Zosangalatsa kwambiri ziphe

Moni %username%!

Ndi madzulo kachiwiri, kachiwiri ndilibe chochita, ndipo ndinaganiza zokhala ndi nthawi yochepa kuti ndilembe gawo lachitatu la mndandanda wanga pa ziphe. Ine ndikuyembekeza inu mukuwerenga woyamba и chachiwiri gawo ndipo mudalikonda.

Mu gawo lachitatu tidzapuma pang'ono. Sipadzakhala nkhani pano za ziphe zomwe mumakumana nazo nthawi iliyonse - mwina, ngakhale mosiyana. Sipadzakhala holivar za kuopsa kwa mowa ndi chikonga.

Mu gawo lachitatu ndidzasonkhanitsa ziphe zomwe pazifukwa zina zinkawoneka zosangalatsa kwa ine (ngati mawu otere angagwiritsidwe ntchito ku ziphe konse - koma, monga ndanenera kale: Ndine wojambula, ndikuwona choncho).

Kotero, kachiwiri zakupha khumi! Pitani.

Malo khumi

Homidium bromide

Anthu akhala akufunitsitsa kudziwa. Ndipo mwachidwi nthawi zina amalenga zilombo mosadziwa.

Homidium bromide idapangidwa ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi mamolekyulu a biology kuti izindikire ndikuphunzira ma nucleic acid, makamaka pankhani ya agarose gel electrophoresis ya DNA kapena RNA.

Mawu oti "kulumikizana" ndi ofunikira apa. Mwa tanthawuzo, kulumikizana ndiko kuphatikizika kosinthika kwa molekyulu kapena gulu pakati pa mamolekyu kapena magulu ena. Homidium bromide imalumikizana ndi ma nucleic acid, kuphatikiza pakati pa maziko.

Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi, zikuwoneka motere

M'zochita, homidium bromide, ngakhale pang'ono, imalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka DNA ndi RNA ndikubwezeretsanso kuphulika kwa DNA yozungulira. Chinthuchi ndi pafupifupi champhamvu kwambiri chodziwika bwino cha mutagen.

Palibe chidziwitso m'mabuku okhudza kuchuluka kwa homidium bromide yomwe iyenera kutengedwa kuti itsimikizidwe kufa. Palibe chidziwitso chokhudza momwe imfayi idzachitikira. Asayansi akutsutsanabe ngati mankhwalawa ali ndi zinthu zoyambitsa khansa.

%username%, homidium bromide ndi njira yabwino yophunzirira china chatsopano chokhudza thupi lanu mu mzimu wa STALKER Pitani!

malo achisanu ndi chinayi

NNG

Ngati simukukhutira ndi malo khumi, kukumana ndi: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine! Kapena mophweka komanso modzichepetsa: BFG NNG.

Kumbukirani zomwe ndinanena za "pafupifupi mutagen wamphamvu kwambiri"? Choncho, NNG ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi chomidium bromide yofooka, NNG nthawi zonse imayambitsa masinthidwe angapo pa selo. Akatswiri opanga ma genetic engineering adagwiritsa ntchito NNG pomwe adayesa ndi E. coli.

Ndipo mwa njira, NNG ndi 100% carcinogenic. Pankhaniyi, zotupa zimachitika angapo ndipo nthawi zonse mobwerezabwereza.

Mwa zina, NNG:

• Osakhazikika. Chinthu ichi chokha ndi ufa, koma nthawi zonse chimawola, ndipo chikasungidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa, chimaphulika.
• Imachita mwamphamvu ndi madzi.
• Itha kuphulika pakukhudzidwa.
• Zomvera kutentha, kuwala, chinyezi - zimaphulika popanda chenjezo.
• Zoyaka.
• Zosagwirizana ndi njira zamadzimadzi, ma acid, alkalis, oxidizing agents, ochepetsera - zachiwawa zomwe zimachitika ndi kuphulika.
• Alkaline hydrolysis ikatsekedwa, imatulutsa mpweya wapoizoni komanso wophulika.

Ngakhale potengera kawopsedwe, NNG ndiyabwino kwambiri: makoswe amafa pamlingo wa 90 mg/kg. Poganizira zofunikira za NNG, tinganene kuti anali ndi mwayi.

Malo achisanu ndi chitatu

Heptyl

Kuyambira kalekale, munthu amalota za kuwuluka. M'zaka zapitazi, malotowa adakwaniritsidwa mumayendedwe apamlengalenga. Chaka chilichonse, anthu ankakonda kuganizira za kufufuza kwa Mwezi, Mars, ndi ndege zopita ku nyenyezi.

