(Kwa iwo amene awerenga kale zigawo zam'mbuyo za kumasulira kwa phunziroli, bwererani ku ) [Hamming amalankhula mosamveka m'malo, ndiye ngati muli ndi malingaliro owongolera kumasulira kwa tizidutswa tating'ono, chonde lembani uthenga wanu.]
Nkhaniyi sinali mundandanda, koma idayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti pasakhale zenera pakati pa makalasi. Nkhaniyi, makamaka, imaperekedwa momwe timadziwira zomwe timadziwa, ngati, tikudziwadi. Mutuwu ndi wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi - wakhala ukukambidwa zaka 4000 zapitazi, ngati sichoncho. Mu filosofi, liwu lapadera lapangidwa kuti litchulidwe - epistemology, kapena sayansi ya chidziwitso.
Ndikufuna kuyamba ndi mafuko akale akale. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mwa aliyense wa iwo panali nthano za kulengedwa kwa dziko. Malinga ndi chikhulupiriro china chakale cha ku Japan, munthu wina anavundula matope, amene anathirapo zisumbuzo. Anthu enanso anali ndi nthano zofanana ndi zimenezi: mwachitsanzo, Aisrayeli ankakhulupirira kuti Mulungu analenga dziko lapansi kwa masiku XNUMX, kenako anatopa n’kumaliza kulenga. Nthano zonsezi ndizofanana - ngakhale ziwembu zawo ndizosiyanasiyana, onse amayesa kufotokoza chifukwa chake dziko lapansi lilipo. Ndidzatcha njira imeneyi yaumulungu, popeza sipereka mafotokozedwe ena koma “zinachitika mwa chifuniro cha milungu; anachita zimene anaona kuti n’zoyenera, ndipo ndi mmene dziko linakhalira.
Cha m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC. e. Afilosofi a ku Greece wakale anayamba kufunsa mafunso enieni - kodi dziko ili ndi chiyani, mbali zake ndi ziti, komanso anayesa kuyandikira mwanzeru kuposa zamulungu. Monga mukudziwira, iwo anasankha zinthu: dziko lapansi, moto, madzi ndi mpweya; anali ndi malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zina zambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono koma ndithudi, zonsezi zinasinthidwa kukhala malingaliro athu amakono a zomwe timadziwa. Komabe, nkhani imeneyi yakhala ikuzunguza anthu nthaŵi zonse, ndipo ngakhale Agiriki akale ankadabwa kuti akudziwa bwanji zimene ankadziwa.
Monga momwe mungakumbukire kuchokera ku zokambirana zathu za masamu, Agiriki akale ankakhulupirira kuti geometry, yomwe imalepheretsa masamu awo, inali chidziwitso chodalirika komanso chosatsutsika. Komabe, monga momwe Maurice Kline, wolemba Masamu akusonyezera. Kutaya Chitsimikiziro,” chimene akatswiri ambiri a masamu angavomereze, palibe chowonadi m’masamu. Masamu amangopereka kusinthasintha kwa malamulo omwe aperekedwa. Ngati musintha malamulowa kapena malingaliro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, masamu adzakhala osiyana kwambiri. Palibe chowonadi chenicheni, kupatula, mwina, malamulo khumi (ngati ndinu Mkhristu), koma, tsoka, palibe chilichonse chokhudza nkhani ya zokambirana zathu. Ndizosasangalatsa.
Koma mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina ndikupeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Descartes, ataganizira malingaliro a afilosofi ambiri omwe adatsogolera, adabwerera mmbuyo ndikufunsa funso lakuti: "Kodi ndingatsimikizire zochepa bwanji?"; adasankha mawu oti "ndikuganiza, chifukwa chake ndine" ngati yankho. Kuchokera ku mawu awa, adayesa kupeza filosofi ndi kudziwa zambiri. Nzeru imeneyi sinatsimikiziridwe mokwanira, chotero sitinalandire chidziŵitso. Kant ankanena kuti aliyense amabadwa ndi chidziwitso cholimba cha Euclidean geometry, ndi zinthu zina zambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali chidziwitso chachibadwa chomwe chimaperekedwa, ngati mukufuna, ndi Mulungu. Tsoka ilo, panthawi yomwe Kant amafotokoza malingaliro ake, akatswiri a masamu anali kupanga ma geometri osakhala a Euclidean omwe anali ofanana ngati mawonekedwe awo. Zikuoneka kuti Kant anaponya mawu mu mphepo, monga pafupifupi aliyense amene anayesa kulankhula za mmene amadziwira zimene akudziwa.
Ichi ndi mutu wofunikira, chifukwa sayansi nthawi zonse imatembenuzidwa kuti ikhale yovomerezeka: nthawi zambiri mumamva kuti sayansi yawonetsa izi, yatsimikizira kuti zidzakhala chonchi; ife tikudziwa izi, ife tikudziwa izo - kodi ife tikudziwa? Mukutsimikiza? Ndikambirana nkhanizi mwatsatanetsatane. Tiyeni tikumbukire lamulo la biology: ontogeny amabwereza phylogeny. Zikutanthauza kuti chitukuko cha munthu, kuchokera dzira la umuna kupita kwa wophunzira, schematically kubwereza ndondomeko yonse yapita ya chisinthiko. Choncho, asayansi amanena kuti pa chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo slits gill kuonekera ndi kutha kachiwiri, choncho amanena kuti makolo athu akutali anali nsomba.
Zikumveka bwino ngati simuziganizira mozama. Izi zimapereka lingaliro labwino kwambiri la momwe chisinthiko chimagwirira ntchito, ngati mukukhulupirira. Koma ndipita patsogolo pang'ono ndikufunsa: ana amaphunzira bwanji? Kodi amadziwa bwanji? Mwina amabadwa ndi chidziŵitso chodziwikiratu, koma zimenezo zimamveka zosakhutiritsa. Kunena zowona, ndizosakhutiritsa kwambiri.
