Pulogalamu ya ProHoster > Blog > nkhani zapaintaneti > Richard Hamming. “Chaputala Kulibeko”: Mmene Timadziwira Zimene Timadziwa (Mphindi 1-10 kuchokera pa 40)

Richard Hamming. “Chaputala Kulibeko”: Mmene Timadziwira Zimene Timadziwa (Mphindi 1-10 kuchokera pa 40)


Nkhaniyi sinali mundandanda, koma idayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti pasakhale zenera pakati pa makalasi. Nkhaniyi, makamaka, imaperekedwa momwe timadziwira zomwe timadziwa, ngati, tikudziwadi. Mutuwu ndi wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi - wakhala ukukambidwa zaka 4000 zapitazi, ngati sichoncho. Mu filosofi, liwu lapadera lapangidwa kuti litchulidwe - epistemology, kapena sayansi ya chidziwitso.

Ndikufuna kuyamba ndi mafuko akale akale. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mwa aliyense wa iwo panali nthano za kulengedwa kwa dziko. Malinga ndi chikhulupiriro china chakale cha ku Japan, munthu wina anavundula matope, amene anathirapo zisumbuzo. Anthu enanso anali ndi nthano zofanana ndi zimenezi: mwachitsanzo, Aisrayeli ankakhulupirira kuti Mulungu analenga dziko lapansi kwa masiku XNUMX, kenako anatopa n’kumaliza kulenga. Nthano zonsezi ndizofanana - ngakhale ziwembu zawo ndizosiyanasiyana, onse amayesa kufotokoza chifukwa chake dziko lapansi lilipo. Ndidzatcha njira imeneyi yaumulungu, popeza sipereka mafotokozedwe ena koma “zinachitika mwa chifuniro cha milungu; anachita zimene anaona kuti n’zoyenera, ndipo ndi mmene dziko linakhalira.

Cha m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC. e. Afilosofi a ku Greece wakale anayamba kufunsa mafunso enieni - kodi dziko ili ndi chiyani, mbali zake ndi ziti, komanso anayesa kuyandikira mwanzeru kuposa zamulungu. Monga mukudziwira, iwo anasankha zinthu: dziko lapansi, moto, madzi ndi mpweya; anali ndi malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zina zambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi, zonsezi zinasinthidwa kukhala malingaliro athu amakono a zomwe timadziwa. Komabe, nkhani imeneyi yakhala ikuzunguza anthu nthaŵi zonse, ndipo ngakhale Agiriki akale ankadabwa kuti akudziwa bwanji zimene ankadziwa.

Monga momwe mungakumbukire kuchokera ku zokambirana zathu za masamu, Agiriki akale ankakhulupirira kuti geometry, yomwe imalepheretsa masamu awo, inali chidziwitso chodalirika komanso chosatsutsika. Komabe, monga momwe Maurice Kline, wolemba Masamu akusonyezera. Kutaya Chitsimikiziro,” chimene akatswiri ambiri a masamu angavomereze, palibe chowonadi m’masamu. Masamu amangopereka kusinthasintha kwa malamulo omwe aperekedwa. Ngati musintha malamulowa kapena malingaliro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, masamu adzakhala osiyana kwambiri. Palibe chowonadi chenicheni, kupatula, mwina, malamulo khumi (ngati ndinu Mkhristu), koma, tsoka, palibe chilichonse chokhudza nkhani ya zokambirana zathu. Ndizosasangalatsa.

Koma mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina ndikupeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Descartes, ataganizira malingaliro a afilosofi ambiri omwe adatsogolera, adabwerera mmbuyo ndikufunsa funso lakuti: "Kodi ndingatsimikizire zochepa bwanji?"; adasankha mawu oti "ndikuganiza, chifukwa chake ndine" ngati yankho. Kuchokera ku mawu awa, adayesa kupeza filosofi ndi kudziwa zambiri. Nzeru imeneyi sinatsimikiziridwe mokwanira, chotero sitinalandire chidziŵitso. Kant ankanena kuti aliyense amabadwa ndi chidziwitso cholimba cha Euclidean geometry, ndi zinthu zina zambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali chidziwitso chachibadwa chomwe chimaperekedwa, ngati mukufuna, ndi Mulungu. Tsoka ilo, panthawi yomwe Kant amafotokoza malingaliro ake, akatswiri a masamu anali kupanga ma geometri osakhala a Euclidean omwe anali ofanana ngati mawonekedwe awo. Zikuoneka kuti Kant anaponya mawu mu mphepo, monga pafupifupi aliyense amene anayesa kulankhula za mmene amadziwira zimene akudziwa.

