kodi wogawa mpweya amayambira kuti? Zimayamba ndi kulipiritsa, ndiko kuti, kudzaza zipinda za wogawira mpweya wokha ndi tanki yosungiramo mpweya woponderezedwa kuchokera pamzere wa brake. Njirazi zimachitika pamene locomotive imayambika mu depot, itayima popanda mpweya, komanso pa magalimoto onse, pamene akugwirizanitsidwa ndi locomotive, ndipo valve yomaliza imatsegulidwa - sitimayi imatengedwa "mpweya". Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane ndondomekoyi
Kuchita kwa BP 242 polipira
Chifukwa chake, mpweya wochokera pamzere wa brake, mopanikizika ndi 0,5 MPa, umathamangira mu chipangizocho, ndikudzaza chipinda cha U4 pansi pa pistoni yothamanga, kenako umakwera panjira (yowonetsedwa mofiira), kudzera pa fyuluta 4, kudzera munjira A kupita kuchipinda chachikulu. (MK), kuchirikiza kuchokera pansi pa pistoni yaikulu 11, imadzuka, ndi ndodo yake yopanda kanthu 9 imatsegula valavu yotulutsa mpweya 8, yomwe imalankhulana ndi mpweya wa silinda ya brake ndi mlengalenga. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mpweya wochokera ku fyuluta, panjira ya axial ya ndodo 28, kupyolera mu dzenje la 3, umalowa mu thanki yosungiramo (yosonyezedwa muchikasu), ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kudutsa mumsewu kupita ku chipinda cha spool (SC) pamwamba. pisitoni yaikulu 11.
Izi zimapitilira mpaka kukakamizidwa mu tanki yosungiramo, zipinda zazikulu ndi za spool ndizofanana ndi kukakamiza kolipiritsa pamzere wa brake. Pistoni yayikulu idzabwerera kumalo osalowerera ndale, kutseka valve yotulutsa mpweya. Wogawa mpweya ndi wokonzeka kuchitapo kanthu.
Ndilembanso - kupanikizika mu TM sikukhazikika, pali zotulukapo, zotuluka pang'ono, koma zimakhalapo nthawi zonse. Ndiko kuti, kupanikizika mu TM kungachepetse. Ngati kupanikizika kumachepa pa mlingo wocheperapo kusiyana ndi mlingo wa utumiki, ndiye kuti mpweya wochokera ku chipinda cha spool uli ndi nthawi yolowera m'chipinda chachikulu kupyolera mu throttle 3, pisitoni yaikulu imakhalabe m'malo mwake ndipo braking sikuchitika.
Pamene kuthamanga kwa mzere wa brake kumachepa pa mlingo wa braking service, kuthamanga kwa brake valve kumachepa mofulumira kuti pisitoni yaikulu isunthire pansi, mothandizidwa ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu mu chipinda cha spool. Kusunthira pansi, kumatsegula valavu yowonjezera yowonjezera 12.
Kuchita kwa BP 242 panthawi ya braking: gawo la kutulutsa kowonjezera kwa TM
Mpweya wochokera m'chipinda chachikulu, kupyolera mu valavu 12 kupyolera mu njira K, kupyolera mu njira ya axial ya ndodo 28, umatuluka mumlengalenga. Kupsyinjika mu mzere wa brake ndi chipinda chachikulu kumacheperanso mofulumira kwambiri ndipo piston 11 ikupitirizabe kutsika kwake.
Kuchita kwa BP 242 panthawi ya braking: kudzaza koyambirira kwa silinda ya brake
Ndodo yotsekeka ya pistoni yayikulu 9 imasuntha kutali ndi chisindikizo pa valavu yotulutsa mpweya, potero imatsegula njira ya mpweya kuchokera ku tanki yosungiramo, yomwe imayenda kudzera munjira B kupita kuchipinda cha spool, njira ya axial ya ndodo 9, njira D ndi chosinthira mode chimadutsa mu silinda ya brake kudzera pa tchanelo L. Nthawi yomweyo mpweya womwewo umadutsa panjira D kupita kuchipinda cha U2, kukanikiza pisitoni 6, yomwe imadula njira yowonjezera yotulutsa kuchokera mumlengalenga. Maimidwe owonjezera otulutsa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndodo 28 ya pisitoni 6 imatsikira pansi, njira zowunikira momwemo zimatsekedwa ndi ma cuffs a mphira, zomwe zimatsogolera kulekanitsa zipinda zazikulu ndi spool. Izi zimawonjezera chidwi cha wogawa mpweya ku braking - tsopano kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa mzere wa brake pamlingo uliwonse kungayambitse kutsika kwa pisitoni yayikulu ndikudzaza silinda ya brake.