Nanga ana akutani? Amakhala ndi zikhalidwe zina, kumvera zomwe, ana amayamba kupanga mawu. Amapanga maphokoso onsewa omwe nthawi zambiri timawatcha kubwebweta, ndipo kubwebweta uku, mwachiwonekere, sikudalira malo obadwira mwanayo - ku China, Russia, England kapena America, ana adzabwebweta mofanana. Komabe, kutengera dziko, kubwebweta kudzakula mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mwana wa ku Russia akamatchula mawu oti “amayi” kangapo, adzalandira kuyankha kwabwino ndipo amabwerezanso mawuwo. Mwachidziwitso, amapeza zomwe zimamveka zimathandiza kukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna ndi zomwe sachita, motero amaphunzira zinthu zambiri.
Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni zomwe ndanena kale kangapo - mulibe mawu oyamba mudikishonale; liwu lililonse limatanthauzidwa mwa mawu ena, kutanthauza kuti dikishonale ndi yozungulira. Momwemonso, pamene mwana akuyesera kumanga ndondomeko yogwirizana ya zinthu, amakhala ndi vuto lothamangira ku zosagwirizana zomwe ayenera kuthetsa, popeza palibe chinthu choyamba choti mwanayo aphunzire, ndipo "mayi" sagwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Pali chisokonezo, mwachitsanzo, monga momwe ndiwonetsera tsopano. Nayi nthabwala yotchuka yaku America:
nyimbo zodziwika bwino (mokondwera mtanda ndikadanyamula)
ndi momwe ana amamvera (mokondwera chimbalangondo chopingasa, mokondwera chimbalangondo chopingasa)
(Mu Russian: violin-fox / creak of the wheel, ndine emerald / cores - emerald yoyera, ngati mukufuna ng'ombe plums / ngati mukufuna kukhala okondwa, bulu zana / masitepe zana kumbuyo.)
Ndinakumananso ndi zovuta zotere, osati pankhaniyi, koma pali nthawi zingapo m'moyo wanga zomwe ndimakumbukira ndikaganiza kuti ndikuwerenga ndikulankhula moyenera, koma omwe ali pafupi nane, makamaka makolo anga, adamvetsetsa kuti izi nzosiyana kwambiri. .
Apa mutha kuwona zolakwika zazikulu, komanso kuwona momwe zimachitikira. Mwanayo akukumana ndi kufunikira kolingalira zomwe mawu a chinenerocho amatanthauza ndikuphunzira pang'onopang'ono njira zolondola. Komabe, kukonza zolakwika zotere kungatenge nthawi yayitali. Simungakhale otsimikiza kuti ali okhazikika ngakhale pano.
Mutha kupita patali osamvetsetsa zomwe mukuchita. Ndalankhula kale za mnzanga, dokotala wa sayansi ya masamu ku yunivesite ya Harvard. Pamene adamaliza maphunziro ake ku Harvard, adanena kuti akhoza kuwerengera zomwe amachokera mwa kutanthauzira, koma samamvetsetsa, amangodziwa momwe angachitire. Izi ndi zoona pa zinthu zambiri zomwe timachita. Kuti tikwere njinga, skateboard, kusambira, ndi zina zambiri, sitifunikira kudziwa momwe tingachitire. Zikuoneka kuti kudziŵa zinthu n’koposa mawu. Sindingayerekeze kunena kuti simukudziwa kukwera njinga, ngakhale simungandiuze momwe ndingachitire, koma mumadutsa kutsogolo kwanga pa gudumu limodzi. Choncho kudziwa n’kosiyana kwambiri.
Tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule zomwe ndanena. Pali anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti tili ndi chidziwitso chobadwa nacho; ngati mulingalira mkhalidwe wonsewo, mwinamwake mudzavomerezana ndi ichi, polingalira, mwachitsanzo, kuti ana ali ndi chizoloŵezi chachibadwa cha kutulutsa mawu. Ngati mwana anabadwira ku China, adzaphunzira kutchula mawu ambiri kuti akwaniritse zomwe akufuna. Ngati anabadwira ku Russia, adzapanganso mawu ambiri. Ngati anabadwira ku America, adzachitabe mawu ambiri. Chilankhulo chokha sichofunika kwambiri pano.
Kumbali ina, mwana ali ndi luso lobadwa nalo la kuphunzira chinenero chilichonse monga china chilichonse. Iye amaloŵeza pamtima kutsatizana kwa mawu ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo lake. Ayenera kuika tanthauzo m’mamvekedwe ameneŵa mwiniwake, popeza palibe mbali yoyamba imene angakumbukire. Sonyezani mwanayo hatchi ndi kumufunsa kuti: “Mawu akuti “hatchi” ndi dzina la hatchi? Kapena kodi zikutanthauza kuti ali ndi quadrupedal? Mwina ndiwo mtundu wake? Ngati mukuyesera kuwuza mwana zomwe hatchi ili posonyeza, mwanayo sangathe kuyankha funsoli, koma ndi zomwe mukutanthauza. Mwanayo sangadziwe kuti mawuwo ndi a gulu liti. Kapena, mwachitsanzo, tengani mneni "kuthamanga." Itha kudyedwa mukamayenda mwachangu, koma mutha kunenanso kuti mitundu ya malaya anu yatha mutachapa, kapena kudandaula za wotchi yothamanga.