Kenako mtunduwo unauma. Mpikisano unazimiririka, chisangalalo chinatayika, aliyense anayamba kuwerengera ndalama ndipo mwadzidzidzi anapeza kuti zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kupanga ndalama pa mafoni a m'manja ndi mapurosesa kusiyana ndi kuwuluka kwinakwake.

Koma si zimene ine ndikunena. Heptyl - kapena usymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine) - ndi gawo la kutentha kwambiri (kukhala ndi kutentha pamwamba pa 0 ° C) mafuta a rocket. Dianitrogen tetroxide (AT), yoyera kapena yosakanizidwa ndi nitric acid, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oxidizing wophatikizidwa ndi heptyl; milandu yogwiritsira ntchito asidi weniweni ndi okosijeni wamadzimadzi amadziwika. Pofuna kukonza zinthu zake, heptyl idagwiritsidwa ntchito posakaniza ndi hydrazine, yotchedwa aerozine.

Mafuta awa (ndipo awa ndi rocket mafuta!) Anali ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka, mu magalimoto oyambitsa Soviet "Proton", "Cosmos", "Cyclone"; American - banja la Titan; French - banja "Arian"; m'machitidwe oyendetsa ndege zamlengalenga, ma satelayiti, orbital ndi interplanetary station.

Heptyl ndi madzi opanda mtundu kapena achikasu pang'ono owoneka bwino okhala ndi fungo lakuthwa losasangalatsa, mawonekedwe a amines (fungo la nsomba zowonongeka, zofanana ndi fungo la ammonia, lofanana kwambiri ndi fungo la sprat). Amasakaniza bwino ndi madzi, Mowa, mafuta ambiri mafuta ndi zambiri zosungunulira organic. Kudziwotchera mukakumana ndi oxidizer kutengera nitric acid ndi dinitrogen tetroxide, zomwe zimathandizira kapangidwe kake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kuyambika kosavuta komanso kuthekera koyambitsanso mobwerezabwereza ma injini a rocket. Uwu ndi umodzi mwamaubwino; kwa iwo amawonjezedwanso bwino kwambiri pamlingo wamafuta osakaniza (kupitilira mpweya + wamafuta amafuta ndi mpweya wa oxygen + mpweya wa hydrogen mu kachulukidwe - 1170 kg/m³ motsutsana ndi 1070 kg/m³ ndi 285 kg/m³, motsatana) ndi kuthekera kosunga nthawi yayitali mivi yotenthetsera pa kutentha kwabwino.

Tsopano - za zosasangalatsa.

• Heptyl ndi poizoni kuwirikiza kanayi kuposa hydrocyanic acid. Mmene thupi la munthu: mkwiyo wa mucous nembanemba wa maso, kupuma thirakiti ndi mapapo, kukondoweza kwambiri chapakati mantha dongosolo, m`mimba kukhumudwa (nseru, kusanza), imfa ya chikumbumtima, imfa.
• Kunyezimira −15 °C; kutentha kwamoto 249 ° C; ndende malire a flame kufalitsa 2-95% vol. Izi zikutanthauza kuti heptyl imayaka mosavuta ndikuyaka mosangalala kwambiri (yemwe angakayikire).
• Mpweya wa Heptyl ndi wophulika kwambiri, umangotayika pawiri wa hydrogen-oxygen.
• Mutagen. Carcinogen. Ndi yamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa colorectal carcinoma mu makoswe pofufuza chotupa.

Kodi mumakonda bwanji, Elon Musk? Mwachidule, %username%, sindimasirira ngati mukukhala pafupi ndi mlengalenga.

Malo achisanu ndi chiwiri

Cantharidin

Kuwonjezera pa kuwuluka, anthu nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zonse, amuna anali ovuta kwambiri pa luso lawo - ndipo inde, inde!, Ndikulankhula za mwayi umenewo!

Tsopano, pofunafuna chithandizo cha angina, munthu wina anali ndi mwayi - ndipo sildenafil anawonekera - kapena, momveka bwino, Viagra. Koma zonse zisanachitike zinali zovuta kwambiri!

