Amene samvera zitsulo alibe nzeru kwa Mulungu!
- Folk Art
Moni %username%.
kubwerera kukhudzana. Lero ndikhala mwachidule, chifukwa mu maola asanu ndi limodzi ndiyenera kudzuka ndikupita.
Ndipo lero ndikufuna kulankhula zachitsulo. Koma osati za nyimbo - tikhoza kulankhula za izo nthawi ina pa kapu ya mowa, osati pa Habré. Ndipo osati zachitsulo - koma zazitsulo! Ndipo ine ndikufuna kulankhula za zitsulo zomwe m'moyo wanga mwanjira ina zimandidabwitsa ine ndi katundu wawo.
Popeza onse omwe atenga nawo mbali pagulu lomenyedwa amasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu zamtundu wina, sipadzakhala malo kapena opambana. Padzakhala zitsulo khumi! Kotero nambala ya serial sikutanthauza kalikonse.
Tiyeni tizipita.
1. Mercury
Mercury ndiye chitsulo chamadzimadzi kwambiri: malo ake osungunuka ndi -39 °C. Kuti ndi poizoni - ndipo ngakhale poizoni kwambiri - , chotero sindidzabwerezanso.
Kuyambira kale, anthu sanapempherepo mercury - ndithudi, "siliva wamadzi"! Alchemists ankakhulupirira kuti munali mu mercury kuti mwala wotchuka wafilosofi unabisidwa kwinakwake, mwachitsanzo, Jabir ibn Hayyan ankakhulupirira kuti popeza mercury ndi chitsulo chamadzimadzi, ndi "mtheradi": alibe zonyansa zilizonse zomwe zimapezeka muzitsulo zolimba. Sulfure ndi phunziro lina la kusilira kwa Haiyan - chinthu chamoto, chimatha kupanga lawi lamoto "mtheradi", choncho zitsulo zina zonse (ndipo kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, panali zochepa chabe: zisanu ndi ziwiri). zopangidwa kuchokera ku mercury ndi sulfure.
Kaya m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu kapena tsopano, ngati mutasakaniza mercury ndi sulfure, mudzapeza sulfide yakuda ya mercury (ndipo izi, mwa njira, ndi imodzi mwa njira zochotseratu mercury) - koma osati chitsulo. Haiyan adalongosola kulephera komvetsa chisoni kumeneku chifukwa chakuti anthu onse opusa alibe "chothandizira chakucha" chomwe chidzatsogolera kupanga zitsulo kuchokera ku zopanda pake zakuda. Ndipo ndithudi aliyense adathamangira kukayang'ana "wocha" kuti atenge golide. Mbiri yofufuza mwala wafilosofi yalengezedwa mwalamulo.
%username%, tsopano mukuseka alchemists - koma adakwaniritsa cholinga chawo! Mu 1947, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo a ku America adapeza isotope yokhayo yagolide, Au-197, kuchokera ku kuwonongeka kwa beta kwa isotopu Hg-197. Kuchokera pa 100 mg ya mercury, pafupifupi ma micrograms 35 a golidi adachotsedwa - ndipo tsopano akuwonetsedwa ku Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. Chifukwa chake alchemists anali olondola - ndizotheka! Ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri...
Mwa njira, katswiri wa alchemist yekha amene sankakhulupirira kuti angathe kupeza golide ku zitsulo zina anali Abu Aliyi Hussein ibn Abdullaah ibn al-Haasan ibn Aliyi ibn Sina - ndi osakhulupirira mdima - chabe Avicenna.
Mwa njira, chitsulo china, gallium, chimapikisana kwambiri ndi mercury pamawonekedwe ake. Malo ake osungunuka ndi 29 °C, kusukulu adandiwonetsa chinyengo chodabwitsa: chidutswa chachitsulo chimayikidwa pa dzanja lanu ...
..ndipo izi zimachitika
Mwa njira, gallium tsopano ikhoza kugulidwa ku Alika kuti achite chinyengo chotero. Komabe, sindikudziwa ngati angadutse miyambo.