Mwanayo amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu, koma, posapita nthaŵi, amawongolera zolakwa zake, kuvomereza kuti anamvetsa chinachake cholakwika. Pamene zaka zikupita, ana amacheperachepera, ndipo akakula, sathanso kusintha. Mwachionekere anthu akhoza kulakwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti iye ndi Napoliyoni. Ngakhale mutapereka umboni wochuluka bwanji kwa munthu wotero kuti siziri choncho, iye adzapitirizabe kukhulupirira zimenezo. Mukudziwa, pali anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi zikhulupiriro zamphamvu zomwe simugawana nawo. Popeza mungaganize kuti zikhulupiriro zawo nzopenga, kunena kuti pali njira yosalakwa yodziŵira chidziŵitso chatsopano sizoona kotheratu. Mudzanena kwa izi: "Koma sayansi ndiyolondola kwambiri!" Tiyeni tiwone njira yasayansi ndikuwona ngati ndi choncho.
Zikomo Sergey Klimov chifukwa chomasulira.
10-43: Wina anati: “Wasayansi amadziŵa sayansi monga momwe nsomba imadziŵira mphamvu ya hydrodynamic.” Palibe tanthauzo la Sayansi apa. Ndidazindikira (ndikuganiza kuti ndidakuuzani kale izi) penapake kusukulu yasekondale aphunzitsi osiyanasiyana amandiuza zamaphunziro osiyanasiyana ndipo ndimawona kuti aphunzitsi osiyanasiyana amalankhula za maphunziro omwewo mwanjira zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, nthawi yomweyo ndinayang'ana zomwe tinali kuchita ndipo zinali zosiyana kachiwiri.
Tsopano, mwina mwanenapo, "timachita zoyeserera, mumayang'ana pa data ndikupanga malingaliro." Izi mwina ndi zamkhutu. Musanasonkhanitse zomwe mukufuna, muyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro. Simungathe kusonkhanitsa deta yachisawawa: mitundu yomwe ili m'chipinda chino, mtundu wa mbalame yomwe mukuwona, ndi zina zotero, ndikuyembekeza kuti ili ndi tanthauzo. Muyenera kukhala ndi malingaliro musanasonkhanitse deta. Komanso, simungathe kutanthauzira zotsatira za kuyesa zomwe mungachite ngati mulibe chiphunzitso. Kuyesera ndi malingaliro omwe apita kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto. Muli ndi malingaliro oyambilira ndipo muyenera kutanthauzira zochitika ndi izi m'malingaliro.
Mumapeza malingaliro ambiri oyambilira kuchokera ku cosmogony. Mitundu yachikale imanena nkhani zosiyanasiyana kuzungulira moto, ndipo ana amamva ndikuphunzira makhalidwe ndi miyambo (Ethos). Ngati muli m'bungwe lalikulu, mumaphunzira malamulo a khalidwe makamaka poyang'ana anthu ena akuchita. Pamene mukukula, simungathe kuyima nthawi zonse. Ndimakonda kuganiza kuti ndikayang'ana madona amsinkhu wanga, ndimawona pang'ono za madiresi omwe anali m'fasho masiku omwe azimayiwa anali ku koleji. Mwina ndimadzipusitsa, koma ndi zomwe ndimakonda kuganiza. Inu nonse munawaona a Hippie akale amene amavalabe ndi kuchita monga momwe anachitira panthaŵi imene umunthu wawo unapangidwa. Ndizodabwitsa momwe mumapindulira mwanjira iyi ndipo simukudziwa, komanso momwe zimakhalira zovuta kuti madona akale apumule ndikusiya zizolowezi zawo, pozindikira kuti salinso khalidwe lovomerezeka.
Kudziwa ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri. Zimabwera ndi tsankho zonse zomwe mudamvapo kale. Mwachitsanzo, muli ndi tsankho kuti A amatsogola B ndi A ndiye chifukwa cha B. Chabwino. Masana nthawi zonse amatsatira usiku. Kodi usiku ndi chifukwa cha usana? Kapena masana ndi chifukwa cha usiku? Ayi. Ndipo chitsanzo china chomwe ndimakonda kwambiri. Magulu a Mtsinje wa Poto'mac amagwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mafoni. Kuyimba foni kumapangitsa kuti mitsinje ikwere, motero timakhumudwa. Kuyimba foni sikuchititsa kuti mitsinje ikwere. Kukugwa mvula ndipo pazifukwa izi anthu amayitanitsa ma taxi pafupipafupi komanso pazifukwa zina, mwachitsanzo, kudziwitsa okondedwa kuti chifukwa cha mvula amayenera kuchedwa kapena zina zotere, ndipo mvula imapangitsa kuti mitsinje ifike. kuwuka.
Lingaliro lakuti mukhoza kudziwa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake chifukwa chimodzi chimabwera patsogolo pa chinzake chingakhale cholakwika. Izi zimafuna kusamala pakuwunika kwanu ndi malingaliro anu ndipo zitha kukutsogolerani kunjira yolakwika.
M'nthawi yakale, anthu mwachiwonekere ankakonda mitengo, mitsinje ndi miyala, zonse chifukwa chakuti sakanatha kufotokoza zomwe zinachitika. Koma Mizimu, mukuona, ili ndi ufulu wakudzisankhira, ndipo mwanjira iyi zomwe zinali kuchitika zidafotokozedwa. Koma patapita nthawi tinayesetsa kuchepetsa mizimu. Ngati munapanga maulendo a mpweya wofunikira ndi manja anu, ndiye kuti mizimu idachita izi ndi izo. Ngati muloza bwino, mzimu wamtengo umachita izi ndi izo ndipo chirichonse chidzabwereza chokha. Kapena ngati munabzala mwezi wathunthu, zokolola zidzakhala bwino kapena zina zotero.
