Timasanthula kutha kwa "Alien"

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Monga mwachizolowezi, sindikhala pansi.

Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi ndi ayodini pentafluoride ndi nkhani yapita!

Ambiri, ife tonse (mwachiyembekezo) kukumbukira chiyambi cha ntchito Ridley Scott ndi chabe zodabwitsa filimu "Mlendo", amene ine amalangiza, ngakhale kuti izo zinali kuchokera 1979. Pamapeto pa nkhaniyi, nditsimikizira kuti filimuyo sizizira chabe - ndi SCIENTIFIC!

Ndipo pazimenezi tidzasokoneza kukumbukira ndikukumbukira mathero: Ripley akuyendetsa shuttle ndipo mwadzidzidzi adapeza mlendo kumeneko.

Ndipo tsopano padzakhala zithunzi, kukumbukira ofunda ndi umagwirira.

Atazindikira Alien, Ripley aganiza zomuwombera mpweya wapadera. Akuimba nyimbo ya nyenyezi yamwayi, Ripley amatsegula gulu losavutali.

Mipweya yapadera pa shuttle

Mndandandawu ndi wosangalatsa kwambiri:

• A. Iodine pentafluoride.
• B. Isobutane.
• C. Methyl kloride.
• D. Nitrosyl chloride.
• E. Methyl bromide.
• F. Isobutylene.
• G. Phosphine.
• N. Silan.
• I. Perfluoropropane.
• J. Phosgene.
• K. Chinachake chokhala ndi "A", argon? Sindikudziwa, sindingathe kukwanitsa.

Chifukwa chake, Ripley amayesa kufukiza bwenzi lathu kaye ndi ayodini pentafluoride:
Yesani choyamba

Mlendo mwanjira ina samakondwerera zambiri izi.

Pambuyo pake, timasakaniza ndi methyl chloride.
Kuyesera kwachiwiri

Komanso zero mpaka pansi.

Kachitatu - zabwino zonse! Timachotsa cholengedwacho ndi nitrosyl chloride.
Yesani kachitatu

Ndipo apa panabwera kugwedera ndi kuponya

Zonse zinatha ndi kuponyedwa mumlengalenga ndikuwotchedwa mu utsi wa injini.
Mwa njira, Mlendoyo sanatenthedwe mu utsi, womwe ndi wofunikira

Tsopano tiyeni tione zimene tinaona.

Ndi mpweya wamtundu wanji?

"Magesi Apadera pa Shuttle" ndizodabwitsa kwambiri.

1. Iodine pentafluoride IF5

Chabwino, kwenikweni, ayodini pentafluoride si gasi, koma ndi madzi achikasu olemera omwe amawira 97,85 °C. Ndinalemba kale za iye, ichi ndi mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri a fluoridating, ndiko kuti, ngati kanyama kathu kakang’ono kawomberedwa ndi zinyalalazi pa kutentha kwa madzi owira, ndi kolimbadi! Mafunso ambiri amadzutsidwa ndi zomwe shuttleyo imapangidwira, popeza ayodini pentafluoride amawononga mosavuta zitsulo, komanso galasi. Komanso mafunso okhudza spacesuit ya Ripley - koma ndi momwemo.

2. Isobutane CH(CH3)3

Isobutane ndi gasi wamba woyaka moto (mwa njira, ndi nambala ya octane ya 100), angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu injini zoyatsira mkati komanso ngati ozizira. Ripley sanagwiritse ntchito - ndipo moyenerera: ngati ayodini pentafluoride sanapereke zotsatira, ndi chiyani? Komanso, pakadakhala zopsetsana pamenepo pambuyo pake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zikadaphulika.

3. Methyl kloride CH3Cl

Methyl chloride ndi mpweya wopanda mtundu, wapoizoni wokhala ndi fungo lokoma. Chifukwa cha fungo lochepa, zinthu zapoizoni kapena zophulika zimatha kuphonya mosavuta. Chloromethane idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati firiji, koma chifukwa cha kawopsedwe komanso kuphulika kwake sikugwiritsidwanso ntchito pagawoli. Main ntchito tsopano: polima kupanga, monga methylating wothandizila mu kaphatikizidwe organic, monga mafuta roketi, monga chonyamulira mu otsika kutentha polymerization, monga madzi kwa thermometric ndi thermostatic zida, monga herbicide (komanso zochepa chifukwa kawopsedwe).