2. Titaniyamu
Titani wankhanza si mercury snot yanu! Ichi ndiye chitsulo cholimba kwambiri! Chabwino, mu ubwana wanga ndi unyamata iwo analemba titaniyamu pa zonsezi mazenera mu zoyendera anthu. Chifukwa chakuti anachikanda ndi kuchipaka ndi fumbi lachitsulo chosalala.
Aliyense amadziwa kuti titaniyamu, chifukwa cha kuuma kwake ndi kupepuka kwake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege. Ndikuuzani za mapulogalamu osangalatsa.
Akatenthedwa, titaniyamu imayamba kuyamwa mpweya wosiyanasiyana - mpweya, chlorine komanso nayitrogeni. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyikapo kuyeretsa mpweya wa inert (argon, mwachitsanzo) - amawomberedwa kudzera m'machubu odzazidwa ndi siponji ya titaniyamu ndikutenthetsa mpaka 500-600 ° C. Mwa njira, pa kutentha uku siponji ya titaniyamu imagwirizana ndi madzi - mpweya umatengedwa, haidrojeni imatulutsidwa, koma kawirikawiri hydrogen mu mpweya wa inert sichisokoneza aliyense, mosiyana ndi madzi.
White titanium dioxide TiO2 amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto (monga titaniyamu woyera) komanso kupanga mapepala ndi mapulasitiki. Zakudya zowonjezera E171. Mwa njira, kupanga titaniyamu woipa, zikuchokera ake elemental ayenera kulamulidwa - koma osati kuti kuchepetsa zonyansa, koma kuwonjezera "kuyera": m'pofunika kuti mitundu mitundu - chitsulo, chromium, mkuwa, etc. - chinali chocheperako.
Titanium carbide, titaniyamu diboride, titaniyamu carbonitride ndi mpikisano wa tungsten carbide ponena za kuuma. Choyipa chake ndikuti ndi opepuka.
Titaniyamu nitride imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupaka zida, nyumba zatchalitchi komanso kupanga zodzikongoletsera, popeza ili ndi mtundu wofanana ndi golide. Zonsezi "zosakaniza zachipatala" zomwe zimawoneka ngati golide zimakutidwa ndi titaniyamu nitride.
Mwa njira, asayansi olimbikira posachedwapa apanga alloy yomwe ndi yolimba kuposa titaniyamu! Kuti ndikwaniritse izi, ndinayenera kusakaniza palladium, silicon, phosphorous, germanium ndi siliva. Chinthucho chinakhala chokwera mtengo, choncho titaniyamu inapambananso.
3. Tungsten
Tungsten ndi yosiyananso ndi mercury: chitsulo chosakanizika kwambiri chokhala ndi malo osungunuka a 3422 °C. Zadziwika kuyambira zaka za zana la 200, komabe, sizitsulo zomwe zimadziwika, koma mineral wolframite, yomwe ili ndi tungsten. Mwa njira, dzina loti Wolf Rahm m'chinenero cha Ajeremani ankhanza amatanthauza "kirimu wa nkhandwe": Ajeremani omwe ankasungunula tini sankakonda kusakaniza kwa wolframite, komwe kumasokoneza kusungunuka, kutembenuza malata kukhala thovu la slag ( “chinadya malata ngati mmbulu ulusa nkhosa”). Chitsulocho chinadzipatula pambuyo pake, pafupifupi zaka XNUMX pambuyo pake.
Zomwe zili pachithunzichi siziri kwenikweni tungsten, koma tungsten carbide, kotero ngati muli ndi mphete yotere pa dzanja lanu, %username%, ndiye musadandaule kwambiri. Tungsten carbide ndi chinthu cholemera komanso cholimba kwambiri - chifukwa chake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumenya; mwa njira, "wopambana" ndi 90% tungsten carbide. Anthu abwino amawonjezeranso tungsten carbide ngati nsonga ya zipolopolo zoboola zida ndi zipolopolo. Koma osati zokhazo, ndikuwuzani zachitsulo china pambuyo pake.