Chimodzi mwa zosankha zotchuka chinali kuvomereza nyama zotsatirazi:


Ayi, %username%, iyi si mphemvu yobiriwira konse, koma ntchentche yaku Spain. Ndipo mbiri yake ndi yayitali komanso yokongola kwambiri:

• M’nthawi ya Aroma, Livia, mkazi wachinyengo wa Octavian Augustus, analowetsa spandex m’zakudya zake ndi chiyembekezo chakuti zikadzalimbikitsa alendo a Livia kukhala odzisunga, zimene zikanam’thandiza kuwachitira zoipa m’tsogolo.
• Mu 1572, Ambroise Paré analemba nkhani ya munthu yemwe akudwala "satyriasis yoopsa kwambiri" (timatcha mawu ena tsopano, koma Google nokha) atatha kumwa mankhwala okhala nettle ndi Spanish ntchentche.
• M’zaka za m’ma 1670, wobwebweta ndiponso sing’anga La Voisin anapereka “mankhwala achikondi” opangidwa kuchokera ku ntchentche ya ku Spain, magazi owuma a mole, ndi magazi a mileme (ew).
• Mu "Marseille Affair" ya Marquis de Sade, adatsutsidwa, mwa zina, pogwiritsa ntchito "ntchentche za ku Spain".

Ndipo zonsezi ndichifukwa cha cantharidin, yomwe mphemvu iyi imakhala ndi 5%! Mwa njira, osati kokha: cantharidin imapezeka mu hemolymph ya chithuza kafadala, T-shirts ndi kachilomboka kakang'ono. Ndipo inde, pamiyeso yaying'ono ndizomwe zimafunikira chevalier okalamba, atazunguliridwa ndi ma courtesans achichepere!

Vuto ndiloti kuwonjezera pa izi, cantharidin imakhalanso ndi matuza. Koma popeza sanali kuzitikita, koma kuledzera, ndiye: atalowa m`mimba thirakiti Mlingo pafupifupi 0,5 mg/kg, mofulumira kukula kuledzera anayamba - ululu m`mimba, kusanza, wamagazi mkodzo, pachimake kutupa kwa impso, chitukuko cha aimpso. kulephera. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa 40-80 mg/kg modalirika komanso kosatha kunathetsa nkhani yolankhulana osati ndi akazi okha, komanso ndi zamoyo zonse: pambuyo pa autopsy, lakuthwa hyperemia wa mucous nembanemba, mapangidwe zilonda ndi foci wa kukha magazi. zinadziwika, zotupa zofalikira zinapezeka m'chiwindi ndi impso.

Kodi m'pofunika kuchita ngozi? Mbiri inati inde.

Chifukwa chake, kupambana kwa Viagra sizodabwitsa konse.

Malo achisanu ndi chimodzi

Paraquat

Popeza tikukamba za umunthu ndi anthu, mukudziwa, %username%, pamene ndinali kukonzekera mndandanda wa mamembala a parade iyi, pazifukwa zina ndinayamba kumvetsa algae, bowa, ndi zomera zonse zoipa ndi zinyama. zomwe zatizinga . Chifukwa zoipa zambiri ndi - zomwe ndi mmene! - chinyama chakupha mwachisawawa, ngati munthu - sindinapeze. Komanso, mawu oti “kusachita dongosolo” ndilo liwu lofunika kwambiri, chifukwa munthu amawononga zomera ndi zinyama, kuphatikizapo iye mwini.

Paraquat ndi organic pawiri, malonda dzina N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride. Mu mawonekedwe a mchere wa quaternary ammonium, paraquat amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala a herbicide amphamvu osachitapo kanthu. Mwa njira, %username%, kodi muli ndi tsamba lanu? Koma paraquat ali nayo!

Paraquat amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi udzu ndi udzu, koma sagwira ntchito poletsa udzu wozama kwambiri. Mankhwalawa salimbana ndi khungwa la mitengo, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa udzu m’minda ya zipatso. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, paraquat idagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi United States polimbana ndi minda ya chamba ndi coca ku South America (pazifukwa zina ndidakumbukira nkhani ya "Yellow Rain" ndi "Agent Orange" - ndikumbutseni pambuyo pake ngati mukufuna kumvera izi. nkhani nayenso).

Paraquat ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa nyama ndi anthu. Mlingo wakupha ukhoza kukhala supuni imodzi ya mankhwalawa. Paraquat ikalowetsedwa, imadutsa m'magazi kupita ku ziwalo zonse za thupi, ndipo imadziunjikira bwino m'mapapo. Izi zimayambitsa kutupa ndi kuwonongeka kwina kwa mapapo, zomwe zingayambitse fibrosis. Kuphatikiza pa mapapo, chiwindi ndi impso zimathanso kuwonongeka (kulephera kwaimpso).