Ichi ndi mutu wofunikira, chifukwa sayansi nthawi zonse imatembenuzidwa kuti ikhale yovomerezeka: nthawi zambiri mumamva kuti sayansi yawonetsa izi, yatsimikizira kuti zidzakhala chonchi; ife tikudziwa izi, ife tikudziwa izo - kodi ife tikudziwa? Mukutsimikiza? Ndikambirana nkhanizi mwatsatanetsatane. Tiyeni tikumbukire lamulo la biology: ontogeny amabwereza phylogeny. Zikutanthauza kuti chitukuko cha munthu, kuchokera dzira la umuna kupita kwa wophunzira, schematically kubwereza ndondomeko yonse yapita ya chisinthiko. Choncho, asayansi amanena kuti pa chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo slits gill kuonekera ndi kutha kachiwiri, choncho amanena kuti makolo athu akutali anali nsomba.

Zikumveka bwino ngati simuziganizira mozama. Izi zimapereka lingaliro labwino kwambiri la momwe chisinthiko chimagwirira ntchito, ngati mukukhulupirira. Koma ndipita patsogolo pang'ono ndikufunsa: ana amaphunzira bwanji? Kodi amadziwa bwanji? Mwina amabadwa ndi chidziŵitso chodziwikiratu, koma zimenezo zimamveka zosakhutiritsa. Kunena zowona, ndizosakhutiritsa kwambiri.

Nanga ana akutani? Amakhala ndi zikhalidwe zina, kumvera zomwe, ana amayamba kupanga mawu. Amapanga maphokoso onsewa omwe nthawi zambiri timawatcha kubwebweta, ndipo kubwebweta uku, mwachiwonekere, sikudalira malo obadwira mwanayo - ku China, Russia, England kapena America, ana adzabwebweta mofanana. Komabe, kutengera dziko, kubwebweta kudzakula mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mwana wa ku Russia akamatchula mawu oti “amayi” kangapo, adzalandira kuyankha kwabwino ndipo amabwerezanso mawuwo. Mwachidziwitso, amapeza zomwe zimamveka zimathandiza kukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna ndi zomwe sachita, motero amaphunzira zinthu zambiri.

Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni zomwe ndanena kale kangapo - mulibe mawu oyamba mudikishonale; liwu lililonse limatanthauzidwa mwa mawu ena, kutanthauza kuti dikishonale ndi yozungulira. Momwemonso, pamene mwana akuyesera kumanga ndondomeko yogwirizana ya zinthu, amakhala ndi vuto lothamangira ku zosagwirizana zomwe ayenera kuthetsa, popeza palibe chinthu choyamba choti mwanayo aphunzire, ndipo "mayi" sagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Pali chisokonezo, mwachitsanzo, monga momwe ndiwonetsera tsopano. Nayi nthabwala yotchuka yaku America:

nyimbo zodziwika bwino (mokondwera mtanda ndikadanyamula)
ndi momwe ana amamvera (mokondwera chimbalangondo chopingasa, mokondwera chimbalangondo chopingasa)

(Mu Russian: violin-fox / creak of the wheel, ndine emerald / cores - emerald yoyera, ngati mukufuna ng'ombe plums / ngati mukufuna kukhala okondwa, bulu zana / masitepe zana kumbuyo.)