Mwa njira, ngakhale tungsten ndi yolemetsa, ngakhale kuti imakhala yochuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chiwongolero chachikhalidwe komanso chotsika mtengo, chitetezo cha tungsten chimakhala cholemera kwambiri ndi katundu wotetezera wofanana kapena wogwira mtima kwambiri ndi kulemera kofanana. Chifukwa cha refractoriness ndi kuuma kwa tungsten, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukonza, muzochitika zoterezi, ma aloyi ambiri a ductile tungsten ndi kuwonjezera zitsulo zina kapena kuyimitsidwa kwa tungsten ufa (kapena mankhwala ake) mu polima m'munsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimakhala zosavuta, zogwira mtima - koma zokwera mtengo. Chifukwa chake kugwa, %username%, dzipezereni zida za tungsten!
Mwa njira, ndidakwanitsa kuyika banga pa "mphete yanga yamuyaya" ndi mtundu wina wamankhwala - ndipo sindikudziwa ndi chiyani. Chifukwa chake ndi "zamuyaya" kwa anthu wamba)))
4. Uranus
Chitsulo chokhacho chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta. Chabwino - mafuta a nyukiliya.
Pamene ndinali mwana wasukulu, koma ndinaloledwa ku yunivesite (sindidzanena chifukwa chake!), Nthawi zonse ndinkasangalatsidwa ndi zomwe ophunzira akunja anachita pamene makhiristo a sodium uranyl acetate anasonyezedwa kwa iwo pansi pa maikulosikopu. Chabwino, pali khalidwe loterolo. Pamene ankanena mawu oti “uranil” kwa anthu akunja, anaphulitsidwa pansi. Aliyense anaseka.
Ndizoseketsa komanso zachisoni kwa ine kuti tsopano ambiri mwa anthu athu amakhulupiriranso kuti uranium ndi yowopsa, yowopsa komanso yowopsa. Kutsika kwa maphunziro n’zoonekeratu.
Ndipotu, ngakhale kale, uranium oxide zachilengedwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbale zachikasu. Choncho, pafupi ndi Naples, chidutswa cha galasi lachikasu chinapezedwa chokhala ndi 1% uranium oxide ndipo chinayamba mu 79 AD. e. Sichiwala mumdima ndipo sichimatulutsa kuwala. Ndinali ku Zhovti Vody ku Ukraine, kumene uranium imakumbidwa. Palibe amene amawala kapena kupanga phokoso kumeneko. Ndipo yankho ndi losavuta: uranium wachilengedwe ndi wofooka wa radioactive - osaposa ma granite ndi basalts, komanso milu ya zinyalala ndi subways. Uranium yomwe ndi URANIUM ndi isotope U-235, yomwe ili ndi 0,7204% yokha m'chilengedwe. Pali zochepa kwambiri kotero kuti asayansi a nyukiliya ayenera kudzipatula ndikuyika isotopu iyi ("kulemeretsa" izo) - riyakitala silingagwire ntchito mosavuta.
Mwa njira, m'chilengedwe munali U-235 - idawonongeka pakapita nthawi. Ndipo popeza panali zambiri, zida zanyukiliya zimatha kupangidwa pabondo pomwe. Kwenikweni. Izi ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Gabon ku gawo la Oklo zaka 2 biliyoni zapitazo: madzi adadutsa muzitsulo, madzi ndi owongolera zachilengedwe a ma neutroni omwe amatulutsidwa pakuwola kwa uranium-235 - palimodzi, panali mphamvu zokwanira za neutroni. kugwidwa ndi nyukiliya ya uranium-235 - ndipo machitidwe a unyolo adayamba. Ndipo uranium inawotchedwa kwa zaka mazana angapo mpaka inawotchedwa ...
Izi zidadziwika pambuyo pake, mu 1972, pomwe pafakitale yolemetsa uranium ku Pierrelat (France), pakuwunika kwa uranium kuchokera ku Oklo, kupatuka kwazomwe zimachitika mu isotopic ya uranium kunapezeka. Zomwe zili mu isotopu ya U-235 zinali 0,717% m'malo mwa 0,720% wamba. Uranium si soseji, pano kulemera kocheperako kumalangidwa kwambiri: zida zonse za nyukiliya zimayang'aniridwa mwamphamvu kuti aletse kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zida zankhondo pazankhondo. Ndipo kotero asayansi anayamba kufufuza, anapeza zinthu zingapo zingapo, monga neodymium ndi ruthenium, ndipo anazindikira kuti U-235 anabedwa pamaso pathu, anangowotchedwa, monga riyakitala. Ndiko kuti, chilengedwe chinayambitsa makina a nyukiliya kale kwambiri ife tisanayambe. Komabe, monga zonse.