Pakadali pano, paraquat imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera udzu m'maiko 120 (sagwiritsidwe ntchito ku Russia - ndidadabwa pano!).

Chabwino ndinganene chiyani? Kufuna kudya.

Malo achisanu

Endrin

Endrin idapangidwa mu 1949 ndi Kurt Alder. Kupanga malonda a endrin kunayamba ku United States mu 1951, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi aldrin ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zinapezeka kuti mankhwalawa ndi othandiza kwambiri kuposa 2 nthawi kuposa aldrin komanso nthawi 10-12 kuposa DDT. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizothandiza pakulimbana:

• mbozi ndi nsabwe za m'masamba pa fodya, chimanga, beets, nzimbe, thonje ndi mbewu zina;
• blackcurrant bud mite, yomwe mankhwala ena onse sagwira ntchito;
• mbewa ndi makoswe ena;
• anthu (chiyani???).

Inde, inde, mzanga wokondedwa, poizoni wa endrin aerosol kwa anthu ndi wofanana ndi wa hydrocyanic acid. Zimakhudza makamaka dongosolo lamanjenje. Amatengedwa pakhungu. Ali ndi theka la moyo wautali kuchokera mthupi. Wokondedwa, sichoncho?

Poyizoni wa endrin umadziwika ndi kugwedezeka kwagalimoto, kupuma kowonjezereka, kugwedezeka kwa minofu, kunjenjemera, komanso kugwedezeka kwamphamvu. Imfa imachitika pambuyo angapo kuukira kwa zokokomoka chifukwa cha ziwalo za kupuma pakati. Milandu yapoizoni pachimake chifukwa chakumwa mkate wophikidwa kuchokera ku ufa woipitsidwa wokhala ndi endrin wa 150-5500 mg/kg yafotokozedwa. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kuledzera nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa pambuyo pa maola 2-3 (nthawi zambiri malaise, nseru, kusanza, kufooka, thukuta kwambiri). Pazovuta kwambiri, kukomoka, kusamva kwakanthawi, kufa ziwalo, kusayenda bwino, komanso paresthesia. Kuchira kunachitika mwachangu, koma nthawi zina kusokonezeka kwakanthawi kochepa, nkhanza, ndi kuwonongeka kwaluntha zidadziwika chifukwa cha poizoni.

Mu 1969 (zaka 18 pambuyo pake !!!) Endrin adachotsedwa pamndandanda wazinthu zoteteza zomera chifukwa cha chizolowezi chake cha bioaccumulate (mwa njira, kodi ndidatchulapo kuti sichisungunuka m'madzi?). Komabe, mankhwalawa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko ena mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 90. Malinga ndi chigamulo cha Msonkhano wa ku Stockholm wa pa May 23, 2001, pali lamulo loletsa padziko lonse kupanga, kugulitsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito endrin, monga imodzi mwa mankhwala oopsa kwambiri komanso osamva chilengedwe.

Chiwerengero chonse cha endrin chomwe chinapangidwa kuyambira 1951 ndi ~ matani 5000, omwe matani oposa 2500 adapangidwa ku United States. Palibe amene akudziwa zomwe zidachitika pano komanso ngati zidatayidwa penapake mwakachetechete - ndipo izi ndizomvetsa chisoni.

Malo achinayi

Ricin

Kodi mukudziwa chomwe makukha ndi, %username%? Ichi ndi keke ya mpendadzuwa, yomwe imatsalira pamene mafuta amachotsedwa kumbewu. Agogo anga anabweretsa kunyumba ma disks athanzi a makukha - kenako adagwira nawo nsomba.

Kodi mudawonapo mafuta a castor, %username%? Sindikufunsa ngati munamwa, ngakhale kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi zovuta zina.

Kodi mwawonapo mbewu ya kasitolo, %username%? Ayi? Ndikhulupirireni: simudzaziwona.

Mafuta a Castor amapangidwa kuchokera ku mbewu za nyemba za castor - m'mayiko ofunda ichi ndi chitsamba chotalika mpaka 10 m, m'dziko lathu, chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika wokhala m'malo ofunda, ndi chomera chapachaka mpaka 2-5 m kutalika. .