Mwina mfundo zimenezi zikuvutitsabe zipembedzo zathu. Tili ndi ambiri a iwo. Timachita zabwino mwa milungu kapena milungu imatipatsa zabwino zomwe timapempha, pokhapokha ngati tichita zabwino ndi okondedwa athu. Chotero, milungu yambiri yakale inakhala Mulungu Mmodzi, mosasamala kanthu za chenicheni chakuti kuli Mulungu Wachikristu, Allah, Buddha mmodzi, ngakhale kuti tsopano iwo ali ndi ndandanda ya Abuda. Zambiri kapena zochepa zaphatikizidwa kukhala Mulungu m'modzi, komabe tili ndi matsenga ambiri akuda pozungulira. Tili ndi zamatsenga zambiri zakuda m'mawu. Mwachitsanzo, muli ndi mwana wamwamuna dzina lake Charles. Mukudziwa, mukayima ndikuganiza, Charles simwanayo. Charles ndi dzina la mwana, koma siziri zofanana. Komabe, nthawi zambiri matsenga akuda amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dzina. Ndimalemba dzina la munthu wina n’kuliwotcha kapena kuchita zinthu zina, ndipo liyenera kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zake pa munthuyo mwanjira inayake.
Kapena tili ndi matsenga achifundo, pomwe chinthu chimodzi chimawoneka chofanana ndi china, ndipo ndikachitenga ndikuchidya, zinthu zina zidzachitika. Mankhwala ambiri m'masiku oyambirira anali homeopathy. Ngati chinachake chikuwoneka chofanana ndi china, chidzakhala chosiyana. Chabwino, inu mukudziwa izo sizigwira ntchito bwino kwenikweni.
Ndinatchula Kant, yemwe analemba buku lonse lakuti, The Critique of Pure Reason, limene analemba m’buku lalikulu, lochindikala m’chinenero chovuta kumva, ponena za mmene timadziŵira zimene timadziŵa ndi mmene timanyalanyaza nkhaniyo. Sindikuganiza kuti ndi chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino cha momwe mungakhalire otsimikiza pa chilichonse. Ndipereka chitsanzo cha zokambirana zomwe ndagwiritsapo kangapo wina akanena kuti akutsimikiza za chinachake:
- Ndikuwona kuti mukutsimikiza?
- Popanda kukayikira kulikonse.
- Mosakayikira, chabwino. Tikhoza kulemba papepala kuti ngati mukulakwitsa, choyamba, mudzapereka ndalama zanu zonse ndipo, kachiwiri, mudzadzipha.
Mwadzidzidzi, sakufuna kutero. Ndikunena: koma munatsimikiza! Amayamba kuyankhula zopanda pake ndipo ndikuganiza kuti mukuwona chifukwa chake. Ndikakufunsani china chake chomwe mumatsimikiza nacho, munganene, "Chabwino, mwina sindine wotsimikiza 100%.
Mumadziŵa bwino magulu angapo a zipembedzo amene amaganiza kuti mapeto ali pafupi. Amagulitsa zinthu zawo zonse ndikupita kumapiri, ndipo dziko likupitiriza kukhalapo, amabwerera ndikuyambanso. Izi zachitika nthawi zambiri komanso kangapo m'moyo wanga. Magulu osiyanasiyana omwe anachita izi anali otsimikiza kuti dziko likupita kumapeto ndipo izi sizinachitike. Ndimayesetsa kukutsimikizirani kuti chidziwitso chamtheradi kulibe.
Tiyeni tione bwinobwino zimene sayansi imachita. Ndinakuuzani kuti, musanayambe kuyeza muyenera kupanga chiphunzitso. Tiyeni tiwone momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Kuyesera kwina kumachitika ndipo zotsatira zina zimapezeka. Sayansi imayesa kupanga chiphunzitso, nthawi zambiri m'njira yofotokozera nkhanizi. Koma palibe zotsatira zaposachedwa zomwe zingatsimikizire chotsatira.
Mu masamu pali chinachake chotchedwa masamu induction, zomwe, ngati mupanga zambiri, zimakulolani kutsimikizira kuti chochitika china chidzachitika nthawi zonse. Koma choyamba muyenera kuvomereza malingaliro osiyanasiyana omveka ndi ena. Inde, akatswiri a masamu akhoza, muzochitika zopangira kwambiri izi, kutsimikizira kulondola kwa manambala achilengedwe, koma simungayembekezere kuti katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo atsimikizirenso kuti izi zidzachitika nthawi zonse. Ziribe kanthu kuti muponya mpira kangati, palibe chitsimikizo kuti mudzadziwa chinthu chotsatira chomwe mwaponya bwino kuposa chomaliza. Ndikagwira chibaluni ndikuchimasula, chimawulukira mmwamba. Koma nthawi yomweyo mudzakhala ndi alibi: "O, koma zonse zimagwa kupatula izi. Ndipo muyenera kusankha chinthu ichi.
Sayansi ili ndi zitsanzo zofanana. Ndipo ili ndi vuto lomwe malire ake ndi ovuta kufotokoza.
Tsopano popeza tayesa ndikuyesa zomwe mukudziwa, takumana ndi kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito mawu pofotokoza. Ndipo mawu amenewa akhoza kukhala ndi matanthauzo osiyana ndi amene mukuwafotokozera. Anthu osiyanasiyana amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu omwewo okhala ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Njira imodzi yochotsera kusamvana koteroko ndi pamene muli ndi anthu aŵiri m’labotale akukangana pa nkhani inayake. Kusamvetsetsana kumawaletsa ndikuwakakamiza kuti afotokoze momveka bwino zomwe akutanthauza akamalankhula zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri mungapeze kuti sakutanthauza chinthu chomwecho.
Amatsutsana za matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana. Mkanganowo umasinthira ku zomwe izi zikutanthauza. Pambuyo pofotokozera tanthauzo la mawu, mumamvetsetsana bwino kwambiri, ndipo mukhoza kukangana za tanthauzo - inde, kuyesera kumanena chinthu chimodzi ngati mukuchimvetsa motere, kapena kuyesera kumanena wina ngati mukumvetsa mwanjira ina.
Koma inu munamvetsa mawu awiri basi. Mawu akutithandiza kwambiri.