Uranium yatha (apa ndi pamene 235 idachotsedwa ndikupatsidwa kwa asayansi a nyukiliya, ndipo U-238 idatsalira) imakhala yolemetsa komanso yolimba, yofanana ndi tungsten mu katundu, choncho imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi momwe iyenera kugunda. Pali nkhani ya izi kuchokera ku Yugoslavia wakale: adagwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zoboola zida zokhala ndi pini yowombera yomwe ili ndi uranium. Anthu anali ndi mavuto, koma osati chifukwa cha cheza: zabwino uranium fumbi analowa m'mapapo, odzipereka - ndipo anabala zipatso: uranium ndi poizoni impso. Ndi momwemo - ndipo palibe choti muwope uranyl acetate! Zowona, izi si lamulo molingana ndi malamulo a Russian Federation - ndipo chifukwa chake pali mavuto osatha ndikufika kwa ma reagents amankhwala okhala ndi uranium - chifukwa kwa wogwira ntchito pali uranium imodzi yokha.
Ndiyeno pali galasi la uranium: kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa uranium kumapereka kuwala kobiriwira kobiriwira.
Ndipo ndizokongola kwambiri!
Mwa njira, ndizothandiza kwambiri kupatsa alendo maapulo kapena saladi, ndiyeno kuyatsa kuwala pang'ono kwa ultraviolet ndikuwonetsa kukongola kwake. Aliyense akamaliza kusirira, tulutsani momasuka: "Inde, inde, ili ndi galasi la uranium ..." Ndipo luma chidutswa cha apulo mu vase ...
5. Osmium
Chabwino, popeza takambirana za heavy uranium-tungsten, ndi nthawi yoti titchule chitsulo cholemera kwambiri - osmium. Kachulukidwe ake ndi 22,62 g/cm3!
Komabe, osmium, pokhala yolemera kwambiri, sichiletsa chilichonse kuti chisagwedezeke: mumlengalenga pang'onopang'ono imatulutsa oxidize ku OsO4, yomwe imakhala yosasunthika ndipo, mwa njira, ndi poizoni kwambiri. Inde, ndi gulu la platinamu, koma ndi oxidized. Dzina lakuti "osmium" limachokera ku Greek Greek ὀσμή - "fungo" - ndendende chifukwa cha izi: machitidwe a mankhwala a kusungunuka kwa alkaline alloy osmiridium (zotsalira zosasungunuka za platinamu mu aqua regia) m'madzi kapena asidi zimaphatikizidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa fungo losasangalatsa, losalekeza la OsO4, lokwiyitsa pakhosi, lofanana ndi fungo la chlorine kapena radish yowola. Kununkhira kumeneku kunamveka ndi Smithson Tennant (zambiri pa iye pambuyo pake), yemwe adagwira ntchito ndi osmiridium - ndipo adatcha chitsulo mwanjira imeneyo. Ndipo ndikudziwa kuti osmium iyenera kukhala mu ufa ndipo iyenera kutenthedwa kuti ndondomekoyi ipitirire mwamphamvu - koma mulimonsemo, sindimayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi chitsulo ichi kwa nthawi yaitali.
Mwa njira, palinso isotopu Os-187. Pali zochepa kwambiri m'chilengedwe, choncho zimasiyanitsidwa ndi osmium mu centrifuges ndi kupatukana kwakukulu - monga uranium. Amadikirira miyezi 9 kuti apatukane - inde, inde, ndizotheka kubereka. Chifukwa chake, Os-187 ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zodula kwambiri, zomwe zimatsimikizira mtengo wamsika wa osmium wachilengedwe. Koma si okwera mtengo kwambiri, ndikuuzani pansipa.