Ndinakumananso ndi zovuta zotere, osati pankhaniyi, koma pali nthawi zingapo m'moyo wanga zomwe ndimakumbukira ndikaganiza kuti ndikuwerenga ndikulankhula moyenera, koma omwe ali pafupi nane, makamaka makolo anga, adamvetsetsa kuti izi nzosiyana kwambiri. .

Apa mutha kuwona zolakwika zazikulu, komanso kuwona momwe zimachitikira. Mwanayo akukumana ndi kufunikira kolingalira zomwe mawu a chinenerocho amatanthauza ndikuphunzira pang'onopang'ono njira zolondola. Komabe, kukonza zolakwika zotere kungatenge nthawi yayitali. Simungakhale otsimikiza kuti ali okhazikika ngakhale pano.

Mutha kupita patali osamvetsetsa zomwe mukuchita. Ndalankhula kale za mnzanga, dokotala wa sayansi ya masamu ku yunivesite ya Harvard. Pamene adamaliza maphunziro ake ku Harvard, adanena kuti akhoza kuwerengera zomwe amachokera mwa kutanthauzira, koma samamvetsetsa, amangodziwa momwe angachitire. Izi ndi zoona pa zinthu zambiri zomwe timachita. Kuti tikwere njinga, skateboard, kusambira, ndi zina zambiri, sitifunikira kudziwa momwe tingachitire. Zikuoneka kuti kudziŵa zinthu n’koposa mawu. Sindingayerekeze kunena kuti simukudziwa kukwera njinga, ngakhale simungandiuze momwe ndingachitire, koma mumadutsa kutsogolo kwanga pa gudumu limodzi. Choncho kudziwa n’kosiyana kwambiri.

Tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule zomwe ndanena. Pali anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti tili ndi chidziwitso chobadwa nacho; ngati mulingalira mkhalidwe wonsewo, mwinamwake mudzavomerezana ndi ichi, polingalira, mwachitsanzo, kuti ana ali ndi chizoloŵezi chachibadwa cha kutulutsa mawu. Ngati mwana anabadwira ku China, adzaphunzira kutchula mawu ambiri kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Ngati anabadwira ku Russia, adzapanganso mawu ambiri. Ngati anabadwira ku America, adzachitabe mawu ambiri. Chilankhulo chokha sichofunika kwambiri pano.

Kumbali ina, mwana ali ndi luso lobadwa nalo la kuphunzira chinenero chilichonse monga china chilichonse. Iye amaloŵeza pamtima kutsatizana kwa mawu ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo lake. Ayenera kuika tanthauzo m’mamvekedwe ameneŵa mwiniwake, popeza palibe mbali yoyamba imene angakumbukire. Sonyezani mwanayo hatchi ndi kumufunsa kuti: “Mawu akuti “hatchi” ndi dzina la hatchi? Kapena kodi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi quadrupedal? Mwina ndiwo mtundu wake? Ngati mukuyesera kuwuza mwana zomwe hatchi ili posonyeza, mwanayo sangathe kuyankha funsoli, koma ndi zomwe mukutanthauza. Mwanayo sangadziwe kuti mawuwo ndi a gulu liti. Kapena, mwachitsanzo, tengani mneni "kuthamanga." Itha kudyedwa mukamayenda mwachangu, koma mutha kunenanso kuti mitundu ya malaya anu yatha mutachapa, kapena kudandaula za wotchi yothamanga.

Mwanayo amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu, koma, posapita nthaŵi, amawongolera zolakwa zake, kuvomereza kuti anamvetsa chinachake cholakwika. Pamene zaka zikupita, ana amacheperachepera, ndipo akakula, sathanso kusintha. Mwachionekere anthu akhoza kulakwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti iye ndi Napoliyoni. Ngakhale mutapereka umboni wochuluka bwanji kwa munthu wotero kuti siziri choncho, iye adzapitirizabe kukhulupirira zimenezo. Mukudziwa, pali anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zomwe simugawana nawo. Popeza mungaganize kuti zikhulupiriro zawo nzopenga, kunena kuti pali njira yosalakwa yodziŵira chidziŵitso chatsopano sizoona kotheratu. Mudzanena kwa izi: "Koma sayansi ndiyolondola kwambiri!" Tiyeni tiwone njira yasayansi ndikuwona ngati ndi choncho.

