Lero tikuyambitsa mphoto ya sayansi yotchedwa Ilya Segalovich . Idzaperekedwa chifukwa chakuchita bwino mu sayansi yamakompyuta. Ophunzira a undergraduate ndi postgraduate kapena kusankha oyang'anira asayansi. Opambana adzasankhidwa ndi oimira gulu la maphunziro ndi Yandex. Zosankha zazikuluzikulu zosankhidwa: zofalitsa ndi zowonetsera pamisonkhano, komanso kuthandizira pa chitukuko cha anthu.
Mwambo woyamba wopereka mphotho udzachitika mu Epulo. Monga gawo la mphothoyo, asayansi achichepere adzalandira ma ruble 350, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, azitha kupita ku msonkhano wapadziko lonse lapansi, kugwira ntchito ndi mlangizi ndikupita ku dipatimenti yofufuza ya Yandex. Oyang'anira asayansi adzalandira ma ruble 700.
Pamwambo wotsegulira mphothoyi, tidaganiza zolankhula pano pa HabrΓ© za momwe angachitire bwino pa sayansi yamakompyuta. Owerenga ena a Habr amadziwa kale izi, pomwe ena amatha kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pa iwo. Lero titseka kusiyana uku - tikhudza mitu yonse yayikulu, kuphatikiza zolemba, misonkhano, ma dataset ndi kusamutsa malingaliro asayansi kukhala mautumiki.
Kwa asayansi okhudza sayansi yamakompyuta, njira yayikulu yochitira bwino ndikusindikiza ntchito yawo yasayansi pamisonkhano yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Ichi ndi "cheke" choyamba chozindikira ntchito ya wofufuzayo. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani yophunzirira makina ambiri, Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa Kuphunzira Kwamakina (ICML) ndi Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS, yomwe kale inali NIPS) imasiyanitsidwa. Pali misonkhano yambiri yokhudzana ndi madera ena a ML, monga masomphenya apakompyuta, kupeza zambiri, luso la kulankhula, kumasulira makina, ndi zina zotero.
Chifukwa chiyani kufalitsa malingaliro anu
Anthu omwe ali kutali ndi sayansi ya makompyuta akhoza kukhala ndi maganizo olakwika kuti ndi bwino kusunga malingaliro amtengo wapatali kwambiri chinsinsi ndi kuyesetsa kupindula ndi zosiyana zawo. Komabe, mkhalidwe weniweni mβmunda mwathu ndi wosiyana ndendende. Ulamuliro wa wasayansi umaweruzidwa ndi kufunikira kwa ntchito zake, momwe nkhani zake zimatchulidwira ndi asayansi ena (zolemba zolemba). Ichi ndi khalidwe lofunika la ntchito yake. Wofufuza amakweza makwerero a akatswiri, kukhala olemekezeka kwambiri mβdera lake, kokha ngati mosalekeza apanga ntchito zamphamvu zimene zimafalitsidwa, kukhala wotchuka, ndi kupanga maziko a ntchito ya asayansi ena.
Nkhani zambiri zapamwamba (mwina zambiri) ndi zotsatira za mgwirizano pakati pa ofufuza m'mayunivesite osiyanasiyana ndi makampani padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi yofunikira komanso yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya ofufuza ndi pamene apeza mwayi wopeza ndi kusanthula malingaliro pawokha malinga ndi zomwe wakumana nazo - koma ngakhale zitatha izi, anzake akupitirizabe kumupatsa chithandizo chamtengo wapatali. Asayansi amathandizana kupanga malingaliro, kulemba zolemba mogwirizana - komanso momwe wasayansi amathandizira pasayansi, zimakhala zosavuta kuti apeze anthu amalingaliro ofanana.