Izi ndi momwe namsongole amawonekera
Ndipo kotero - 'castor nuts'

Chifukwa chake, %username%, simudzawona keke ya castor, chifukwa ndi poizoni wanzeru ndipo imayenera kuwerengeredwa mosamala ndikutayidwa. Glycoprotein ricin, yomwe imapezeka mu njere za nyemba za castor, ndi poizoni wa zomera zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pokhapokha mutawerenga ndere ngati zomera. Ricin ndi poizoni nthawi 6 zikwi kuposa potaziyamu cyanide. Limagwirira wa poizoni zotsatira za ricin ndi wokongola: chopinga wa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ribosomes. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, zinthu zazing'ono izi zomwe zimapanga chilichonse ndikupanga maselo kukhala othandiza mwadzidzidzi zimasiya kugwira ntchito. Kulikonse. Uku ndikugunda kwa intracellular.

M'malo mwake, kumenyedwako kumawonekera motere: nseru, kusanza, kupweteka ndi kutentha m'mimba ndi m'mimba, kutsekula m'mimba, kupweteka mutu, kugona, anuria, leukocytosis, kuphatikizika kwa maselo ofiira amwazi (apa ndipamene amamatira limodzi ndikutuluka mwachindunji m'magazi). Mitsempha yamagazi ndi mtima) - kenako kugwa ndi kufa. Ndi zophweka.

Popeza kuti mlingo wochepa wa ricin wofanana ndi nsonga wa pinni umakwana kupha munthu wamkulu, m’pomveka kuti anthu anayamba kuchita nawo chidwi kwambiri ndipo ma dipatimenti ankhondo a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito ricin ngati chida chowonongera anthu ambiri. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Komabe, chifukwa cha zolakwika zingapo, chinthu ichi sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Komabe, ricin wapeza ntchito pakati pa mabungwe anzeru. Chimodzi mwa zochitika zodziwika kwambiri zokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ricin chinali kuphedwa kwa wotsutsa wa ku Bulgaria Georgiy Markov, yemwe adamuthira poizoni mu 1978 ndi jekeseni ndi ambulera yopangidwa mwapadera. Malinga ndi magwero ena, chida cha wakuphayo chinali mfuti yamlengalenga yomwe inawombera microcapsule yomwe inali ndi ricin ndipo inabisala ngati ambulera. Mlingo woperekedwa kwa Markov sunali wopitilira 450 mcg (kapena 0,45 milligrams).

Kusavuta kupeza poizoniyu kwapangitsa kuti magulu azigawenga azipezeka mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, mu 2001, atolankhani adanenanso za kupezeka kwa malangizo opangira ricin pamalo owonongedwa a al-Qaeda ku Kabul. Mu 2003, zigawenga zambiri zidapezeka m'manja mwa zigawenga ku London; mitsinje ya ricin idapezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu ku Gare de Lyon ku Paris].

Mu 2013, anthu angapo ochokera ku Mississippi adamangidwa chifukwa choyesa kutumiza makalata okhala ndi ricin kwa Purezidenti wa US, Barack Obama, ndi nduna zina za US. Chotero, mu May wa chaka chomwecho, meya wa New York City anatumiziridwa kalata yowopseza yokhala ndi ricin, mwachiwonekere poyankha zochita za gulu la anthu “Mameya Olimbana ndi Zida Zosaloledwa.”

Wojambula Shannon Richardson pambuyo pake anaimbidwa mlandu ku Texas chifukwa chotumiza makalata okhala ndi poizoni wakupha kwa ndale zaku America. Chodabwitsa, kutsata kwa Russia sikunadziwike pano, choncho aliyense adatopa ndipo nkhaniyi idayiwalika.

Malo achitatu

Popeza tikukamba za udzu, kumbukirani za algae. Ndipo sindikunena za iwo omwe amamatira ku miyendo yanu mukamasambira - ngakhale kuti ndizonyansa kwambiri kuti ndizoipa kuposa poizoni (mwa lingaliro langa). Ayi, ndikunena za zinyalala zazing'ono ngati zazing'ono, zomwe amati: "nyanja yachita maluwa!" Zomwe zimayakabe usiku, mwachitsanzo, monga izi:


Chabwino, chabwino, ndikuvomereza, ndinaseketsa, ngakhale kuti patapita nthawi zidzaonekeratu kuti Cherenkov cheza sichikuipiraipira.
Algae amawala choncho

Choyipa ichi ndi chaching'ono, koma pali zambiri. Iye ali m'munsi kwenikweni pa mndandanda wa zakudya za m'madzi. Ndani amamuzindikira?

Ndipo pachabe.

Algae odziwika kwambiri amatchedwa dinoflagellates ndi algae wobiriwira wabuluu. Ndipo makamaka:

1. Dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus
2. Blue-green algae Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.
3. Dinoflagellates Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.