Zikomo Artem Nikitin chifukwa chomasulira
20:10… Zinenero zathu, monga ndikudziwira, zonse zimakonda kutsindika “inde” ndi “ayi,” “zakuda” ndi “zoyera,” “choonadi” ndi “bodza.” Koma palinso tanthauzo la golide. Anthu ena ndi aatali, ena aafupi, ndipo ena ndi aatali ndi aafupi, i.e. pakuti ena angakhale apamwamba, ndi mosemphanitsa. Iwo ndi avareji. Zilankhulo zathu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kotero kuti timakonda kukangana za matanthauzo a mawu. Izi zimabweretsa vuto loganiza.
Panali afilosofi omwe ankatsutsa kuti mumangoganiza za mawu. Choncho, pali otanthauzira otanthauzira, odziwika kwa ife kuyambira ubwana, ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a mawu omwewo. Ndipo ndikukayikira kuti aliyense adakumanapo ndi zomwe adakumana nazo kuti pophunzira chidziwitso chatsopano, simunathe kufotokoza china chake m'mawu (simunapeze mawu oyenera oti mufotokoze). Sitiganiza kwenikweni m'mawu, timangoyesa kuchita, ndipo zomwe zimachitika ndizomwe zimachitika.
Tiyerekeze kuti munali patchuthi. Inu mumabwera kunyumba ndi kudzauza winawake za izo. Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, tchuthi chimene munatenga chimakhala chimene mumalankhula ndi munthu wina. Mawu, monga lamulo, amasintha zochitikazo ndikuwumitsa.
Tsiku lina, ndili patchuthi, ndinalankhula ndi anthu aŵiri amene ndinawauza dzina langa ndi adiresi yanga, ndipo ine ndi akazi anga tinapita kokagula zinthu, kenaka tinapita kunyumba, ndiyeno, popanda kukambitsirana ndi aliyense, ndinalemba mmene ndikanathera zomwe zachitika lero. Ndinalemba zonse zomwe ndimaganiza ndikuyang'ana mawu omwe adakhala chochitika. Ndinayesetsa zotheka kuti chochitikacho chitenge mawu. Chifukwa ndikudziwa bwino mphindi imeneyo pamene mukufuna kunena chinachake, koma osapeza mawu oyenera. Zikuwoneka kuti zonse zikuchitika monga ndidanenera, kuti tchuthi chanu chikukhala chimodzimodzi monga momwe tafotokozera m'mawu. Zochuluka kuposa momwe mungatsimikizire. Nthawi zina muyenera kungoyang'ana pa zokambirana zomwezo.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chinatuluka m'buku la quantum mechanics ndi chakuti ngakhale nditakhala ndi deta yasayansi yambiri, akhoza kukhala ndi mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana. Pali malingaliro atatu kapena anayi osiyana a quantum mechanics omwe amafotokozera mocheperapo zochitika zomwezo. Monga momwe geometry ya non-Euclidean geometry ndi Euclidean geometry amaphunzira chinthu chomwecho koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Palibe njira yopezera chiphunzitso chapadera kuchokera pagulu la data. Ndipo chifukwa deta ili ndi malire, simunakhale nayo. Simudzakhala ndi chiphunzitso chapaderachi. Ayi. Ngati pa onse 1+1=2, ndiye kuti mawu omwewo mu code Hamming (odziwika kwambiri mwa ma code odziwonera okha ndi odziwongolera) adzakhala 1+1=0. Palibe chidziwitso chotsimikizika chomwe mungafune kukhala nacho.
Tiyeni tilankhule za Galileo (katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Italy, makanika, katswiri wa zakuthambo wa m'zaka za zana la XNUMX), amene makina a quantum anayamba. Iye ankaganiza kuti matupi akugwa amagwa mofanana, mosasamala kanthu za kuthamanga kosalekeza, kukangana kosalekeza, ndi chisonkhezero cha mpweya. Kuti bwino, mu vacuum, chirichonse chimagwera pa liwiro lomwelo. Bwanji ngati thupi limodzi ligwira lina pamene likugwa. Kodi adzagwa pa liwiro lomwelo chifukwa akhala amodzi? Ngati kukhudza sikuwerengera, bwanji ngati matupiwo atamangidwa ndi chingwe? Kodi matupi awiri olumikizidwa ndi chingwe adzagwa ngati misa imodzi kapena apitiliza kugwa ngati mikwingwirima iwiri yosiyana? Bwanji ngati matupi amangidwa osati ndi chingwe, koma ndi chingwe? Bwanji ngati atamatirirana? Ndi liti pamene matupi awiri angatchedwe thupi limodzi? Ndipo thupi ili limagwa pa liwiro lanji? Tikamaganizira kwambiri za izi, timakhala ndi mafunso "opusa" omwe timapanga. Galileo anati: “Matupi onse adzagwa pa liŵiro lofanana, apo ayi, ndidzafunsa funso “lopusa”, kodi matupi ameneŵa amadziŵa bwanji kulemera kwawo? Pamaso pake, ankakhulupirira kuti matupi olemera amagwa mofulumira, koma adanena kuti kuthamanga kwa kugwa sikudalira misa ndi zinthu. Pambuyo pake tidzatsimikizira moyesera kuti anali wolondola, koma sitikudziwa chifukwa chake. Lamulo ili la Galileo, kwenikweni, silingatchulidwe kuti ndi lamulo lakuthupi, koma lomveka bwino. Zomwe zimachokera pa mfundo yakuti simukufuna kufunsa funso, "Kodi matupi awiri ndi amodzi liti?" Zilibe kanthu kuti matupiwo amalemera bwanji malinga ngati angaonedwe ngati thupi limodzi. Choncho, iwo adzagwa pa liwiro lomwelo.
Ngati muwerenga zolemba zakale za relativity, mupeza kuti pali zamulungu zambiri komanso zochepa zomwe zimatchedwa sayansi yeniyeni. Mwatsoka zili choncho. Sayansi ndi chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri, osafunikira kunena!