Pomaliza, kachulukidwe ndi kupezeka kwa chidziwitso tsopano ndi chachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti ofufuza osiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi amabwera ndi malingaliro asayansi ofanana (ndi ofunika kwambiri). Ngati simusindikiza lingaliro lanu, wina adzakufalitsani ndithu. "Wopambana" nthawi zambiri si amene adabwera ndi zatsopanozi pang'ono, koma amene adazifalitsa pang'ono. Kapena - amene adakwanitsa kuwulula lingalirolo mokwanira, momveka bwino komanso mokhutiritsa momwe angathere.
Zolemba ndi ma dataset
Chifukwa chake, nkhani yasayansi imamangidwa mozungulira lingaliro lalikulu lomwe wofufuzayo akufuna. Lingaliro ili ndikuthandizira kwake ku sayansi yamakompyuta. Nkhaniyi imayamba ndi kufotokozera lingaliro, lopangidwa m'masentensi angapo. Izi zikutsatiridwa ndi mawu oyamba omwe amafotokoza mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe amathetsedwa mothandizidwa ndi zatsopano zomwe zaperekedwa. Mafotokozedwe ndi mawu oyamba amalembedwa mβchinenero chosavuta kumva chimene anthu ambiri amamva. Pambuyo poyambitsa, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa zovuta zomwe zimaperekedwa m'chinenero cha masamu ndikuyambitsa zolemba zokhwima. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zoyambilira, muyenera kupanga chiganizo chomveka bwino komanso chomveka bwino cha zomwe mukufuna kupanga, ndikuzindikira kusiyana kwa njira zam'mbuyomu, zofananira. Mawu onse ongoyerekeza ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi maumboni omwe adapangidwa kale, kapena kutsimikiziridwa payekha. Izi zikhoza kuchitika ndi zongoganizira zina. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kupereka umboni pamlanduwo pakakhala kuchuluka kosawerengeka kwa maphunziro (zochitika mwachiwonekere zosatheka) kapena iwo ali odziyimira pawokha. Chakumapeto kwa nkhaniyi, wasayansi akukamba za zotsatira zoyesera zomwe adatha kuzipeza.
Kuti owunikira omwe amalembedwa ndi okonza msonkhano kuti athe kuvomereza pepala, ayenera kukhala ndi chikhumbo chimodzi kapena zingapo. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimawonjezera mwayi wovomerezedwa ndi sayansi yatsopano ya lingaliro lomwe likuperekedwa. Nthawi zambiri, zachilendo zimayesedwa mogwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe alipo kale - ndipo ntchito yowunika siichitidwa ndi wobwereza, koma ndi wolemba nkhaniyo. Momwemo, wolembayo ayenera kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi za njira zomwe zilipo kale ndipo, ngati n'kotheka, aziwonetsa ngati zochitika zapadera za njira yake. Chifukwa chake, wasayansi akuwonetsa kuti njira zovomerezeka sizigwira ntchito nthawi zonse, kuti adaziphatikiza ndikupereka njira yotakata, yosinthika komanso yothandiza kwambiri yofotokozera. Ngati zachilendozo ndi zosatsutsika, ndiye kuti obwereza amayesa nkhaniyo mosasamala - mwachitsanzo, akhoza kunyalanyaza Chingerezi chosauka.
Kuti mulimbikitse zachilendo, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza kufananitsa ndi njira zomwe zilipo pagulu limodzi kapena zingapo. Aliyense wa iwo ayenera kukhala omasuka komanso ovomerezeka m'malo ophunzirira. Mwachitsanzo, pali zithunzi za ImageNet ndi nkhokwe za mabungwe monga Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) ndi CIFAR (Canadian Institute For Advanced Research). Vuto ndiloti deta ya "maphunziro" yotereyi nthawi zambiri imasiyana ndi zomwe zilipo kuchokera ku deta yeniyeni yomwe makampaniwa amachita. Deta yosiyana imatanthawuza zotsatira zosiyana za njira yomwe ikuperekedwa. Asayansi omwe amagwira ntchito pang'ono pamakampani amayesa kuganizira izi ndipo nthawi zina amaika zotsutsa monga "pa data yathu zotsatira zake zimakhala izi, koma pagulu la anthu - izi ndi zina."
