Tikulankhula za njira zina za silicon.
/ chithunzi Unsplash
Lamulo la Moore, Lamulo la Dennard ndi Ulamuliro wa Coomey akutaya kufunika. Chifukwa chimodzi ndi chakuti ma transistors a silicon akuyandikira malire awo aukadaulo. Tinakambirana mwatsatanetsatane mutuwu . Lero tikukamba za zipangizo zomwe m'tsogolomu zingalowe m'malo mwa silicon ndikuwonjezera kutsimikizika kwa malamulo atatuwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuonjezera mphamvu ya mapurosesa ndi makina apakompyuta omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito (kuphatikizapo ma seva m'malo opangira deta).
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Mpweya wa carbon nanotubes
Mpweya nanotubes ndi masilindala omwe makoma ake amakhala ndi kaboni wa monatomic. Utali wa ma atomu a kaboni ndi wocheperako kuposa wa silicon, kotero ma transistors opangidwa ndi nanotube amakhala ndi ma electron apamwamba komanso kachulukidwe kake. Zotsatira zake, kuthamanga kwa transistor kumawonjezeka ndipo mphamvu yake imachepa. Wolemba akatswiri ochokera ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison, zokolola zimawonjezeka kasanu.
Mfundo yakuti ma carbon nanotubes ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kuposa silicon akhala akudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali - zoyamba za transistors zinawonekera. . Koma posachedwapa asayansi akwanitsa kuthana ndi zolephera zingapo zaumisiri kuti apange chipangizo chogwira ntchito mokwanira. Zaka zitatu zapitazo, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin yomwe yatchulidwa kale inapereka chitsanzo cha transistor yochokera ku nanotube, yomwe inkaposa zipangizo zamakono za silicon.
Njira imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito zida zochokera ku carbon nanotubes ndi zamagetsi zosinthika. Koma mpaka pano luso lamakono silinapitirire ma laboratory ndipo palibe zokamba za kukhazikitsidwa kwake kwakukulu.
Graphene nanoribbons
Ndi mizere yopapatiza makumi angapo a nanometers m'lifupi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopangira ma transistors amtsogolo. Chinthu chachikulu cha tepi ya graphene ndikutha kufulumizitsa zomwe zikuchitika panopa pogwiritsa ntchito maginito. Pa nthawi yomweyo, graphene madutsidwe magetsi kwambiri kuposa silicon.
Ndi , mapurosesa otengera ma graphene transistors azitha kugwira ntchito pafupipafupi pafupi ndi terahertz. Pomwe kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a tchipisi zamakono kumayikidwa pa 4-5 gigahertz.
Ma prototypes oyamba a graphene transistors . Kuyambira pamenepo mainjiniya njira za "kusonkhanitsa" zipangizo zochokera pa iwo. Posachedwapa, zotsatira zoyamba zinapezedwa - gulu la omanga kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Cambridge mu March za kuyambitsa kupanga . Akatswiri amanena kuti chipangizo chatsopanochi chikhoza kufulumizitsa ntchito ya zipangizo zamagetsi kuwirikiza kakhumi.
Hafnium dioxide ndi selenide
Hafnium dioxide imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma microcircuits . Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotchingira zosanjikiza pachipata cha transistor. Koma masiku ano mainjiniya akuganiza zoigwiritsa ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a silicon transistors.
/ chithunzi PD
Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chatha, asayansi ochokera ku Stanford , kuti ngati mawonekedwe a kristalo a hafnium dioxide akonzedwanso mwapadera, ndiye kuti (yoyang'anira kuthekera kwa sing'anga kufalitsa gawo lamagetsi) idzawonjezeka kuposa kanayi. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotere popanga zipata za transistor, mutha kuchepetsa kwambiri chikokacho .
Komanso asayansi aku America kuchepetsa kukula kwa transistors zamakono pogwiritsa ntchito hafnium ndi zirconium selenides. Atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati insulator yothandiza ya transistors m'malo mwa silicon oxide. Selenides ali ndi makulidwe ang'onoang'ono (maatomu atatu), pomwe amasunga kusiyana kwa bandi. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa transistor. Mainjiniya atero kale ma prototypes angapo ogwiritsira ntchito zida zochokera ku hafnium ndi zirconium selenides.
Tsopano mainjiniya ayenera kuthana ndi vuto la kulumikiza ma transistors oterowo - kupanga zolumikizira zazing'ono zoyenera kwa iwo. Pambuyo pa izi ndizotheka kulankhula za kupanga kwakukulu.
Molybdenum disulfide
Molybdenum sulfide palokha ndi semiconductor yosauka, yomwe ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa silicon. Koma gulu la akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ochokera ku yunivesite ya Notre Dame linapeza kuti mafilimu oonda a molybdenum (atomu imodzi yokhuthala) ali ndi katundu wapadera - ma transistors opangidwa ndi iwo sadutsa panopa pamene azimitsa ndipo amafuna mphamvu zochepa kuti asinthe. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azigwira ntchito pamagetsi otsika.
Molybdenum transistor prototype mu labotale. Lawrence Berkeley mu 2016. Chipangizocho ndi nanometer imodzi yokha mulifupi. Akatswiri amati ma transistors oterowo athandizira kukulitsa Chilamulo cha Moore.
Komanso molybdenum disulfide transistor chaka chatha mainjiniya ochokera ku yunivesite yaku South Korea. Tekinolojeyi ikuyembekezeka kupeza ntchito m'mabwalo owongolera a zowonetsera za OLED. Komabe, palibe zokambidwabe zokhuza kuchuluka kwa ma transistors oterowo.
Ngakhale izi, ofufuza ochokera ku Stanford kuti zida zamakono zopangira ma transistors zitha kumangidwanso kuti zigwire ntchito ndi zida za "molybdenum" pamtengo wotsika. Kaya zidzatheka kukhazikitsa ntchito zoterezi sizidzawoneka m'tsogolomu.
Zomwe timalemba panjira yathu ya Telegraph:
Source: www.habr.com