Zikomo Sergey Klimov chifukwa chomasulira.

Zipitilizidwa…

Amene akufuna kuthandiza kumasulira, masanjidwe ndi kufalitsa bukuli - lembani mwaumwini kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Mwa njira, tayambitsanso kumasulira kwa buku lina labwino - "Makina a Loto: Mbiri ya Kusintha Kwamakompyuta")

Tikufuna makamaka amene angathandize kumasulira bonasi mutu, amene ali kokha pa kanema. (timamasulira kwa mphindi 10, 20 oyambirira atengedwa kale)

Zomwe zili m'buku ndi mitu yomasuliridwaMaulosi

  1. Chiyambi cha Art of Doing Science ndi Engineering: Kuphunzira Kuphunzira (March 28, 1995) Kumasulira: Mutu 1
  2. "Maziko a Digital (Discrete) Revolution" (March 30, 1995) Mutu 2. Zofunika za Digital (Discrete) Revolution
  3. "History of Computers - Hardware" (March 31, 1995) Mutu 3
  4. "History of Computers - Software" (April 4, 1995) Mutu 4
  5. "History of Computers - Applications" (April 6, 1995) Mutu 5
  6. "Artificial Intelligence - Gawo I" (April 7, 1995) Mutu 6. Artificial Intelligence - 1
  7. "Artificial Intelligence - Gawo II" (April 11, 1995) Mutu 7. Artificial Intelligence - II
  8. "Artificial Intelligence III" (April 13, 1995) Mutu 8. Artificial Intelligence-III
  9. "n-Dimensional Space" (April 14, 1995) Mutu 9
  10. "Coding Theory - The Representation of Information, Part I" (April 18, 1995) Mutu 10 Chiphunzitso cha Coding - I
  11. "Coding Theory - The Representation of Information, Part II" (April 20, 1995) Mutu 11 Coding Theory II
  12. "Makhodi Owongolera Zolakwika" (April 21, 1995) Mutu 12
  13. "Chidziwitso Chachidziwitso" (April 25, 1995) Zatha, zikuyenera kusindikizidwa
  14. "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo I" (April 27, 1995) Mutu 14 Zosefera Zapa digito - 1
  15. "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo II" (April 28, 1995) Mutu 15 Zosefera Zapa digito - 2
  16. "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo III" (May 2, 1995) Mutu 16 Zosefera Zapa digito - 3
  17. "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo IV" (May 4, 1995) Mutu 17 Zosefera Zapa digito - IV
  18. "Simulation, Part I" (May 5, 1995) Mutu 18
  19. "Simulation, Part II" (May 9, 1995) Mutu 19
  20. "Simulation, Part III" (May 11, 1995) Mutu 20 Chitsanzo - III
  21. Fiber Optics (Meyi 12, 1995) Mutu 21
  22. "Computer Aided Instruction" (May 16, 1995) Mutu 22 Maphunziro Othandizira Pakompyuta (CAI)
  23. "Mathematics" (May 18, 1995) Mutu 23
  24. "Quantum Mechanics" (May 19, 1995) Mutu 24
  25. "Chilengedwe" (May 23, 1995). Kumasulira: Mutu 25
  26. "Akatswiri" (May 25, 1995) Mutu 26
  27. "Zosadalirika" (May 26, 1995) Mutu 27
  28. Systems Engineering (May 30, 1995) Mutu 28. Systems Engineering
  29. "Mumapeza Zomwe Mumayesa" (June 1, 1995) Mutu 29
  30. "Tidziwa bwanji zomwe timadziwa" (June 2, 1995) kumasulira mu zidutswa za mphindi 10
  31. Hamming, "Inu ndi Kafukufuku Wanu" (June 6, 1995). Kumasulira: Inu ndi ntchito yanu

Amene akufuna kuthandiza kumasulira, masanjidwe ndi kufalitsa bukuli - lembani mwaumwini kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Source: www.habr.com

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