Mabwenzi onsewa amatulutsa mndandanda wonse wa poizoni womwe umadziwika kuti ndi wakupha kwambiri padziko lapansi laling'onoli. Nditchula ndi kufotokoza zokongola kwambiri.

Maitotoxin

Zopangidwa ndi nzika nambala 1 pamndandanda womwe uli pamwambapa. Ndiwowopsa kwambiri pagulu la ma brevetoxins: pafupifupi 0,2 mcg/kg ndiyokwanira kuti banja lanu lilandire inshuwaransi. Limagwirira ntchito ndi chifukwa cha kusinthidwa kwa ma voteji-Gated Ca channels, kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya Ca2+ mkati mwa maselo a mitsempha, kutulutsidwa kwa acetylcholine m'magazi ndi kusunga postsynaptic depolarization. Mwachidule - ziwalo zamphamvu komanso zosasinthika.

Molekyu ya maytotoxin palokha ndi dongosolo la mphete 32 zosakanikirana za kaboni. Ndi imodzi mwa mamolekyu akuluakulu komanso ovuta kwambiri omwe si mapulotini opangidwa ndi chamoyo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi zikupatsani chitonthozo ngati zifika mkati mwanu.

O inde, ine pafupifupi ndinaiwala, piquant mwatsatanetsatane: kukhala woimira brevetoxins, maytotoxin, pamaso kuchititsa flaccid minofu ziwalo ndi kupuma kumangidwa, ndithudi kukupatsani drooling, kwambiri runny mphuno ndi mowiriza chimbudzi. Mwachidule, n’zosatheka kuvomereza imfa ndi ulemu.

Saxitoxin

Zopangidwa ndi gulu la nzika nambala 2 ndi 3 pamndandanda womwe uli pamwambapa. Osati ozizira komanso okongola monga maytotoxin, koma osachepera misanthropic: kudya 2 mcg / kg kumapangitsa kuti anthu onse akuphonyeni. Kachitidwe ka saxitoxin ndi kutsekeka kwa njira za sodium-voltage mu mitsempha ya mitsempha. Izi zimalepheretsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa minyewa ndikupangitsa kufooka kwa minofu.

Saxitoxin ndiyosangalatsa chifukwa dzina lake limalumikizidwa ndi dzina la moluska wodyedwa wamtundu wa Saxidomus, womwe umatchedwanso "Washington clams" ndi "butter clams" ("Washington clams" ndi "butter clam" ngati sichoncho m'malingaliro athu). Chabwino, kuchokera ku dzina zikuwonekeratu komwe anthu amakonda kuzidya. Chifukwa chake, zolengedwa zokongolazi zimafuna kudya ndere, ndipo zikachuluka nthawi ya kubalana (“mafunde ofiira”), zimafuna kudziunjikira poizoni wonse mwa iwo okha. Sindikudziwa chifukwa chake: mutha kuganiza za chisinthiko, za kuchuluka kwa kukana - koma poizoni wa algae amagwira ntchito bwino pa nyama zamagazi ofunda - osati kwambiri zamagazi ozizira. Makamaka nkhono.

Mwachidule: mutadya nsomba zam'nyanja panthawi ya mafunde ofiira, mutha kupanga chakudya chanu chomaliza.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti Dziko Lachipani Chachikulu Kwambiri Padziko Lonse silingathe kunyalanyaza zomwe zapezeka, choncho saxitoxin imatengedwa ngati chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida cha mankhwala ndipo imatchedwa TZ ku asilikali a US.

Microcystin-LR

Mwachilengedwe, microcystin-LR ndi cyclic heptapeptide. Ndiye kuti, awa ndi ma amino acid asanu ndi awiri omwe adagwira dzanja ndikuluka kuvina kozungulira kokongola kotereku. Mwa njira, imodzi mwa izo ndi β-amino acid yapadera; nthawi zambiri mu peptides ma amino acid onse ndi alpha. Kodi ndizokongola kwenikweni? Ayi? Chabwino, chabwino!

Microcystin-LR kwenikweni ndi yonyansa kwambiri mwa ma microcystins onse opangidwa ndi algae wobiriwira. Ndipo ali nazo zokwanira, ndikhulupirireni! Microcystin imalepheretsa ntchito ya mapuloteni a phosphatase mtundu 1 ndi mtundu wa 2A (PP1 ndi PP2A) mu cytoplasm ya maselo a chiwindi. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa mapuloteni a phosphorylation m'maselo a chiwindi, omwe amapindika modalirika chiwalo chofunikira ichi. Koma chofunika kwambiri! - amapindika mu mawonekedwe.

