Masiku ano, mapulogalamu a maphunziro ndi mndandanda wa mapulogalamu omwe amapangidwa kuti apange luso lapadera mwa ophunzira. Koma machitidwe oterowo adawonekera zaka zoposa zana zapitazo - akatswiri ndi oyambitsa adachokera ku "makina ophunzirira" opanda ungwiro kupita ku makompyuta oyamba ndi ma aligorivimu. Tiyeni tikambirane zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane.
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Zoyesera zoyamba-zopambana komanso zosapambana
Mapulogalamu amaphunziro adayambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Kwa nthawi yayitali, alangizi ndi mabuku adakhalabe gwero lalikulu la chidziwitso. Maphunzirowa amatenga nthawi yochuluka kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi, ndipo zotsatira zake nthawi zina zinkakhala zosafunikira.
Chipambano cha Kusintha kwa Mafakitale chinachititsa ambiri ku chimene chinawoneka panthaŵiyo kukhala chotsimikizirika chodziŵikiratu: ophunzira akanaphunzitsidwa mofulumira ndi mwaluso kwambiri ngati aphunzitsi ataloŵedwa m’malo ndi makina ophunzitsira amakanika. Ndiye "conveyor" yophunzitsa idzapangitsa kuti athe kuphunzitsa akatswiri ndi nthawi yochepa. Masiku ano, kuyesa kupanga makinawa kumawoneka ngati kopanda pake. Koma chinali "steampunk yamaphunziro" yomwe idakhala maziko aukadaulo wamakono.
Patent yoyamba ya chipangizo chomakina chophunzirira galamala mu 1866 ndi American Halcyon Skinner. Galimotoyo inali bokosi la mawindo awiri. M'modzi mwa iwo wophunzira adawona zojambula (mwachitsanzo, kavalo). Pawindo lachiwiri, pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani, adalemba dzina la chinthucho. Koma dongosolo silinakonze zolakwika ndipo silinatsimikizire.
Mu 1911, chipangizo chophunzitsira masamu, kuwerenga ndi kalembedwe chinali chovomerezeka ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo Herbert Austin Aikins wochokera ku yunivesite ya Yale. Wophunzirayo anaphatikiza midadada itatu yamatabwa ndi zodulidwa zojambulidwa m’bokosi lamatabwa lapadera. Mipiringidzo iyi ikuwonetsa, mwachitsanzo, zinthu zachitsanzo chosavuta cha masamu. Ngati ziwerengerozo zidasankhidwa molondola, ndiye kuti yankho lolondola lidapangidwa pamwamba pa matayala ().
Mu 1912, maziko a njira zophunzitsira zatsopano komanso zopambana zodzipangira okha anayalidwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America. (Edward Lee Thorndike) m'buku "Maphunziro". Iye ankaona kuti vuto lalikulu la mabuku ndi loti ophunzira amangosiyidwa okha. Iwo sangamvetsere mfundo zofunika kwambiri, kapena, popanda kudziŵa bwino nkhani zakale, amapitiriza kuphunzira zatsopano. Thorndike adapereka njira yosiyana kwambiri: "buku lamakina" momwe magawo otsatirawa amatsegulidwa pokhapokha am'mbuyomu atamalizidwa bwino.
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Mu ntchito yayikulu ya Thorndike, kufotokozera kwa chipangizocho kudayamba , sanafotokoze maganizo ake m’njira iliyonse. Koma izi zinali zokwanira kwa pulofesa wa Ohio University, Sidney Pressey, mouziridwa ndi ntchito ya katswiri wa zamaganizo, njira yophunzirira - Automatic Teacher. Pa ng'oma ya makinawo, wophunzirayo adawona mayankho a mafunso ndi mayankho. Mwa kukanikiza chimodzi mwa makiyi anayi amakina, iye anasankha yolondola. Pambuyo pake ng'omayo inkazungulira ndipo chipangizocho "chingapereke" funso lotsatira. Kuphatikiza apo, kauntalayo idawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zoyeserera zolondola.
Mu 1928 Pressey patent yopanga, koma sanagwiritse ntchito lingaliro la Thorndike mokwanira. Aphunzitsi Odzichitira okha sakanatha kuphunzitsa, koma adakulolani kuyesa chidziwitso chanu mwachangu.
Pambuyo pa Sidney Pressey, opanga ambiri anayamba kupanga “makina ophunzitsira” atsopano. Adaphatikiza zomwe zidachitika m'zaka za zana la 1936, malingaliro a Thorndike ndiukadaulo wazaka zatsopano. Isanafike XNUMX ku USA Ma Patent osiyanasiyana 700 a "makina ophunzitsira." Koma kenako Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idayamba, ntchito m'derali idayimitsidwa ndipo zinthu zazikulu zidayenera kudikirira zaka pafupifupi 20.
Makina Ophunzirira a Frederick Skinner
Mu 1954, pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Cambridge, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, adapanga mfundo zazikuluzikulu zophunzirira galamala, masamu ndi maphunziro ena. Malingaliro monga chiphunzitso cha maphunziro opangidwa mwadongosolo.
