Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo: momwe ma adilesi a IPv4 adathetsedwa

Geoff Huston, injiniya wamkulu wofufuza pa intaneti APNIC, adaneneratu kuti ma adilesi a IPv4 adzatha mu 2020. Pamndandanda watsopano wazinthu, tisintha zambiri za momwe ma adilesi adatsikira, omwe anali nawobe, komanso chifukwa chomwe izi zidachitikira.

/Chotsani / Loïc Mermilliod

Chifukwa chiyani ma adilesi akusowa?

Tisanapitirire ku nkhani ya momwe dziwe la IPv4 "linauma," tiyeni tikambirane pang'ono zifukwa zake. Mu 1983, pamene TCP/IP idayambitsidwa, maadiresi a 32-bit adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene izo zimawonekakuti maadiresi 4,3 biliyoni a anthu 4,5 biliyoni ndi okwanira. Koma okonzawo sanaganizire kuti chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikhoza kuwirikiza kawiri, ndipo intaneti idzafalikira.

Nthawi yomweyo, m'zaka za m'ma 80, mabungwe ambiri adalandira ma adilesi ochulukirapo kuposa momwe amafunikira. Makampani angapo akugwiritsabe ntchito maadiresi a anthu onse pa maseva omwe amagwira ntchito pamanetiweki am'deralo. Kufalikira kwa matekinoloje a m'manja, intaneti ya zinthu ndi kuwonetsetsa kunawonjezera mafuta pamoto. Kuwerengera molakwika pakuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa omwe akulandira pamanetiweki padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusagwira bwino maadiresi kwachititsa kuti IPv4 ipere.

Momwe ma adilesi adathera

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, mkulu wa APNIC Paul Wilson adalengezakuti ma adilesi a IPv4 atha zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Nthawi zambiri, kulosera kwake kunakhala kolondola.

Chaka cha 2011: Monga Wilson adaneneratu, wolembetsa pa intaneti APNIC (yoyang'anira dera la Asia-Pacific) adatsikira mpaka kumapeto. gulu /8. Bungweli linayambitsa lamulo latsopano - chipika chimodzi cha ma adilesi 1024 pa munthu aliyense. Akatswiri akuti popanda malire awa, chipika cha / 8 chikadatha mwezi umodzi. Tsopano APNIC ili ndi ma adilesi ochepa omwe atsala.

Chaka cha 2012: European Internet registrar RIPE adalengeza kutha kwa dziwe. Inayambanso kugawa chipika chomaliza / 8. Bungweli linatsatira chitsogozo cha APNIC ndipo linakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pa kugawa IPv4. Mu 2015, RIPE inali ndi ma adilesi aulere 16 miliyoni okha. Masiku ano chiwerengerochi chatsika kwambiri - mpaka 3,5 miliyoni. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mu 2012 Kukhazikitsidwa kwa IPv6 padziko lonse lapansi kudachitika. Ogwiritsa ntchito pa telecom padziko lonse lapansi ayambitsa protocol yatsopano kwa ena mwamakasitomala awo. Zina mwa zoyamba zinali AT & T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL, etc. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Cisco ndi D-Link zinathandiza IPv6 mwachisawawa muzokonda zawo.

Zida zingapo zatsopano kuchokera ku blog yathu pa Habré:

• Zokonda ndi Zosakonda: DNS pa HTTPS
• Kusanthula pambuyo: zomwe zimadziwika za kuwukira kwaposachedwa pa netiweki ya SKS Keyserver ya ma seva achinsinsi a crypto
• Nkhondo yaku US robocall - ndani akupambana ndipo chifukwa chiyani

Chaka cha 2013: Geoff Haston wochokera ku APNIC pa blog ndinauzakuti kaundula wa US ARIN atha ma adilesi a IPv4 mu theka lachiwiri la 2014. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, oimira ARIN adalengezakuti atsala ndi midadada iwiri/8 yokha.

Chaka cha 2015: ARIN wakhala olembetsa woyamba kutheratu dziwe la ma adilesi aulere a IPv4. Makampani onse m'derali adafola ndipo akudikirira kuti wina atulutse IP yosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chaka cha 2017: Za kuyimitsa kutulutsa ma adilesi adanena ku LACNIC registrar, yomwe imayang'anira mayiko aku Latin America. Tsopano kupeza Makampani okhawo omwe sanawalandirepo kale omwe angaletse. AFRINIC - yoyang'anira dera la Africa - idakhazikitsanso zoletsa pakuperekedwa kwa ma adilesi. Cholinga chawo chimawunikidwa mosamalitsa, ndipo chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo pa munthu ndi chochepa.

Chaka cha 2019: Masiku ano, olembetsa onse ali ndi ma adilesi ochepa omwe atsala. Maiwe amasungidwa kuti aziyandama pobweza ma adilesi omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi ndi nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, ku MIT anapeza 14 miliyoni IP maadiresi. Oposa theka la iwo adaganiza zogulitsanso makampani osowa.

Chotsatira

Amakhulupirira kuti ma adilesi a IPv4 zidzatha pofika February 2020. Pambuyo pake, opereka intaneti, opanga zida zamagetsi ndi makampani ena padzakhala kusankha - samukira ku IPv6 kapena kugwira nawo ntchito Njira za NAT.

Network Address Translation (NAT) imakupatsani mwayi womasulira maadiresi angapo am'deralo kukhala adilesi imodzi yakunja. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha madoko ndi zikwi za 65. Mwachidziwitso, chiwerengero chomwecho cha maadiresi am'deralo chikhoza kujambulidwa ku adilesi imodzi ya anthu onse (ngati simukuganizira zolephera zina za kukhazikitsa NAT).

/Chotsani / Jordan Whitt

Othandizira pa intaneti amatha kutembenukira ku mayankho apadera - Carrier Grade NAT. Amakulolani kuti muzitha kuyang'anira maadiresi am'deralo ndi akunja a olembetsa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa madoko a TCP ndi UDP omwe amaperekedwa kwa makasitomala. Chifukwa chake, madoko amagawidwa bwino pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso pali chitetezo ku DDoS.

Zina mwazovuta za NAT ndizovuta zomwe zingakhalepo ndi ma firewall. Magawo onse ogwiritsa ntchito amapeza netiweki kuchokera ku adilesi imodzi yoyera. Zikuoneka kuti kasitomala mmodzi yekha pa nthawi akhoza kugwira ntchito ndi malo amene amapereka mwayi kwa ntchito kudzera IP. Komanso, gwero likhoza kuganiza kuti likukhudzidwa ndi DoS ndikukana mwayi kwa makasitomala onse.

Njira ina kupita ku NAT ndikusinthira ku IPv6. Maadiresi awa adzakhala kwa nthawi yaitali, kuphatikizapo ali angapo ubwino. Mwachitsanzo, gawo lopangidwa ndi IPSec lomwe limabisa paketi ya data.

Mpaka pano IPv6 imagwiritsidwa ntchito 14,3% yokha yamasamba padziko lonse lapansi. Kufalikira kwa ndondomekoyi kumalepheretsedwa ndi zifukwa zingapo zokhudzana ndi mtengo wa kusamuka, kusowa kwa kuyanjana m'mbuyo, ndi zovuta zaukadaulo pakukhazikitsa.

Tidzakambirananso nthawi ina.

Zomwe timalemba mu VAS Experts corporate blog:

• Kukhazikitsa IPv6 - FAQ kwa omwe amapereka intaneti
• IPv6 protocol - kuchokera kumalingaliro kupita kukuchita
• "Kuwomberedwa pamapazi": zolakwika zazikulu pakumanga ma network opangira ma telecom

Source: www.habr.com