6. Iridium
Popeza tikukamba za gulu la platinamu, ndi bwino kukumbukira iridium. Osmium adachotsa mutu wachitsulo cholemera kwambiri ku iridium - koma kusiyana kwake kunali mu 22,53 tambala: kachulukidwe ka iridium ndi 3 g/cm1803. Osmium ndi iridium zinapezeka palimodzi mu XNUMX ndi katswiri wa mankhwala wa Chingerezi S. Tennant - onse analipo ngati zonyansa mu platinamu yachilengedwe yoperekedwa kuchokera ku South America. Tennant anali woyamba pakati pa asayansi angapo omwe adakwanitsa kupeza kuchuluka kokwanira kwa zotsalira zosasungunuka pambuyo powonekera platinamu ku aqua regia ndikuzindikira zitsulo zomwe zidadziwika kale momwemo.
Koma mosiyana ndi osmium, iridium ndiye chitsulo cholimba kwambiri: mu mawonekedwe a ingot sichimasungunuka mu zidulo zilizonse kapena zosakaniza zake! Ayi! Ngakhale fluorine wowopsa amatenga kokha pa 400-450 °C. Kuti musungunukebe iridium, muyenera kusakaniza ndi alkalis - ndipo makamaka mumtsinje wa oxygen.
Mphamvu yamakina ndi mankhwala a iridium amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Chamber of Weights and Measures - muyezo wa kilogalamu umapangidwa kuchokera ku alloy platinamu-iridium.
Pakali pano, iridium si zitsulo za banki, koma pali kusintha kale mu izi: mu 2013, iridium idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba padziko lapansi popanga ndalama za boma ndi National Bank of Rwanda, yomwe inapereka ndalama zomwe zinapangidwa. zachitsulo choyera cha 999 chiyero. Ndalama ya iridium inaperekedwa m’gulu la ma franc 10 aku Rwanda. Ndipo zoyipa - Ndikufuna ndalama yotere!
Mwa njira, mu unyamata wanga wakuya ndinawerengapo nkhani yosangalatsa mu "Young Technician", pamene mnyamata anali panjira yopambana ndipo adatha kusinthanitsa mchenga wa iridium pa mlingo wa 1: 1 ndi alendo ena m'chipinda chapansi. . Chabwino, inu mukuona, iwo ankafunikira silicon! Sindikukumbukiranso mutu ndi wolemba nkhaniyo. Zikomo - V. Shibaev. Chingwe chimachokera kumeneko.
7. GolideTsoka ilo, aliyense adamuwona
M'moyo nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti pali weniweni komanso ngwazi yokhazikika. Ngati iridium ndiye ngwazi yeniyeni pakukaniza mankhwala, ndiye kuti golidi ndiye wokhazikika: ndiye chitsulo chochuluka kwambiri cha electronegative, 2,54 pa sikelo ya Pauling. Koma izi sizimalepheretsa golide kusungunuka mu zosakaniza za zidulo, choncho, monga mwachizolowezi, ma laurels amapita kwa iwo omwe ali olemera.
Ndipo ndithudi, pakali pano, chifukwa chakuti China ndi Russian Federation zikuyenda kutali ndi ndondomeko yosonkhanitsa golide ndi ndalama zakunja mu madola aku US kupita ku ndondomeko yodziunjikira golide wokha, golide ndiye chitsulo chokwera mtengo kwambiri cha banki: mu mtengo wake wakhala ukuposa platinamu - komanso gulu lonse la platinamu. Chifukwa chake sungani ndalama zanu kubanki yosungira golide, %username%!
Popeza njira ya alchemical yochotsera golide yawonetsa kuti ndi yokwera mtengo, chitsulo ichi chimapezeka kumalo oyeretsera. Ndipo makobidi amapangidwa kale ku timbewu. Chifukwa chake, monga munthu yemwe adakhalapo apo ndi apo, nditha kunena kuti: ogwira ntchito m'mabizinesi otere akapita kudera lomwe kuli chitsulo chamtengo wapatali, amasintha zovala - ndipo palibe pini imodzi kapena pepala limodzi pazantchito zawo. - mafelemu pa cheke salinso chimodzimodzi ndi ma eyapoti, chilichonse chikukulirakulira pamenepo. Kapena pali zomwe zimatchedwa "maliseche" - inde, mumamvetsetsa bwino: malo ochezera anyamata ndi malo ochezera atsikana - mudzavala mkati. Ngati muli ndi chitsulo choyikapo, pali ziphaso zambiri, zilolezo zambiri, nthawi iliyonse payekha amayang'ana kuti implants ili pamalo pomwe iyenera kukhala.