Kuchita kwa BP 242 panthawi ya braking: kusintha kuchuluka kwa kudzaza malo ogulitsira
Poyamba, silinda ya brake imadzazidwa mwachangu, kudzera mumsewu waukulu, kudzera mu valavu yotseguka ya brake 18. Pamene silinda ya brake yadzazidwa, chipinda cha U16 cha mawonekedwe osinthira chimadzazidwanso kudzera mu dzenje lokhazikika 1. Pamene kupanikizika kumakhala kokwanira kukakamiza kasupe pansi pa pisitoni 15, valavu ya brake imatseka ndipo TC imadzazidwa ndi dzenje lopangidwa mu valavu ya brake pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimachitika ngati chogwirira cha chosinthira 14 chasinthidwa kukhala "D" (cholumikizana chachitali). Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwerengero cha magalimoto mu sitimayo chikupitirira 15. Izi zimachitidwa kuti achepetse kudzaza kwa malo ogulitsa magalimoto pagalimoto, kuonetsetsa kuti mabuleki akufanana kwambiri pa sitimayi.
Pa sitima zazifupi, chogwirira 14 chimayikidwa pamalo "K" (sitima yaifupi). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imatsegula valavu ya brake 18, ndipo kudzazidwa kwa malo ogulitsa kumachitika mofulumira nthawi zonse.
Dalaivala akayika valavu pamalo otseka, kutsika kwamphamvu mu mzere wa brake kuyima. Kudzazidwa kwa silinda ya brake kudzachitika mpaka, chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mpweya kuti mudzaze, kuthamanga mu thanki yosungirako, choncho mu chipinda cha spool, madontho, kukhala ofanana ndi kupanikizika mu chipinda chachikulu, choncho mu mzere wonyema. Pistoni yayikulu idzabwerera kumalo osalowerera ndale. Kudzazidwa kwa malo ogulitsa kumayima, ndipo pali kutsekeka.
Kuti amasule mabuleki, dalaivala amayika chogwirira cha crane pamalo I. Mpweya wochokera kumabwalo akuluakulu umathamangira mumzere wophwanyidwa, ndikuwonjezera kupanikizika komweko (mpaka 0,7 - 0,9 MPa, kutengera kutalika kwa sitima). Kupanikizika mu chipinda chachikulu BP kumawonjezeranso, zomwe zimatsogolera ku pisitoni yaikulu kusunthira mmwamba, kutsegula valavu yotulutsa mpweya 8, yomwe mpweya wochokera kuzitsulo zophulika, komanso chipinda cha U2, umathawira mumlengalenga. Kutsika kwamphamvu mu chipinda cha U2 kumapangitsa pisitoni 6 ndi ndodo 28 kuwuka, chingwe cha brake ndi malo osungiramo madzi amalumikizananso kudzera pa throttle 3 - malo osungirako amalipidwa.
Pamene kuthamanga kwa galimoto mu thanki yowonjezera (UR) kufika mofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa galimoto, dalaivala amaika valve pamalo a II (malo a sitima). Kupsyinjika mu TM kumabwezeretsedwa mwamsanga ku mlingo wa kuthamanga mu UR. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha throttle 3, kupanikizika mu thanki yosungirako sikunakhalepo ndi nthawi yokwera pamwamba pa kuthamangitsa, kulipira chitetezo cha mpweya kumapitirira, koma pang'onopang'ono. Pang'onopang'ono, kukakamiza mu tanki yosungira, zipinda zazikulu ndi za spool zimayikidwa mofanana ndi yolipiritsa. Wogawa mpweya ndiyenso wokonzeka kuyambiranso braking.
Kuchokera kumalingaliro a oyendetsa, njira zomwe zafotokozedwa zimawoneka motere:
Chinthu chosiyana cha VR 242 ndi chowonjezera chadzidzidzi cha braking; mu chithunzicho chili kumanzere kwa chipangizocho. Pamene kulipiritsa, pamodzi ndi kudzaza gawo lalikulu la wogawa mpweya, accelerator ndi mlandu - patsekeke pansi pa pisitoni 25 ndi patsekeke pamwamba pa pisitoni wodzazidwa ndi mpweya mu accelerator chipinda (AC). Mzere wa brake ndi chipinda chothamangirako amalumikizana kudzera mu dzenje 1, momwe mulitali mwake ndikuti panthawi ya braking, kupanikizika muchipinda chothamangirako kumatha kufanana ndi kukakamiza kwa mzere wa brake ndipo accelerator sikugwira ntchito.