Monga ndidanenera pamisonkhano yokhudza zosefera digito, nthawi zonse timawona zinthu kudzera pa "zenera". Zenera si lingaliro lakuthupi chabe, komanso laluntha, lomwe "tikuwona" matanthauzo ena. Tili ndi malire kuti tizindikire malingaliro ena okha, choncho timakakamira. Komabe, timamvetsetsa bwino momwe izi zingakhalire. Chabwino, ndikuganiza kuti njira yokhulupirira zomwe sayansi ingachite ili ngati mwana kuphunzira chinenero. Mwanayo amangoyerekeza zomwe wamva, koma pambuyo pake amawongolera ndikupeza mfundo zina (zolemba pa bolodi: “Mokondwera mtanda ndikadanyamula/Mwachimwemwe, chimbalangondo chamaso.” Pun: monga “Ndinyamule mokondwera mtanda wanga/Mokondwera. , chimbalangondo”) . Timayesa zoyesera zina, ndipo zikapanda kugwira ntchito, timatanthauzira mosiyana ndi zomwe timawona. Monga mmene mwana amamvetsetsera moyo wanzeru ndi chinenero chimene akuphunzira. Komanso, akatswiri oyesera, otchuka m'nthanthi ndi fizikiki, akhala ndi malingaliro ena omwe amafotokoza chinachake, koma osatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi oona. Ndikukutumizirani chowonadi chodziwikiratu, malingaliro onse am'mbuyomu omwe tinali nawo mu sayansi adakhala olakwika. Tasintha m'malo mwake ndi malingaliro apano. Ndi zomveka kuganiza kuti tsopano tikubwera kuti tiganizirenso za sayansi yonse. Ndizovuta kulingalira kuti pafupifupi ziphunzitso zonse zomwe tili nazo pakadali pano zidzakhala zabodza mwanjira ina. M'lingaliro lakuti zimango zachikale zidakhala zabodza poyerekeza ndi makina a quantum, koma pamlingo wapakati womwe tidayesa, mwina chinali chida chabwino kwambiri chomwe tili nacho. Koma maganizo athu pa zinthu ndi osiyana kwambiri. Kotero ife tikupita patsogolo modabwitsa. Koma pali chinthu china chomwe sichiganiziridwa ndipo ndichomveka, chifukwa simukupatsidwa malingaliro ambiri.
Ndikuganiza kuti ndidakuwuzani kuti katswiri wamasamu yemwe amapeza PhD yake posachedwa amapeza kuti akufunika kuwongolera umboni wamalingaliro ake. Mwachitsanzo, izi zinali choncho ndi Gauss ndi umboni wake wa muzu wa polynomial. Ndipo Gauss anali katswiri wa masamu. Tikukweza mulingo wokhwima mu umboni. Malingaliro athu okhwima akusintha. Tikuyamba kuzindikira kuti logic sizinthu zotetezeka zomwe timaganiza kuti zinali. Muli misampha yambiri momwemo monga mu china chilichonse. Malamulo amalingaliro ndi momwe mumaganizira momwe mumakonda: "inde" kapena "ayi", "mwina-ndi-izo" ndi "mwina". Sitili pa magome amiyala amene Mose anawatsitsa paphiri la Sinai. Timapanga malingaliro omwe amagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri, koma osati nthawi zonse. Ndipo mu quantum mechanics, simunganene motsimikiza kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mafunde. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kodi zonse, kapena ayi?
Tikuyenera kubwerera kumbuyo kuchokera pazomwe tikuyesera kuti tikwaniritse, komabe tipitirize zomwe tiyenera. Panthawiyi, sayansi iyenera kukhulupirira izi osati malingaliro otsimikiziridwa. Koma ma workaround awa ndi aatali komanso otopetsa. Ndipo anthu amene amamvetsa nkhaniyi amamvetsa bwino kuti sititero ndipo sitidzatero, koma tikhoza kukhala abwinoko ngati mwana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuchotsa zotsutsana zambiri. Koma kodi mwanayo adzamvetsa bwinobwino zonse zimene wamva ndipo sangasokonezedwe nazo? Ayi. Popeza kuti malingaliro angati angatanthauzidwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana, izi sizodabwitsa.
Panopa tikukhala m’nthawi imene sayansi ndi yolamulira mwatchutchutchu, koma zoona zake n’zakuti si choncho. Manyuzipepala ndi magazini ambiri, omwe ndi Vogue (magazini ya mafashoni a akazi), amafalitsa zolosera zakuthambo za zizindikiro za zodiac mwezi uliwonse. Ndikuganiza kuti pafupifupi asayansi onse amakana kukhulupirira nyenyezi, ngakhale panthawi imodzimodziyo, tonse timadziwa momwe Mwezi umakhudzira Dziko Lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafunde ayambe kuyenda.
30:20
Komabe, timakayikira ngati khandalo lidzakhala lamanja kapena lamanzere, malingana ndi malo omwe ali kumwamba kwa nyenyezi yomwe ili kutali ndi zaka 25. Ngakhale kuti taona nthawi zambiri kuti anthu obadwa pansi pa nyenyezi imodzi amakula mosiyana ndipo amakhala ndi tsogolo losiyana. Choncho, sitikudziwa ngati nyenyezi zimakhudza anthu.
