Kuwulula chinsinsi chazaka 140 mufizikiki

Kumasulira kwa nkhani yolembedwa ndi olemba ochokera ku IBM Research.

Kupambana kofunikira mu fizikiki kudzatilola kuphunzira zakuthupi za semiconductors mwatsatanetsatane. Izi zitha kuthandiza kufulumizitsa chitukuko chaukadaulo wam'badwo wotsatira wa semiconductor.

Olemba:
Oki Gunawan - Wogwira Ntchito, Kafukufuku wa IBM
Doug Bishop - Katswiri Wopanga Makhalidwe, Kafukufuku wa IBM

Ma semiconductors ndiwo maziko omanga azaka zamasiku ano zamagetsi zamagetsi, zomwe zimatipatsa zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapindulitsa moyo wathu wamakono, monga makompyuta, mafoni am'manja ndi zida zina zam'manja. Kuwongolera kwa magwiridwe antchito a semiconductor ndi magwiridwe antchito kumathandiziranso kugwiritsa ntchito semiconductor ya m'badwo wotsatira pamakompyuta, kumva, ndi kutembenuza mphamvu. Ofufuza akhala akuvutika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti athane ndi zolephera zomwe tingathe kumvetsetsa bwino mtengo wamagetsi mkati mwa zida za semiconductor ndi zida zapamwamba za semiconductor zomwe zimatilepheretsa kupita patsogolo.

Mu phunziro latsopano mu magazini Nature Mgwirizano wofufuza motsogozedwa ndi IBM Research umafotokoza za kupambana kosangalatsa pakuthana ndi chinsinsi chazaka 140 mufizikiki, chomwe chingatilole kuti tiphunzire zakuthupi za semiconductors mwatsatanetsatane ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale zida zatsopano komanso zowongolera zama semiconductor.

Kuti timvetse bwino fiziki ya ma semiconductors, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsetsa zofunikira za zonyamulira zomwe zili mkati mwa zida, kaya ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena tokha, kuthamanga kwawo pamalo amagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso momwe amadzaza mkati mwazinthuzo. Katswiri wa sayansi Edwin Hall adapeza njira yodziwira zinthu izi mu 1879 pomwe adazindikira kuti mphamvu ya maginito idzasokoneza kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi mkati mwa kondakitala, ndikuti kuchuluka kwapatuko kumatha kuyeza ngati kusiyana komwe kungathe kuchitika potengera momwe amayendera. particles, monga momwe chithunzi 1a. Mphamvu yamagetsi iyi, yomwe imadziwika kuti Hall Voltage, imawulula zambiri zonyamula ma charger mu semiconductor, kuphatikiza ngati ndi ma elekitironi olakwika kapena ma quasiparticles otchedwa "mabowo," momwe amathamangira pamalo amagetsi, kapena "kuyenda" kwawo (µ ), ndi ndende yawo (n) mkati mwa semiconductor.

Zaka 140 zachinsinsi

Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo potulukira kwa Hall, ofufuza adapezanso kuti amatha kuyesa mphamvu ya Hall ndi kuwala-zoyesa zotchedwa photo-Hall, onani Chithunzi 1b. Muzoyesera zotere, kuwunikira kowunikira kumapanga zonyamulira zingapo, kapena ma electron-hole pairs, mu semiconductors. Tsoka ilo, kumvetsetsa kwathu kwamphamvu kwa Hall kwapereka chidziwitso paonyamula ambiri (kapena ambiri) okha. Ofufuzawo sanathe kuchotsa magawo kuchokera pazofalitsa zonse (zazikulu ndi zosakhala zazikulu) panthawi imodzi. Chidziwitso chotere ndichofunikira pamapulogalamu ambiri okhudzana ndi kuwala, monga ma solar panels ndi zida zina za optoelectronic.

Kafukufuku wa magazini ya IBM Research Nature amawulula chimodzi mwa zinsinsi kwa nthawi yaitali za zotsatira Hall. Ofufuza ochokera ku Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Duke University, ndi IBM apeza njira ndi njira zatsopano zomwe zimatithandizira kutulutsa nthawi imodzi zidziwitso zoyambira komanso zosafunikira. zonyamulira, monga ndende yawo ndi kuyenda, komanso kupeza zina zambiri za moyo wa chonyamulira, kufalikira kutalika ndi recombination ndondomeko.

Mwachindunji, pakuyesa kwa Photo-Hall, zonyamulira zonse zimathandizira kusintha kwa conductivity (σ) ndi Hall coefficient (H, molingana ndi chiyerekezo cha magetsi aku Hall ku mphamvu yamaginito). Zidziwitso zazikulu zimachokera pakuyezera kusinthasintha ndi Hall coefficient ngati ntchito yamphamvu ya kuwala. Zobisika mu mawonekedwe a conductivity-Hall coefficient curve (σ-H) imasonyeza zatsopano zatsopano: kusiyana kwa kuyenda kwa zonyamulira zonse ziwiri. Monga tafotokozera m'nkhaniyi, ubalewu ukhoza kufotokozedwa mochititsa chidwi:

$$kusonyeza$$ Δµ = d (σ²H)/dσ$$display$$

Kuyambira ndi kachulukidwe kaonyamula ambiri odziwika kuchokera mumiyezo yamwambo ya Nyumba mumdima, titha kuwulula kwa onyamula ambiri ndi ochepa komanso kachulukidwe ngati ntchito ya mphamvu ya kuwala. Gululo latchula njira yatsopano yoyezera: Nyumba Yonyamula Zithunzi Yokhazikika (CRPH). Ndi mphamvu yodziwika yowunikira kuwala, nthawi ya moyo wa chonyamulirayo ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa mofananamo. Kulumikizana uku ndi mayankho ake akhala obisika kwa zaka pafupifupi zana ndi theka kuyambira pomwe mawonekedwe a Hall adapezeka.