Palibe amene adanenapo zapoizoni kwakanthawi kochepa kuchokera ku ma microcystins. Komabe, mavuto ambiri a chiwindi-kuphatikizapo khansa ya chiwindi-amaganiziridwa kuti amagwirizana mwanjira ina ndi poizoni wamtundu wa blue-green algae. WHO, makamaka, ili ndi nkhawa kwambiri.

Ndicho chifukwa chake atatu omwe adapambana mu parade yathu yopambana adapezedwa ndi poizoni wa algae aang'ono koma onyada kwambiri, omwe akhala akutopa ndi umunthu wonsewu.

Malo achiwiri

VX

Anthu nthawi ina adakhala pansi pazinyalala ndikuganiza: pali zinthu zambiri zosiyana, zosangalatsa zomwe zingatiwononge m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chiyani tili oyipa?

Ndipo izo zinatulukira.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, ma O,S-esters angapo a phosphoric acid omwe ali ndi gulu la dialkylaminoethylthio adaphunziridwa ku UK. Cholinga chinali chabwino kwambiri: mankhwala ophera tizilombo anali kupangidwa. Koma mwadzidzidzi zinapezeka kuti mankhwala opangidwa, otchedwa phosphorylthiocholines, ndi oopsa kwambiri kwa nyama zamagazi ofunda. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mutu wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi yomweyo unakhala wosasangalatsa kwa aliyense - ndipo akatswiri enieni adayamba bizinesi.

Akatswiri adaphunzitsa pang'ono amphaka ndipo adapeza kuti sanali phosphates, koma ma analogue a alkylphosphone a phosphorothiocholines omwe adapanga gehena yoopsa kwambiri. USA, Great Britain, Netherlands ndi Canada anabwera kudzapulumutsa ndipo anapanga gulu latsopano la mankhwala otchedwa V-gases. VX ndiye woyimilira wowopsa kwambiri.

VX ndi chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri chomwe chinapangidwapo kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pa zida za mankhwala. Monga zinthu zonse za poizoni za organophosphate, VX ndi acetylcholinesterase inhibitor: imalepheretsa enzyme iyi, yomwe imayambitsa hydrolysis ya acetylcholine, mkhalapakati wa chisangalalo chamanjenje. Hydrolysis ya acetylcholine m'thupi lathanzi imachitika nthawi zonse ndipo ndikofunikira kuyimitsa kufalikira kwa mitsempha, yomwe imalola kuti minofu ibwerere ku malo opumula. Phosphorylated cholinesterase, yomwe imapangidwa panthawi ya poizoni ya VX, mosiyana ndi acetylated, imakhala yokhazikika ndipo sichimangokhala ndi hydrolysis. Choncho, kuwonongeka kwa mamolekyu a acetylcholine kumaletsedwa ndipo kumapitirizabe kukhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka pa cholinergic receptors. Izi zimabweretsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa cholinergic zolandilira, komwe kumayambitsa chisangalalo champhamvu kenako ziwalo za ziwalo ndi minofu. Pachifukwa ichi, zizindikiro zazikulu za poizoni wa VX zimatha kutanthauziridwa ngati chiwonetsero chambiri, chosayenera kwa thupi, ntchito zamagulu angapo ndi ziwalo, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi acetylcholine mediation. Choyamba, awa ndi maselo a mitsempha, striated ndi yosalala minofu, komanso tiziwalo timene timatulutsa.

Zizindikiro zowonongeka: Mphindi 1-2 - kutsekemera kwa ana; Mphindi 2-4 - thukuta, salivation; Mphindi 5-10 - kugwedezeka, ziwalo, spasms; Mphindi 10-15 - imfa.

Kwa anthu, LD50 dermal = 100 mcg/kg, pakamwa = 70 mcg/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg min./l, pamene nthawi yobisika ndi 5-10 mphindi. Miosis imachitika pamlingo wa 0,0001 mg/l patatha mphindi imodzi.

Inde, ndiko kulondola - wowerenga mwachidwi adazindikira bwino mawu oti "dermal": VX ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono kwambiri kakhungu kotulutsa khungu poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zapoizoni zomwe zili ndi phosphorous. Khungu la nkhope ndi khosi limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za VX. Zizindikiro za dermal ntchito zimayamba mkati mwa maola 1 mpaka 24, koma ngati VX ikumana ndi milomo kapena khungu losweka, kuyambika kwake kumakhala kofulumira kwambiri. Chizindikiro choyamba cha resorption kudzera pakhungu sichingakhale miosis, koma minofu yaying'ono ikugwedezeka pamalo okhudzana ndi VX, kutsatiridwa ndi kukokana, kufooka kwa minofu ndi ziwalo.