Mwa njira, mukuganiza kuti malo ochezera pabwalo la banknote amakonzedwa bwanji? Mapepala samveka!
Yankho lili pano, koma ganizirani pang'ono nokhaPambuyo pa ntchito, palibe amene amaloledwa kutuluka, kuphatikizapo kasamalidwe, mpaka zinthu zonse zitawerengedwa. Inde - chirichonse ndi chokhwima. Koma palibe amene amasamala pamene, mu nthawi zovuta, malipiro anali kulipidwa mu malonda.
8. Lithiyamu
Mosiyana ndi heavy osmium-iridium, lithiamu ndi chitsulo chopepuka kwambiri, kachulukidwe kake ndi 0,534 g/cm3 yokha. Ndi chitsulo cha alkali, koma chosagwira ntchito kwambiri pagulu lonse: sichimaphulika m'madzi, koma chimachita modekha, mumlengalenga sichimawonjezera oxidize, ndipo sichophweka kuyatsa moto: pambuyo pa 100 ° C. imakutidwa bwino kwambiri ndi okusayidi kotero kuti siyimawonjezera okosijeni. Choncho, lithiamu ndi chitsulo chokha cha alkali chomwe sichimasungidwa mu palafini - bwanji, ngati chiri chochepa kwambiri? Ndipo izi ndizamwayi - chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, lithiamu imayandama palafini.
Lifiyamu yachilengedwe imakhala ndi isotopu ziwiri: Li-6 ndi Li-7. Popeza atomu palokha ndi yaing'ono kwambiri, nyutroni owonjezera zimakhudza kwambiri orbital utali wozungulira ndi excitation mphamvu ya elekitironi, choncho mwachizolowezi sipekitiramu atomiki a isotopu awiriwa ndi osiyana - choncho, n'zotheka kudziwa ngakhale popanda misa spectrometers. - ndipo izi ndizosiyana m'chilengedwe! Ma isotopu onsewa ndi ofunika kwambiri mu mphamvu ya nyukiliya; mwa njira, Li-6 deuteride imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mfuti ya nyukiliya mu zida za nyukiliya - ndipo sindinena zambiri pamutuwu!
Lithium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi akatswiri amisala ngati njira yochizira komanso kupewa matenda amisala. Pamene ndinali kugwira ntchito yaganyu ku dipatimenti monga wophunzira, azakhali anabwera kwa ife ndi madzi a m’magazi mmene munali kofunika kudziwa lithiamu. Panthawi ina, ndinapita ndikuyang'ana m'mabuku (panalibe intaneti) kuti ndimvetse chifukwa chake lithiamu iyenera kutsimikiziridwa pamenepo? Ndipo ndinapeza…Kuchokera ku ulendo wotsatira, ndinawafunsa azakhali anga mwachisawawa, kuti anali magazi andani? Atandiyankha kuti ndi yake, ndinayesetsa kuti ndisakumane naye pamasom'pamaso.
Chabwino, kotero - lithiamu ndi lithiamu, nthawi zina zimapezeka ngakhale m'madzi. Mwa njira, pali zambiri m'madzi ku Lviv.
9. Francium
France ili ndi mitu yonse. Chabwino, choyamba, francium ndi chitsulo chosowa kwambiri. Zonse zomwe zili ndi radiogenic: ilipo ngati chinthu chapakatikati cha kuwonongeka kwa uranium-235 ndi thorium-232. Chiwopsezo chonse cha francium mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi chimayerekezedwa ndi magalamu 340. Kotero malo omwe ali pachithunzi pamwambapa si chithunzi chakutsogolo cha dzenje lakuda, koma pafupifupi ma atomu 200 a francium mu msampha wa maginito. Ma isotopu onse a francium ali ndi radioactive; isotopu yotalika kwambiri, Fr-000, imakhala ndi theka la moyo wa mphindi 223. Ndicho chifukwa chake France ndi yaying'ono.