Zimachitika kuti njira yomwe ikufunsidwayo ndi "yogwirizana" kwathunthu ndi database yotseguka ndipo siigwira ntchito pa data yeniyeni. Mutha kuthana ndi vutoli potsegula zatsopano, zoyimira zambiri, koma nthawi zambiri timalankhula zachinsinsi zomwe makampani alibe ufulu wotsegula. Nthawi zina, amachita (nthawi zina zovuta komanso zowawa) kusadziwika kwa data - amachotsa zidutswa zilizonse zomwe zimaloza kwa munthu wina. Mwachitsanzo, nkhope ndi manambala pazithunzi zimafufutidwa kapena kupangidwa kuti zisalembedwe. Kuonjezera apo, kuti deta isapezeke kwa aliyense, komanso kuti ikhale yovomerezeka pakati pa asayansi yomwe ndi yabwino kufananiza malingaliro, sikoyenera kusindikiza kokha, komanso kulemba nkhani yosiyana yomwe yatchulidwa. izo ndi ubwino wake.
Ndizoipa kwambiri ngati palibe ma dataset otseguka pamutu womwe ukuphunziridwa. Ndiye wobwereza akhoza kungovomereza zotsatira zomwe wolembayo wapereka pa chikhulupiriro. Mwachidziwitso, wolembayo amatha kuwerengera mopambanitsa ndikukhalabe osazindikirika, koma m'malo ophunzirira izi sizingatheke, chifukwa zimatsutsana ndi chikhumbo cha asayansi ambiri kuti apange sayansi.
M'madera angapo a ML, kuphatikizapo masomphenya apakompyuta, ndizofalanso kulumikiza maulalo ku code (nthawi zambiri ku GitHub) ndi zolemba. Zolembazo mwina zili ndi kachidindo kakang'ono kwambiri kapena ndi pseudocode. Ndipo apa, kachiwiri, mavuto amadza ngati nkhaniyo inalembedwa ndi wofufuza kuchokera ku kampani, osati ku yunivesite. Mwachikhazikitso, kachidindo kolembedwa mukampani kapena koyambira kumatchedwa NDA. Ofufuza ndi anzawo ayenera kuyesetsa kuti alekanitse kachidindo kokhudzana ndi lingaliro lomwe likufotokozedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zamkati komanso zotsekedwa.
Mwayi wofalitsa umatengeranso kufunika kwa mutu womwe wasankhidwa. Kufunika kumayendetsedwa ndi zinthu ndi ntchito: ngati kampani kapena oyambitsa akufuna kupanga ntchito yatsopano kapena kukonza yomwe ilipo kutengera lingaliro lachinthu, ndikowonjezera.
Monga tanenera kale, mapepala a sayansi apakompyuta salembedwa kawirikawiri okha. Koma monga lamulo, mmodzi wa olemba amathera nthawi yambiri ndi khama kuposa ena. Chothandizira chake pazatsopano zasayansi ndicho chachikulu kwambiri. Pamndandanda wa olemba, munthu woteroyo amasonyezedwa poyamba - ndipo m'tsogolomu, ponena za nkhani, akhoza kungomutchula (mwachitsanzo, "Ivanov et al" - "Ivanov ndi ena" omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Latin). Komabe, zopereka za ena ndizofunikanso kwambiri - mwinamwake sizingatheke kukhala pamndandanda wa olemba.
Ndemanga ndondomeko
Nthawi zambiri mapepala amasiya kulandiridwa miyezi ingapo msonkhano usanachitike. Nkhani ikatumizidwa, owerengera amakhala ndi masabata a 3-5 oti awerenge, kuunika, ndi kuyankhapo ndemanga. Izi zimachitika molingana ndi dongosolo limodzi lakhungu, pamene olemba sawona mayina a obwereza, kapena akhungu awiri, pamene owerengera okha sawona mayina a olemba. Njira yachiwiri imatengedwa kuti ndi yopanda tsankho: mapepala angapo asayansi asonyeza kuti kutchuka kwa wolemba kumakhudza chisankho cha wobwereza. Mwachitsanzo, angaganize kuti wasayansi yemwe ali ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zasindikizidwa kale ndizomwe zimayenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri.