Kuopsa kwa methyl chloride kumalumikizidwa ndi hydrolysis yake ku methyl mowa - ndiyeno, monga ndalembera kale imodzi mwa nkhani zam'mbuyo.

Ripley mwina sankadziwa biochemistry, kapena ankayembekezera kuti mlendo analinso mowa dehydrogenase mu thupi lake, ndipo akhoza kumwa nawo bwinobwino. Koma, monga zimayembekezeredwa, chinyengocho sichinagwire ntchito - kuyesa kwachiwiri kwa Ripley sikunapambane.

4. Nitrosyl chloride NOCl

Nitrosyl chloride ndi mpweya wofiira, wapoizoni, wokhala ndi fungo loziziritsa thupi. Nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati chotulukapo cha kuwonongeka kwa aqua regia - chisakanizo cha hydrochloric ndi nitric acid - izi ndi zomwe zimanunkha ndipo mchira wake umakwera pamwamba pake ukatenthedwa (wotenthedwa ndi ma nitrogen oxide). Inenso ndikukamba za iye adalemba kale.

Nitrosyl chloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chlorinating, mwa njira, imalembetsedwa ngati chowonjezera chazakudya ndi index E919 - monga chowongolera komanso chokhazikika chamitundu yophika. Nthawi zina ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo m’madzi akumwa.

Nitrosyl chloride yaying'ono kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani azakudya; nthawi yomweyo, mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, mankhwalawa amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku moyo ndi thanzi. Pokoka mpweya wake nthunzi zimayambitsa kwambiri mkwiyo wa mucous nembanemba, m`mapapo mwanga edema, bronchospasm, mphumu kuukira, komanso angapo mawonetseredwe a kupuma kukanika. Kukhudzana ndi thupi kumabweretsa kutentha kwa mankhwala pakhungu.

Nzosadabwitsa kuti Mlendoyo sanamukonde kwambiri.

5. Methyl bromide CH3Br

Makhalidwe ake ndi ofanana ndi methyl chloride. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonjezera pa kaphatikizidwe ka organic, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku tizirombo tating'ono, tizilombo tabodza ndi mealybugs, komanso kuwongolera tizirombo m'matangadza, makamaka masamba atsopano ndi owuma ndi zipatso, komanso nthawi zambiri kwa kukonza mbewu. Monga fumigant ndizoletsedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha kawopsedwe molingana ndi Montreal Protocol.

Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonza zovala zogwiritsidwa ntchito, koma apanso adasiyidwa chifukwa cha poizoni (kotero mutha kupita ku SecondHand bwinobwino).

Ripley anali wolondola kwenikweni kuti asagwiritse ntchito - ndi chiyani ngati methyl chloride sinathandize?

6. Isobutylene CH2C(CH3)2

Gasi woyaka nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma polima. Palibe chapadera, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zofanana ndi isobutane.

7. Phosphine PH3

Mpweya wapoizoni umasokoneza kagayidwe kachakudya ndipo umakhudzanso minyewa yamagazi, ziwalo zopumira, chiwindi, ndi impso. Ankaonedwa ngati mankhwala omenyera nkhondo - ndipo mwa njira, imodzi mwazinthu zoopsa zomwe zimachitika polumikizana ndi phosphorous yachikasu ndi madzi (kachiwiri kutchulidwa kwa imodzi mwa nkhani zam'mbuyo). Mpweya wopanda fungo ndi wopanda fungo; mpweya waukadaulo uli ndi zonyansa, ndichifukwa chake umanunkhiza ngati nsomba yowola.

Phosphine amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga organophosphates, monga gwero la zonyansa za phosphorous pakupanga semiconductors, komanso ngati fumigant - m'malo mwa methyl bromide yoletsedwa. Mwachiwonekere, poyerekezera ndi methyl bromide ndi methyl chloride, Ripley anaganiza kuti phosphine sichingathandize.

8. Silane, kapena monosilane SiH4

Gasi wopanda mtundu wokhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Ndikoyenera kunena kuti pamaso pa mpweya, monosilane oxidizes mofulumira ngakhale pa kutentha madzi mpweya. Amalemba kuti silane ndi poizoni ndi LC50 ya 0,96% ya makoswe - koma kumvetsetsa za silane ndi kufunikira kwa makoswe kuti apume chinachake, ndiye kuti makoswewo amangowonongeka chifukwa cha kusowa kwa okosijeni, kapena amawotcha mumoto wa silane, kapena wina akunama.