Komabe, francium ili ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ya electronegativity ya chinthu chilichonse chodziwika pano, pa 0,7 pa sikelo ya Pauling. Chifukwa chake, francium ndiyenso chitsulo chamchere kwambiri chomwe chimapanga alkali wamphamvu kwambiri - francium hydroxide FrOH. Ndipo musafunse, %username%, momwe adadziwira zonsezi ndi chinthu chomwe mulibe zambiri, ndipo mphindi iliyonse ya 22,3 imakhala yaying'ono kawiri, ndipo wofufuzayo amawala kwambiri. Choncho, zonsezi ndi zosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa, koma francium si ntchito kulikonse.
10. California/>
California sali m'dziko lino konse, koma amapangidwa m'malo awiri: Dimitrovgrad mu Russian Federation ndi Oak Ridge National Laboratory ku USA. Kupanga gilamu imodzi ya californium, plutonium kapena curium imayendetsedwa ndi neutron yanthawi yayitali mu nyukiliya - kuyambira miyezi 8 mpaka zaka 1,5. Mzere wonse wa zowonongeka umawoneka motere: Plutonium-Americium-Curium-Berkley-Califorium. California-252 ndiye chotsatira chomaliza cha unyolo - chinthu ichi sichingasinthidwe kukhala isotopu yolemera, popeza phata lake, titero, likuti "zikomo, ndakhuta" ndipo mofooka amayankha kukhudzana ndi neutroni.
Panjira yosinthira plutonium kukhala californium, 100% ya 99,7% ya kuwonongeka kwa nuclei. Ndi 0,3% yokha ya ma nuclei omwe amasungidwa kuti asawole ndikudutsa gawo lonselo. Ndipo mankhwala ayenera kuunikira! Isotope imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutulutsa, kuchotsa chromatography, kapena chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa ion. Kupereka mawonekedwe achitsulo, kuchepetsako kumachitidwa.
Zimatengera ma kilogalamu 252 a plutonium-10 kuti apange gramu imodzi ya California-239.
Kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa California-252 migodi ndi 40-80 micrograms, ndipo malinga ndi akatswiri, nkhokwe yapadziko lonse ya California siposa 8 magalamu. Choncho, California, kapena ndendende California-252, ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri mafakitale zitsulo mu dziko, mtengo wa galamu imodzi m'zaka zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana madola 6,5 mpaka 27 miliyoni.
Funso lomveka ndilakuti: ndani akufunikirabe? Simungathe kupanga unyolo pakhosi panu, simungathe kuupereka kwa wokondedwa wanu mwa mawonekedwe a mphete. Chowonadi ndi chakuti CF-252 ili ndi kuchuluka kwa neutroni (pamwamba pa 3). Gramu ya CF-252 imatulutsa pafupifupi ma neutroni 3⋅1012 pamphindikati. Inde, ndizotheka kupanga bomba la atomiki, koma uranium ndi plutonium yomweyo ndizotsika mtengo, kotero californium yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la ma neutroni m'maphunziro osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mu makina osanthula ma neutron activation pa lamba wotumizira. Mwa njira, %username%, ine ndekha ndinawona waku California mu mawonekedwe a ampoule yaing'ono, yomwe idatulutsidwa mumtsuko waukulu wachitetezo cha radiation ndikukankhidwira pamalo oyenera pa analyzer.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti pamtundu wotere wandalama, californium imangoyenera kukhala poizoni, ngakhale sizozizira, , koma manyutroninso sali kanthu. Koma zimakhala zodula pang'ono, ndithudi.
Chabwino, zonse zikuwoneka kuti zachitika - pafupifupi maola anayi akugona ulendo usanachitike. Ndikukhulupirira kuti zidakhala zosangalatsa, ndipo sindinalembe zonsezi pachabe.
Ndikulakalaka inu, %username%, kuti mukhale wolimba ngati titaniyamu, zosavuta kukwera ngati lithiamu, zosasunthika ngati iridium komanso zamtengo wapatali ngati California! Chabwino, golide wochuluka mthumba mwanu, ndithudi.
(mutha kuwonetsa toast iyi patchuthi chotsatira - osandithokoza)
Source: www.habr.com