Kugwira ntchito kwachangu brake accelerator
Komabe, kupanikizika kumatsika pamlingo wadzidzidzi - mpweya umatuluka mu masekondi 3 - 4, zovutazo sizikhala ndi nthawi yofanana, mpweya wochokera m'chipinda chofulumira umakanikiza pisitoni 25, ndipo imatsegula. valavu 19, kutsegula dzenje lalikulu mu mzere wonyema umene mpweya umalowa mumlengalenga, ndikuwonjezera ndondomekoyi. Chifukwa chake, panthawi ya braking mwadzidzidzi, chowonjezera chikagwira ntchito, zenera la brake line limatsegulidwa pagalimoto iliyonse.
Kuzimitsa accelerator (mwachitsanzo, ngati malfunctions), ntchito kiyi wapadera kutembenukira kuyimitsidwa 20, amene midadada accelerator pisitoni kumtunda.
Ngakhale kuti pali mawu ambiri olembedwa ndi zilembo, kwenikweni chipangizochi chili ndi mapangidwe osavuta komanso odalirika. Poyerekeza ndi kuloΕ΅edwa m'malo ake, BP 292, iyi ilibe spools, amene akadali capricious ntchito, amafuna akupera pa galasi ndi kondomu, komanso kuvala.
Air distributor 242 ndi chipangizo choyima chokha ndipo chitha kugwira ntchito popanda othandizira. Kwenikweni, pamagalimoto onyamula anthu ndi ma locomotives, imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi chipangizo china chotchedwa
2. Electric air distributor (EVR) conv. No. 305
Chipangizochi chinapangidwa kuti chizigwira ntchito mu electro-pneumatic brake system pa passenger rolling stock. Zoikidwa pamagalimoto ndi ma locomotives pamodzi ndi VR 242 kapena VR 292. Izi ndi momwe zida za mabuleki zimawonekera pa chonyamulira chonyamula anthu.
Patsogolo pake pali silinda ya brake. Kupitilira pang'ono, chipinda chogwirira ntchito cha EVR 305 chimakhomeredwa ku khoma lakumbuyo la malo ogulitsira. Chotulukira kuchokera pa chingwe cha brake (chopenti chofiyira) chimalumikizidwa ndi valavu yolumikizira.
EVR 305 chipangizo: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 - njira za mpweya; 4 - valve yotulutsa; 5 - valavu ananyema; 7 - vavu mumlengalenga; 8 - valve yoperekera; 11 - diaphragm; 13, 17 - mapanga a valve yosinthira; 15 - valavu yosinthira; 16 - chisindikizo cha valve yosinthira; TC - silinda ananyema; RK - chipinda chogwirira ntchito; OV - valve yotulutsa; TV - valavu ananyema; ZR - thanki yosungirako; VR - wogawa mpweya
EVR 305 ili ndi zigawo zazikulu zitatu: chipinda chogwirira ntchito (RC), valavu yosinthira (PC) ndi chosinthira (RD). Nyumba yosinthira kuthamanga imakhala ndi ma valve 4 ndi ma brake ma valve 5, oyendetsedwa ndi ma elekitiroma.
Pamene kulipiritsa, mphamvu sichiperekedwa ku ma valve, valavu yotulutsa imatsegula chipinda cha chipinda chogwirira ntchito kumlengalenga, ndipo valavu ya brake imatsekedwa. Mpweya wochokera pamzere wonyezimira, kudzera pa wogawa mpweya kudzera mumayendedwe mkati mwa EVR, umadutsa mu thanki yosungirako, ndikuyiyendetsa, koma supita kwina kulikonse, chifukwa njira yake yolowera m'mphepete pamwamba pa diaphragm ya chosinthira choponderezedwa imatsekedwa ndi valavu yotseka brake.
Zochita za EVR 305 polipira
Pamene valavu ya dalaivala imayikidwa pa Va, mphamvu yabwino (yogwirizana ndi njanji) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa waya wa EPT ndipo ma valve onse awiri amalandira mphamvu. Valavu yotulutsa imalekanitsa chipinda chogwirira ntchito kuchokera kumlengalenga, pomwe valavu yonyezimira imatsegula njira ya mpweya mumtsempha pamwamba pa diaphragm ya RD ndikupita kuchipinda chogwirira ntchito.
ΠΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠ 305 ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Kupsyinjika mu chipinda chogwirira ntchito ndi m'mimba pamwamba pa diaphragm kumawonjezeka, diaphragm imagwada pansi, ndikutsegula valavu yoperekera 8, yomwe mpweya wochokera ku tanki yosungiramo madzi umayamba kulowa mumtsinje wamanja wa valve yosinthira. Pulagi ya valve imasunthira kumanzere, ndikutsegula njira yolowera mpweya mu silinda ya brake.
