Timakambirana njira zina zopangira zinthu za semiconductor.
/ chithunzi Unsplash
Nthawi yomaliza za zipangizo zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa silicon pakupanga ma transistors ndikukulitsa luso lawo. Lero tikukambirana njira zina zopangira zinthu za semiconductor ndi momwe zidzagwiritsire ntchito malo opangira deta.
Piezoelectric transistors
Zida zoterezi zili ndi zigawo za piezoelectric ndi piezoresistive mu kapangidwe kake. Yoyamba imasintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala zomveka. Yachiwiri imatenga mafunde amawu awa, imakanikiza ndipo, motero, imatsegula kapena kutseka transistor. Samarium selenide () - kutengera kukakamizidwa kaya ngati semiconductor (kukana kwambiri) kapena ngati chitsulo.
IBM inali imodzi mwazoyamba kuyambitsa lingaliro la piezoelectric transistor. Mainjiniya a kampaniyi akuchita zomwe zikuchitika mderali . Anzawo aku UK National Physical Laboratory, University of Edinburgh ndi Auburn akugwiranso ntchito motere.
Piezoelectric transistor imataya mphamvu zochepa kwambiri kuposa zida za silicon. Technology poyamba m'zida zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa kutentha - mafoni a m'manja, zipangizo zamawailesi, ma radar.
Ma transistors a piezoelectric amathanso kupeza ntchito mu ma processor a seva a malo opangira data. Tekinolojeyi idzawonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndipo idzachepetsa mtengo wa ogwira ntchito pa data center pa zomangamanga za IT.
Tunnel transistors
Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu kwa opanga zida za semiconductor ndikupanga ma transistors omwe amatha kusinthidwa ndi ma voltages otsika. Tunnel transistors amatha kuthetsa vutoli. Zida zoterezi zimayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito .
Choncho, magetsi akunja akagwiritsidwa ntchito, transistor imasinthasintha mofulumira chifukwa ma electron amatha kugonjetsa chotchinga cha dielectric. Chifukwa chake, chipangizocho chimafunikira kangapo kuti chigwire ntchito.
Asayansi ochokera ku MIPT ndi Yunivesite ya Tohoku ku Japan akupanga ma transistors a tunnel. Anagwiritsa ntchito graphene yawiri-wosanjikiza chipangizo chomwe chimagwira ntchito 10-100 mwachangu kuposa zida zake za silicon. Malinga ndi mainjiniya, ukadaulo wawo mapurosesa apangidwe omwe azikhala ochuluka kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa zitsanzo zamakono zamakono.
/ chithunzi PD
Nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ma prototypes a ma transistors adagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana - kuwonjezera pa graphene, anali. ΠΈ . Komabe, luso lamakono silinasiye makoma a ma laboratories, ndipo palibe zokamba za kupanga kwakukulu kwa zipangizo zochokera pa izo.
Sinthani ma transistors
Ntchito yawo imachokera ku kayendetsedwe ka ma electron spins. Ma spins amayenda mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja ya maginito, yomwe imawatsogolera mbali imodzi ndikupanga ma spin current. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi izi zimawononga mphamvu zochepera zana kuposa ma silicon transistors, ndi pamlingo wa nthawi biliyoni imodzi pa sekondi iliyonse.
Ubwino waukulu wa makina ozungulira kusinthasintha kwawo. Amaphatikiza ntchito za chipangizo chosungira zidziwitso, chowunikira pochiwerengera, ndi chosinthira chotumizira kuzinthu zina za chip.
Amakhulupirira kuti adayambitsa lingaliro la spin transistor mainjiniya Supriyo Datta ndi Biswajit Das mu 1990. Kuyambira pamenepo, makampani akuluakulu a IT apanga chitukuko mderali, . Komabe, bwanji mainjiniya, ma spin transistors akadali kutali kuti awonekere muzinthu za ogula.
Ma transistors achitsulo mpaka mpweya
Pachimake, mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito ndi mapangidwe a transistor yachitsulo-mpweya amakumbukira ma transistors . Kupatulapo: kukhetsa ndi gwero la transistor yatsopano ndi maelekitirodi achitsulo. Chotsekera cha chipangizocho chili pansi pawo ndipo chimakhala ndi filimu ya oxide.
Kukhetsa ndi gwero zimayikidwa pamtunda wa nanometers makumi atatu kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake, zomwe zimalola ma elekitironi kudutsa momasuka mumlengalenga. Kusinthana kwa ma particles omwe amaperekedwa kumachitika chifukwa cha .
Kukula kwa ma transistors achitsulo kupita ku mpweya gulu lochokera ku yunivesite ya Melbourne - RMIT. Akatswiri amati ukadaulo "upumira moyo watsopano" m'malamulo a Moore ndikupangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga maukonde onse a 3D kuchokera ku transistors. Opanga chip adzatha kuyimitsa kosatha kuchepetsa njira zaukadaulo ndikuyamba kupanga zomanga zolimba za 3D.
Malinga ndi opanga, ma frequency ogwiritsira ntchito amtundu watsopano wa transistors adzapitilira mazana a gigahertz. Kutulutsidwa kwaukadaulo kwa anthu ambiri kudzakulitsa luso la makina apakompyuta ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a maseva m'malo opangira ma data.
Gululi tsopano likuyang'ana osunga ndalama kuti apitilize kafukufuku wawo ndikuthetsa zovuta zaukadaulo. Kukhetsa ndi gwero maelekitirodi amasungunuka pansi pa mphamvu ya magetsi - izi zimachepetsa ntchito ya transistor. Akukonzekera kukonza zolakwikazo m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Zitatha izi, mainjiniya ayamba kukonzekera kubweretsa malondawo kumsika.
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Source: www.habr.com