Tili ndi gulu lomwe limadalira kwambiri sayansi ndi uinjiniya. Kapena mwinamwake kudalira kwambiri pamene Kennedy (Purezidenti wa 35 wa United States) adalengeza kuti mkati mwa zaka khumi tidzakhala pa Mwezi. Panali njira zambiri zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito imodzi. Mutha kupereka ndalama kutchalitchi ndikupemphera. Kapena, gwiritsani ntchito ndalama pazamatsenga. Anthu akanatha kupanga njira yawo yopita ku Mwezi kudzera mu njira zina zosiyanasiyana, monga pyramidology (pseudoscience). Monga, tiyeni timange mapiramidi kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zawo ndikukwaniritsa cholinga. Koma ayi. Timadalira mainjiniya abwino akale. Sitinkadziwa kuti chidziwitso chomwe tinkaganiza kuti timachidziwa, tinkangoganiza kuti timadziwa. Koma tsoka, tinafika ku mwezi ndi kubwerera. Timadalira chipambano kumlingo wokulirapo kuposa sayansi yokha. Koma palibe chilichonse mwa izi. Tili ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuchita kuposa mainjiniya. Uwu ndiye ubwino wa anthu.
Ndipo lero tili ndi mitu yambiri yoti tikambirane, monga ma UFO ndi zina zotero. Sindikunena kuti CIA idachita kuphedwa kwa Kennedy kapena kuti boma lidaphulitsa bomba ku Oklahoma kuti achite mantha. Koma anthu nthaŵi zonse amamamatira ku zikhulupiriro zawo ngakhale pamene pali umboni. Izi timaziwona nthawi zonse. Tsopano, kusankha amene amaonedwa ngati wachinyengo komanso amene si wachinyengo sikophweka.
Ndili ndi mabuku angapo onena za kulekanitsa sayansi yeniyeni ndi pseudoscience. Takhala m'malingaliro angapo amakono a pseudoscientific. Tinakumana ndi zochitika za "polywater" (madzi ongoyerekeza a polymerized omwe amatha kupangidwa chifukwa cha zochitika zapamtunda ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera). Takumana ndi kusakanikirana kozizira kwa nyukiliya (kuthekera kochita kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya m'makina opangira mankhwala popanda kutentha kwakukulu kwa chinthu chogwira ntchito). Zonena zazikulu zimanenedwa mu sayansi, koma gawo laling'ono chabe ndilowona. Chitsanzo chingaperekedwe ndi luntha lochita kupanga. Nthawi zonse mumamva zomwe makina okhala ndi luntha lochita kupanga, koma simukuwona zotsatira zake. Koma palibe amene angatsimikizire kuti zimenezi sizidzachitika mawa. Popeza ndinkanena kuti palibe amene angatsimikizire chilichonse pa sayansi, ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti ine ndekha sindingathe kutsimikizira chilichonse. Sindingathe ngakhale kutsimikizira kuti sindingathe kutsimikizira kalikonse. Ndi bwalo loyipa, sichoncho?
Pali zoletsa zazikulu kwambiri zomwe timapeza kuti sizothandiza kukhulupirira chilichonse, koma tiyenera kugwirizana nazo. Makamaka, ndi zomwe ndabwereza kale kwa inu kangapo, ndi zomwe ndafotokozera pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha kusintha kwachangu kwa Fourier (chiwerengero cha makompyuta cha kusintha kwa Fourier, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza ma siginecha ndi kusanthula deta) . Ndikhululukireni chifukwa chakusazindikira kwanga, koma ndidayamba kuyika malingaliro pazoyenera. Ndinafika pa mfundo yakuti "Gulugufe" (gawo loyambirira la kusinthika kwa algorithm ya Fourier) silingakhale lothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe ndinali nazo (zowerengetsera zomwe zingatheke). Pambuyo pake, ndinakumbukira kuti teknoloji yasintha, ndipo pali makompyuta apadera omwe ndimatha kumaliza nawo ndondomekoyi. Maluso athu ndi chidziwitso zikusintha nthawi zonse. Zomwe sitingathe kuchita lero, tikhoza kuchita mawa, koma nthawi yomweyo, ngati muyang'ana mosamala, "mawa" palibe. Zinthu zili pawiri.
Tiyeni tibwerere ku sayansi. Kwa zaka pafupifupi mazana atatu, kuyambira 1700 mpaka lero, sayansi inayamba kulamulira ndikukula m'madera ambiri. Masiku ano, maziko a sayansi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa reductionism (mfundo ya methodological malinga ndi zomwe zochitika zovuta zimatha kufotokozedwa mokwanira pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe amapezeka muzochitika zosavuta). Ndikhoza kugawanitsa thupi m'zigawo, kusanthula ziwalozo ndi kulingalira za lonse. Ndinatchula kale kuti anthu ambiri opembedza ananena kuti: “Simungathe kugawanitsa Mulungu m’zigawo, kuphunzira mbali zake ndi kumvetsa za Mulungu.” Ndipo ochirikiza maganizo a Gestalt anati: “Muyenera kuyang’ana mbali zonse pamodzi. Simungathe kuligawa lonse m'zigawo popanda kuwononga. Zonse ndi zochuluka kuposa kuchuluka kwa zigawo zake. "
Ngati lamulo limodzi likugwiritsidwa ntchito munthambi imodzi ya sayansi, ndiye kuti lamulo lomwelo silingagwire ntchito pagawo la nthambi yomweyo. Magalimoto a matayala atatu sagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ambiri.
Chotero, tiyenera kulingalira funso lakuti: “Kodi sayansi yonse ingalingaliridwe kukhala yotopetsa kwambiri mwa kudalira zotulukapo zopezedwa m’magawo aakulu?”
Agiriki akale ankaganiza za mfundo monga Choonadi, Kukongola ndi Chilungamo. Kodi sayansi yawonjezerapo chilichonse pamalingaliro awa nthawi yonseyi? Ayi. Tsopano sitikudziwa zambiri za malingaliro awa kuposa momwe Agiriki akale analili.