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzochita zosiyanasiyana za kaphatikizidwe ka organic (kukonza ma polima a organosilicon, ndi zina), monga gwero la silicon yoyera yamakampani opanga ma microelectronics popanga ma crystalline ndi ma photoconverter amafilimu opangidwa ndi silicon, zowonera za LCD, magawo ndi zigawo zaukadaulo. za mabwalo ophatikizika, komanso kupanga ma ultra-pure polysilicon.

Ndikuganiza kuti Ripley amawopa moto, motero sanagwiritse ntchito silane pa Alien.

9. Perfluoropropane C3F8

Perfluoropropane ndi woimira wamba perfluorinated hydrocarbons. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati firiji. Kutentha kochepa, kosaphulika, kutsika kwa poizoni. Monga ma perfluorocarbons onse, imatha kupanga kutentha kwamphamvu kwambiri kuwirikiza mazanamazana kuposa CO2, yomwe imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati terraforming. Mwa njira, izo sizimapanga wowonjezera kutentha kwenikweni.

Ripley, mwachiwonekere, adaganiza kuti perfluoropropane ingakhale yopanda ntchito, inali yoyenera kwa zinyama zomwe zimapuma mpweya wabwino - koma poganizira momwe Mlendoyo anagwedezeka mwamphamvu mumlengalenga, sizinali zoyenera.

10. Phosgene COCl2

Kusankha kwabwino kwa poizoni kwa anthu ndi zoyamwitsa - ndikulankhula za izi adalemba kale. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu organic synthesis.

Mwachiwonekere, Ripley anamvetsa kuti Mlendo anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi biology ya zinyama, choncho sanasankhe phosgene. Ikhoza kukhala "nambala zinayi" pambuyo pa nitrosyl chloride. Sizikudziwika pano.

11. Pa? Argon?

Palibe chapadera - gasi wopanda pake. Simalumikizana ndi chilichonse.
Komanso zopanda ntchito, monga perfluoropropane.

anapezazo

• Ripley, pamavuto, adachita mosamala komanso mwadala: adaletsa moto, adasankha mwanzeru mipweya kuti azisuta Mlendo - zonse zidachitika molondola.
• Sizikudziwika kuti Alien ali ndi chiyani? Tikayang'ana causticity wa malovu ake, muli chinachake monga chlorine trifluoride, koma kutentha ayenera kukhala pansi +12 °C, apo ayi chinthu ichi chithupsa. Magazi ake amapangidwa kuchokera ku bromine fluoride (ndikulankhula za iwo adalemba kale)? Ndiye amapangidwa ndi chiyani: sichiwopa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutsika, koma imakhala ndi coefficient yowonjezera yowonjezera ikatenthedwa - kumbukirani kutha kwa Alien 3, kumene pambuyo pa chitsulo chosungunula chinkatha kuphulika ndi madzi opopera. Organosilicon siyoyenera - ma fluoride amatha kuyisungunula. Mtundu wina wa organofluorine? Koma ndiye chifukwa chiyani nitrosyl chloride idagwira ntchito? Apa opanga mafilimu adasiya chinsinsi.
• Sizikudziwika bwino kuti sitimayo imapangidwa ndi chiyani: sikuwopa ayodini wotentha wa pentafluoride, nitrosyl chloride - koma amadyedwa ndi malovu a Alien. Ngati magazi a Alien ali ndi ma super acid (werengani za iwo mu nkhani yapita), ndiye kuti kukana mpweya kumakhala kwachilendo. Ngati pali ma halogens a fluoride m'magazi a mlendo, ndizodabwitsa kuti sitimayo inadyedwa ndi iwo, koma ayodini pentafluoride inapulumuka. Chinsinsi chachiwiri.
• Chombo chamalonda cha Nostromo, kapena m'malo mwake chopulumutsira, chimakhala ndi mpweya wofunikira pakupanga organic (fluorination, methylation, polima, chlorination), mpweya wochizira mbewu motsutsana ndi tizirombo, mpweya wamafuta, mafiriji, zida zopangira semiconductor ndi mpweya. kwa terraforming. Kodi zimayembekezeredwa kuti woyenda mumlengalenga agwiritse ntchito luso lapamwamba kuti apulumuke? Kumbali ina, tsogolo lakutali (mtundu woyambirira wa script udalankhula za 2087)...
• "Alien" ndi kanema wozizira kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi mafilimu ena aku Hollywood, zimaganiziridwa ngakhale mpaka pazinthu zoterezi.

Source: www.habr.com