Pamene crane ya dalaivala imayikidwa padenga, magetsi omwe amaperekedwa ku waya wa EPT amasintha polarity, diode yomwe valve ya brake imayendetsedwa imatsekedwa, valve ya brake imataya mphamvu, ndipo valavu ya brake imatseka. Kuwonjezeka kwa kupanikizika mu chipinda chogwirira ntchito kumayima, ndipo silinda ya brake imadzazidwa mpaka kukakamizidwa komweko kuli kofanana ndi kukakamiza mu chipinda chogwirira ntchito. Pambuyo pake, nembanembayo imabwerera kumalo osalowerera ndipo valavu ya chakudya imatseka. Denga likubwera.
Mphamvu ya EVR 305 ikadutsana
Valavu yotulutsa ikupitirizabe kulandira mphamvu, kusunga valavu yotulutsa kutsekedwa, kuteteza mpweya kuchoka m'chipinda chophikira.
Kuti amasulidwe, dalaivala amayika chogwirira cha crane pamalo I kuti amasulidwe kwathunthu, komanso pamalo II kuti amasulidwe pang'onopang'ono. Pazochitika zonsezi, ma valve amataya mphamvu, valavu yotulutsa imatsegula, kutulutsa mpweya kuchokera ku chipinda chogwirira ntchito kupita kumlengalenga. The diaphragm, yothandizidwa kuchokera pansi ndi kukakamiza kwa silinda ya brake, imayenda mmwamba, ndikutsegula valavu yotulutsa mpweya yomwe mpweya umatuluka mu silinda ya brake.
Zochita za EVR 305 patchuthi
Ngati, ikatulutsidwa pamalo achiwiri, chogwiriracho chimayikidwanso padenga, mpweya umasiya kutuluka m'chipinda chogwirira ntchito, ndipo kutulutsa kwa TC kudzachitika mpaka kukakamizidwa komweko kuli kofanana ndi kukakamizidwa komwe kumatsalira pantchitoyo. chipinda. Izi zimakwaniritsa kuthekera kwa kumasulidwa kwapang'onopang'ono.
Ma brake a electro-pneumatic awa ali ndi zinthu zingapo. Choyamba, ngati mzere wa EPT wathyoka, mabuleki amamasulidwa. Pankhaniyi, dalaivala, atatha kuchita zinthu zingapo zovomerezeka zoperekedwa ndi malangizo, amasintha kugwiritsa ntchito pneumatic brake. Ndiko kuti, EPT si brake basi. Ichi ndi drawback ya dongosolo lino.
Kachiwiri, EPT ikagwira ntchito, wogawa mpweya wamba ali pamalo omasulidwa, osasiya kutulutsa kutulutsa kuchokera mu tanki yosungira. Izi ndizowonjezera, chifukwa zimatsimikizira kusatha kwa brake ya electro-pneumatic.
Chachitatu, kapangidwe kameneka sikamasokoneza ntchito ya wogawa mpweya wamba. Ngati EPT yazimitsidwa, ndiye kuti BP, kudzaza silinda ya brake, idzadzaza kaye kumanzere kwa valve yosinthira, kusuntha pulagi mmenemo kumanja, kutsegula njira ya mpweya kuchokera kumalo osungirako kuti alowe mu silinda ya brake. .
Izi ndi momwe magwiridwe antchito amafotokozedwera amawonekera kuchokera pagalimoto ya driver:
Pomaliza
Ndinkafuna kufinya zida zonyamula katundu m'nkhani yomweyi, koma ayi, nkhaniyi imafuna kukambirana kosiyana, popeza ma VR onyamula katundu ndi ovuta kwambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zamakono ndi zidule, chifukwa chazomwe zimayendetsa katundu. katundu.
Ponena za brake yonyamula anthu, ubale wake ndi brake ya Westinghouse umalipidwa ndi njira zina zaukadaulo, zomwe pagulu logubuduza m'nyumba zimapereka zizindikiro zovomerezeka zogwirira ntchito, mulingo wachitetezo ndi manufacturability wa kukonza ndi kukonza. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuyerekeza ndi "momwe zikupita kumeneko" kunja. Tifananiza, koma mtsogolo pang'ono. Zikomo chifukwa chakumvetsera!
PS: kuthokoza kwanga kwa Roman Biryukov chifukwa cha zithunzi, komanso patsamba , mβmene mafanizo aja atengedwa.
Source: www.habr.com