Mfumu ya Babulo Hammurabi (yomwe inalamulira pafupifupi 1793-1750 BC) inasiya m’Buku la Malamulo lomwe linali ndi lamulo loterolo, mwachitsanzo, “Diso kulipa diso, dzino kulipa dzino.” Uku kunali kufuna kufotokoza chilungamo m'mawu. Ngati tifanizitsa ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Los Angeles (kutanthauza zipolowe zamtundu wa 1992), ndiye kuti izi si chilungamo, koma malamulo. Sitingathe kufotokoza chilungamo m'mawu, ndipo kuyesa kutero kumangopereka lamulo. Sitingathenso kufotokoza Choonadi m'mawu. Ndimayesetsa kuchita izi m'maphunzirowa, koma kwenikweni sindingathe kuchita. Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi Beauty. John Keats (wolemba ndakatulo wa m’badwo wachichepere wa English Romantics) anati: “Kukongola ndi chowonadi, ndipo chowonadi ndicho kukongola, ndipo zimenezo ndi zokhazo zimene mungadziŵe ndi zimene muyenera kuzidziŵa.” Wolemba ndakatuloyo adatchula Choonadi ndi Kukongola kuti ndi amodzi. Kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi, kutanthauzira koteroko sikukhutiritsa. Koma sayansi siperekanso yankho lomveka bwino.
Ndikufuna kufotokoza mwachidule phunziroli tisanapite njira zathu zosiyana. Sayansi simangotulutsa chidziŵitso chimene tingafune. Vuto lathu lalikulu ndi lakuti timafuna kukhala ndi mfundo za choonadi, choncho timaganiza kuti tili nazo. Kulakalaka ndi temberero lalikulu la munthu. Ndinawona izi zikuchitika pamene ndinkagwira ntchito ku Bell Labs. Chiphunzitsocho chikuwoneka chomveka, kafukufuku amapereka chithandizo, koma kufufuza kwina sikumapereka umboni watsopano wa izo. Asayansi ayamba kuganiza kuti angathe kuchita popanda umboni watsopano wa chiphunzitsocho. Ndipo iwo anayamba kuwakhulupirira iwo. Ndipo kwenikweni, amangolankhula mochulukira, ndipo kufuna kumawapangitsa kukhulupirira ndi mphamvu zawo zonse kuti zomwe akunena ndi zoona. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu onse. Mumagonjera ku chikhumbo chokhulupirira. Chifukwa chakuti mumafuna kukhulupirira kuti mudzapeza choonadi, mumatha kuchipeza mosalekeza.
Sayansi ilibe zambiri zonena za zinthu zomwe mumasamala. Izi sizikugwiranso ntchito ku Choonadi, Kukongola ndi Chilungamo, komanso pazinthu zina zonse. Sayansi ikhoza kuchita zambiri zokha. Dzulo lapitali ndinawerenga kuti akatswiri ena a chibadwa adalandira zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo, pamene panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri ena a chibadwa adalandira zotsatira zomwe zimatsutsa zotsatira za woyamba.
Tsopano, mawu ochepa okhudza maphunzirowa. Nkhani yomaliza imatchedwa , koma zingakhale bwino kungotchula kuti “Inu ndi Moyo Wanu.” Ndikufuna kukamba nkhani yakuti “Inu ndi Kafukufuku Wanu” chifukwa ndakhala zaka zambiri ndikuphunzira mutuwu. Ndipo m'lingaliro lina, phunziro ili lidzakhala chidule cha maphunziro onse. Uku ndikuyesa kufotokoza m'njira yabwino kwambiri zomwe muyenera kuchita kenako. Ndinafika paziganizozi pandekha; palibe amene anandiuza za izo. Ndipo pamapeto pake, ndikakuuzani zonse zomwe muyenera kuchita komanso momwe mungachitire, mudzatha kuchita zambiri kuposa zomwe ndidachita. Bayi!
Tithokoze Tilek Samev chifukwa chomasulira.
Amene akufuna kuthandiza - lembani mwaumwini kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Mwa njira, tayambitsanso kumasulira kwa buku lina labwino - )
Zomwe zili m'buku ndi mitu yomasuliridwa
- Chiyambi cha Art of Doing Science ndi Engineering: Kuphunzira Kuphunzira (March 28, 1995)
- "Maziko a Digital (Discrete) Revolution" (March 30, 1995)
- "History of Computers - Hardware" (March 31, 1995)
- "History of Computers - Software" (April 4, 1995)
- "History of Computers - Applications" (April 6, 1995)
- "Artificial Intelligence - Gawo I" (April 7, 1995)
- "Artificial Intelligence - Gawo II" (April 11, 1995)
- "Artificial Intelligence III" (April 13, 1995)
- "n-Dimensional Space" (April 14, 1995)
- "Coding Theory - The Representation of Information, Part I" (April 18, 1995)
- "Coding Theory - The Representation of Information, Part II" (April 20, 1995)
- "Makhodi Owongolera Zolakwika" (April 21, 1995)
- "Chidziwitso Chachidziwitso" (April 25, 1995) Zatha, zikuyenera kusindikizidwa
- "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo I" (April 27, 1995)
- "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo II" (April 28, 1995)
- "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo III" (May 2, 1995)
- "Zosefera Za digito, Gawo IV" (May 4, 1995)
- "Simulation, Part I" (May 5, 1995)
- "Simulation, Part II" (May 9, 1995)
- "Simulation, Part III" (May 11, 1995)
- Fiber Optics (Meyi 12, 1995)
- "Computer Aided Instruction" (May 16, 1995)
- "Mathematics" (May 18, 1995)
- "Quantum Mechanics" (May 19, 1995)
- "Chilengedwe" (May 23, 1995). Kumasulira:
- "Akatswiri" (May 25, 1995)
- "Zosadalirika" (May 26, 1995)
- Systems Engineering (May 30, 1995)
- "Mumapeza Zomwe Mumayesa" (June 1, 1995)
- (June 2, 1995) kumasulira mu zidutswa za mphindi 10
- Hamming, "Inu ndi Kafukufuku Wanu" (June 6, 1995).
Amene akufuna kuthandiza - lembani mwaumwini kapena imelo [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
Source: www.habr.com