Komanso, ngakhale akhungu awiri, wobwereza mwina angaganize wolemba ngati iwo ntchito m'munda womwewo. Kuphatikiza apo, panthawi yowunikiranso, nkhaniyi ikhoza kusindikizidwa kale mu database ya arXiv, malo osungiramo mapepala asayansi. Okonza misonkhano samaletsa izi, koma amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mutu wosiyana ndi mawu enanso m'mabuku a arXiv. Koma ngati nkhaniyo itaikidwa pamenepo, sikudzakhala kovuta kuipeza.
Nthawi zonse pamakhala owunikira angapo omwe amawunika nkhani. Mmodzi wa iwo amapatsidwa udindo wa meta-reviewer, yemwe ayenera kungoyang'ana zigamulo za anzake ndikupanga chisankho chomaliza. Ngati owunikirawo akutsutsana ndi nkhaniyi, meta-reviewer amathanso kuiwerenga kuti ikwaniritse.
Nthawi zina, atatha kuunikanso ndondomeko ndi ndemanga, wolembayo ali ndi mwayi wokambirana ndi wobwereza; palinso mwayi womutsimikizira kuti asinthe chisankho chake (komabe, dongosolo loterolo siligwira ntchito pamisonkhano yonse, ndipo ndizosatheka kukhudza kwambiri chigamulocho). Pokambirana, simungatchule zolemba zina zasayansi, kupatula zomwe zatchulidwa kale m'nkhaniyi. Mutha "kuthandiza" wowunika kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi.
Misonkhano ndi magazini
Nkhani za sayansi yamakompyuta nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa kumisonkhano kuposa magazini asayansi. Izi ndichifukwa choti zofalitsa zamamagazini zimakhala ndi zofunikira zomwe zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa, ndipo kuwunikiranso anzawo kumatha kutenga miyezi kapena zaka. Sayansi yamakompyuta ndi gawo lothamanga kwambiri, kotero olemba nthawi zambiri safuna kudikirira kuti asindikizidwe. Komabe, nkhani yomwe yavomerezedwa kale kumsonkhanoyo imatha kuwonjezeredwa (mwachitsanzo, popereka zotsatira zatsatanetsatane) ndi kusindikizidwa m'magazini momwe zoletsa zakuthambo sizili zovuta kwambiri.
Zochitika pa msonkhano
Mawonekedwe a kukhalapo kwa olemba nkhani zovomerezeka pamsonkhanowo amatsimikiziridwa ndi owunika. Ngati nkhaniyo ipatsidwa kuwala kobiriwira, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri mumapatsidwa choyimira. Chojambula ndi chithunzi chokhazikika chokhala ndi chidule cha nkhani ndi zithunzi. Zipinda zina zochitira misonkhano zimakhala ndi mizere italiitali ya maposita. Wolembayo amakhala nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi chithunzi chake, akulankhula ndi asayansi omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi nkhaniyi.
Njira yodziwika bwino yotenga nawo mbali ndi nkhani yamphezi. Ngati owunika akuwona kuti nkhaniyo ndi yoyenera kuyankha mwachangu, wolemba amapatsidwa mphindi zitatu kuti alankhule ndi anthu ambiri. Kumbali ina, nkhani yamphezi ndi mwayi wabwino wofotokozera lingaliro lanu osati kwa iwo okha omwe adachita chidwi ndi chithunzicho mwakufuna kwawo. Kumbali inayi, alendo obwera ku zikwangwani amakhala okonzeka komanso okhazikika pamutu wanu weniweni kuposa omvera wamba muholo. Chifukwa chake, mu lipoti lachangu, mukufunikabe kukhala ndi nthawi yodziwitsa anthu.
Nthawi zambiri, kumapeto kwa nkhani yawo yamphezi, olemba amatchula nambala ya chithunzicho kuti omvera aipeze ndikumvetsetsa bwino nkhaniyo.