Ikunena kuti chigawo chachikulu cha chipangizo chophunzitsira chiyenera kukhala pulogalamu yokhazikika yokhala ndi zinthu zophunzirira ndi kuyesa zinthuzo. Njira yophunzirira yokha ndi yapang'onopang'ono - wophunzira sapita patsogolo mpaka ataphunzira mutu womwe akufuna ndikuyankha mafunso oyesa. Chaka chomwecho, Skinner anayambitsa "makina ophunzitsira" kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'masukulu.
Mafunsowo ankasindikizidwa pa makadi a mapepala ndipo ankawasonyeza “frame by frame” pawindo lapadera. Wophunzirayo adalemba yankho pa kiyibodi ya chipangizocho. Ngati yankho lili lolondola, makinawo amabowola khadilo. Dongosolo la Skinner linasiyanitsidwa ndi zofanana zake ndi mfundo yakuti pambuyo pa mndandanda woyamba wa mafunso, wophunzirayo adalandiranso okhawo omwe sakanatha kuyankha. Kuzungulirako kunabwerezedwa malinga ngati mavuto omwe sanathetsedwe atsala. Choncho, chipangizocho sichinangoyesa chidziwitso, komanso chinaphunzitsa ophunzira.
Posakhalitsa galimotoyo idayamba kupanga zambiri. Masiku ano, kupangidwa kwa Skinner kumatengedwa ngati chipangizo choyamba chomwe chinatha kuphatikiza zotsatira za kafukufuku wamaganizo mu maphunziro a psychology ndi luso lamakono la nthawiyo.
Dongosolo la PLATO, lomwe lidakhalapo kwa zaka 40
Kutengera chiphunzitso chophunzirira, mu 1960, injiniya wazaka 26 (Donald Bitzer), yemwe adangolandira digiri yake kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Illinois, makina apakompyuta a PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations).
Ma terminal a PLATO olumikizidwa ku mainframe ya yunivesite . Chiwonetsero chawo chinali TV wamba, ndipo kiyibodi ya wosuta inali ndi makiyi 16 okha oyenda. Ophunzira aku yunivesite amatha kuphunzira maphunziro angapo ammutu.
Chithunzi: / PD / PLATO4 kiyibodi
Mtundu woyamba wa PLATO unali woyesera ndipo unali ndi zofooka zazikulu: mwachitsanzo, kuthekera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito awiri kuti agwiritse ntchito nthawi imodzi kunawonekera mu 1961 (mu mtundu wosinthidwa wa PLATO II). Ndipo mu 1969, akatswiri anayambitsa chinenero chapadera cha mapulogalamu kukulitsa osati zida zophunzitsira zokha, komanso masewera.
PLATO idayenda bwino, ndipo mu 1970 University of Illinois idachita mgwirizano ndi Control Data Corporation. Chipangizocho chinalowa mumsika wamalonda.
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, malo okwana 950 anali akugwira ntchito kale ndi PLATO, ndipo kuchuluka kwa maphunziro kunali maola 12 zikwi zophunzitsa m'mayunivesite ambiri.
Njirayi sikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano; idathetsedwa mu 2000. Komabe, bungwe la PLATO Learning (tsopano Edmentum), lomwe linali ndi udindo wopititsa patsogolo ma terminal, likupanga maphunziro ophunzitsira.
"Kodi maloboti angaphunzitse ana athu"
Ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano a maphunziro mu 60s, kutsutsa kunayamba, makamaka m'manyuzipepala otchuka a ku America. Mitu yankhani ya m’nyuzipepala ndi m’magazini monga yakuti “Makina Ophunzitsa: Madalitso Kapena Temberero?” analankhula okha. okayikira adachepetsedwa kukhala mitu itatu.
Choyamba, palibe maphunziro okwanira a njira ndi luso la aphunzitsi motsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m'masukulu aku America. Kachiwiri, kukwera mtengo kwa zida ndi maphunziro ochepa a maphunziro. Motero, masukulu a m’chigawo chimodzi anawononga ndalama zokwana madola 5000 (zochuluka kwambiri panthaŵiyo), pambuyo pake anapeza kuti panalibe zipangizo zokwanira zochitira maphunziro athunthu.
Chachitatu, akatswiri anali ndi nkhawa ndi kutha kwa maphunziro. Okonda ambiri adalankhula za mfundo yakuti m'tsogolomu sadzafunika aphunzitsi.
Zowonjezereka zinasonyeza kuti mantha anali opanda pake: aphunzitsi sanatembenuke kukhala othandizira makompyuta opanda pake, mtengo wa zipangizo ndi mapulogalamu unachepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zophunzitsira kunawonjezeka. Koma izi zinachitika m'ma 80-90 m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, pamene zochitika zatsopano zinaphimba kupambana kwa PLATO.
Tidzakambirana za matekinolojewa nthawi ina.
Zomwe timalemba pa Habré:
Source: www.habr.com