Kupatula kupita patsogolo kwa chidziwitso cha chiphunzitsochi, kupita patsogolo kwa njira zoyesera ndikofunikiranso kuti njira yatsopanoyi itheke. Njirayi imafuna kuyeza koyera kwa chizindikiro cha Hall, chomwe chingakhale chovuta kwa zipangizo zomwe chizindikiro cha Hall ndi chofooka (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kuyenda kochepa) kapena pamene zizindikiro zina zosafunikira zilipo, monga ndi kuwala kwamphamvu. Kuti muchite izi, m'pofunika kuchita muyeso wa Hall pogwiritsa ntchito maginito oscillating. Monga momwe mukumvera wailesi, muyenera kusankha ma frequency omwe mukufuna, ndikutaya ma frequency ena onse omwe amakhala ngati phokoso. Njira ya CRPH imapitanso patsogolo ndikusankha osati ma frequency omwe mukufuna komanso gawo la maginito oscillating pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa synchronous sensing. Lingaliro la kuyeza kwa Hall oscillating ladziwika kale, koma njira yachikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira maginito amagetsi kuti apange mphamvu ya maginito oscillating inali yosagwira ntchito.

Kutulukira m'mbuyomu

Monga momwe zimachitikira nthawi zambiri mu sayansi, kupita patsogolo m'dera lina kumayendetsedwa ndi zotulukira m'dera lina. Mu 2015, IBM Research inanena za chinthu chomwe sichinadziwikepo kale mufizikiki chokhudzana ndi mphamvu yatsopano yotsekera maginito yotchedwa "camel hump" effect, yomwe imapezeka pakati pa mizere iwiri ya dipoles yodutsa pamene idutsa kutalika kwake, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2a. Zotsatira zake ndizofunika kwambiri zomwe zimathandiza mtundu watsopano wa msampha wachilengedwe wotchedwa parallel dipole line trap (PDL trap), monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2b. Msampha wa Magnetic PDL utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nsanja yapaintaneti pazogwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga tiltmeter, seismometer (sensor ya chivomezi). Masensa atsopano otere, kuphatikizapo matekinoloje akuluakulu a deta, akhoza kutsegula mapulogalamu ambiri atsopano, ndipo akufufuzidwa ndi gulu la IBM Research lomwe likupanga nsanja yaikulu yowunikira deta yotchedwa IBM Physical Analytics Integrated Repository Service (PAIRS), yomwe ili ndi chuma cha geospatial. ndi data ya intaneti ya Zinthu. (IoT).

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti chinthu chomwecho cha PDL chili ndi ntchito ina yapadera. Ikazunguliridwa, imakhala ngati njira yabwino yoyesera zithunzi-Hall kuti ipeze mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso oyera amtundu wa maginito (Chithunzi 2c). Chofunika kwambiri, dongosololi limapereka malo okwanira kulola kuwunikira kwa gawo lalikulu lachitsanzo, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pakuyesa kwa Photo-Hall.

Zotsatira

Njira yatsopano ya holo yazithunzi yomwe tapanga imatilola kuchotsa zidziwitso zambiri kuchokera ku semiconductors. Mosiyana ndi magawo atatu okha omwe amapezedwa muyeso lakale la Hall, njira yatsopanoyi imapereka magawo asanu ndi awiri pamtundu uliwonse wa kuwala koyesedwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi ndi mabowo; ndende ya chonyamulira chawo pansi pa chisonkhezero cha kuwala; recombination nthawi ya moyo; ndi kutalika kwa ma electron, mabowo ndi mitundu ya ambipolar. Zonsezi zikhoza kubwerezedwa nthawi za N (ie chiwerengero cha magawo a kuwala kogwiritsidwa ntchito poyesera).

Kupezeka kwatsopano kumeneku ndiukadaulo zithandizira kupita patsogolo kwa semiconductor muukadaulo womwe ulipo komanso womwe ukubwera. Tsopano tili ndi chidziwitso ndi zida zofunikira kuti tichotse mawonekedwe akuthupi a zida za semiconductor mwatsatanetsatane. Mwachitsanzo, zidzathandiza kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha teknoloji ya semiconductor ya m'badwo wotsatira, monga ma solar panels abwino, zipangizo zabwino za optoelectronic, ndi zipangizo zatsopano ndi zipangizo zamakono zopangira nzeru.

Zachiyambi Nkhani yosindikizidwa pa Okutobala 7, 2019 mu IBM Research blog.
Translation: Nikolay Marin (NikolayMarin), Chief Technology Officer IBM ku Russia ndi mayiko a CIS.

Source: www.habr.com