Njira yomaliza, yolemekezeka kwambiri ndi chithunzi chophatikizira ndi chiwonetsero chokwanira cha lingaliro, pamene palibenso chifukwa chothamangira kunena nkhaniyo.
Koma ndithudi, asayansi - kuphatikizapo olemba nkhani zovomerezeka - abwere kumsonkhano wotsatira osati kungodziwonetsera. Choyamba, amakonda kupeza zikwangwani zokhudzana ndi gawo lawo pazifukwa zomveka. Ndipo chachiwiri, ndikofunikira kwa iwo kukulitsa mndandanda wa omwe amalumikizana nawo kuti agwire nawo ntchito limodzi m'tsogolomu. Izi si kusaka - kapena, osachepera, gawo lake loyamba, lomwe limatsatiridwa ndi kusinthana kopindulitsa kwa malingaliro, chitukuko ndi ntchito limodzi pamutu umodzi kapena zingapo.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maukonde opindulitsa pamsonkhano wapamwamba ndi ovuta chifukwa cha kusowa kwathunthu kwa nthawi yaulere. Ngati, patatha tsiku lathunthu paziwonetsero ndi zokambirana pazikwangwani, wasayansi wakhalabe ndi mphamvu ndipo wagonjetsa kale jet lag, ndiye amapita kumodzi mwa maphwando ambiri. Amayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe - chifukwa chake, maphwando nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusaka kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, alendo ambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito osati kupeza ntchito yatsopano, koma, kachiwiri, pamaneti. Madzulo palibenso malipoti ndi zikwangwani - ndizosavuta "kugwira" katswiri yemwe mukufuna.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro mpaka kupanga
Sayansi yamakompyuta ndi imodzi mwamafakitale ochepa pomwe zokonda zamabizinesi ndi oyambitsa zimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi maphunziro. NIPS, ICML ndi misonkhano ina yofananira imakopa anthu ambiri ochokera kumakampani, osati mayunivesite okha. Izi ndizofanana ndi sayansi yamakompyuta, koma mosiyana ndi sayansi ina yambiri.
Kumbali inayi, si malingaliro onse omwe aperekedwa m'nkhani omwe amapita kukapanga kapena kukonza ntchito. Ngakhale mkati mwa kampani imodzi, wofufuza akhoza kufunsira kwa ogwira nawo ntchito kuchokera ku ntchitoyo lingaliro lomwe likutsatiridwa ndi miyezo ya sayansi ndi kulandira kukana kuligwiritsa ntchito pazifukwa zingapo. Mmodzi wa iwo watchulidwa kale apa - ichi ndi kusiyana pakati pa "zamaphunziro" deta yomwe inalembedwa ndi deta yeniyeni. Kuonjezera apo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro kungachedwe, kufuna ndalama zambiri, kapena kusintha chizindikiro chimodzi chokha pamtengo wowonongetsa ma metric ena.
Zinthu zimapulumutsidwa chifukwa ambiri opanga okha ndi ofufuza pang'ono. Amapita kumisonkhano, amalankhula chinenero chimodzi ndi ophunzira, amapereka malingaliro, nthawi zina amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga zolemba (mwachitsanzo, kulemba code), kapena ngakhale olemba okha. Ngati wopanga amizidwa mu maphunziro, amatsatira zomwe zikuchitika mu dipatimenti yofufuza, m'mawu amodzi - ngati akuwonetsa kutsutsa kwa asayansi, ndiye kuti kuzungulira kwa kutembenuza malingaliro asayansi kukhala luso latsopano lautumiki kumafupikitsidwa.
Tikufunirani ofufuza onse achinyamata zabwino zonse ndi zopambana pa ntchito yawo. Ngati izi sizinakuuzeni zatsopano, ndiye kuti mwina mwasindikiza kale pamsonkhano wapamwamba. Kulembetsa kwa nokha ndikusankha oyang'anira asayansi.
Source: www.habr.com