Zotsatira zapoizoni za VX kudzera pakhungu zimatha kukulitsidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizili poizoni koma zimatha kutumiza poizoni m'thupi. Zothandiza kwambiri pakati pawo ndi dimethyl sulfoxide ndi N, N-dimethylamide ya palmitic acid. Mukuganiza bwanji, %username%, pakhala ntchito iliyonse yomwe yachitika kapena zosakaniza zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito malo odabwitsawa? Prralna!

VX imayambitsa matupi otseguka kwa nthawi yayitali - mpaka miyezi 6. Chabwino, nyumba ndi, kawirikawiri, chirichonse choyimirira, choyipitsidwa ndi madontho a VX, chimayambitsa ngozi m'chilimwe kwa masiku 1-3, m'nyengo yozizira - masiku 30-60. Kawirikawiri, kulimba kwa VX pansi (khungu-resorptive effect): m'chilimwe - kuyambira masiku 7 mpaka 15, m'nyengo yozizira - kwa nthawi yonse kutentha kusanayambe.

Ndipo mukukamba za nyukiliya yozizira ...

Dziko lapansi likudziwa milandu ingapo yogwiritsa ntchito VX.

• Mu December 1994 ndi January 1995, Masami Tsuchiya, chiŵalo cha kagulu kachipembedzo ka Chijapani Aum Shinrikyo, molamulidwa ndi mtsogoleri wa mpatuko Shoko Asahara, anapanga magalamu 100 mpaka 200 a VX, amene anagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupha anthu atatu. Awiri adadyedwa poizoni koma sanafe. M'modzi mwa omwe adapatsira poizoni, bambo wazaka 28, adamwalira, kukhala munthu woyamba kudwala VX yemwe adalembedwapo padziko lapansi. Mwamuna amene Asahara ankamuganizira kuti ndi wachiwembu anaukiridwa pa 7:00 m’mawa pa December 12, 1994, pamsewu wina ku Osaka. Oukirawo adapopera mankhwala a VX pakhosi la wovulalayo. Munthu wakuphayo anawathamangitsa pafupifupi mamita 100 asanagwe; anamwalira patatha masiku 10, osatuluka kukomoka kwambiri. Madokotala poyambirira amakayikira kuti adapatsidwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus, koma chifukwa chenicheni cha imfa chidadziwika pambuyo poti mamembala achipembedzowo adamangidwa chifukwa chophulitsa mabomba ku Tokyo ndikuvomereza kupha. Miyezi isanu ndi iwiri pambuyo pa kupha, ma metabolites a VX monga ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid ndi diisopropyl-2-(methylthio) ethylamine adapezeka m'magazi a wozunzidwayo. Mosiyana ndi sarin, VX sinagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi gulu lachipembedzo kupha anthu ambiri (monga chochitika cha Matsumoto ndi kuwukira kwapansi panthaka ku Tokyo).
• Pa February 13, 2017, Kim Jong Nam, mchimwene wake wa Kim Jong-un, wolamulira wa DPRK, anaphedwa mothandizidwa ndi VX. Kupha kunachitika pamalo onyamuka pabwalo la ndege ku Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Azimayi awiri ndi amene anapha anthuwo. Mmodzi adasokoneza chidwi cha Kim Jong Nam, pomwe winayo adaponya mpango wonyowa ndi mankhwala owopsa kumaso kwake kumbuyo. Tinamva chisoni, anamutengera kuchipatala, koma anafera m’njira.

Chabwino, monga mwachizolowezi, pamene anthu adazindikira pang'ono ndi kuzindikira zomwe adalenga, panali kubwereranso. Magesi a V amaletsedwa ndi Msonkhano wa Zida za Chemical wa 1993, kutanthauza kuti sangathe kupangidwa ndipo zosungira zomwe zilipo ziyenera kuwonongedwa. Koma pali ma nuances.

• Ndi Russia ndi United States okha omwe amavomereza kuti ali ndi kapena anali ndi mpweya wa V, koma maiko ena akukhulupirira kuti nawonso ali ndi poizoni.
• Pa Seputembala 27, 2017, atolankhani aku Russia adanenanso za kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa zida zankhondo zaku Russia, kuphatikiza VX. Palibe amene anakhulupirira izo.
• Cindy Westergaard, katswiri wa zida zankhondo komanso wamkulu ku Stimson Center, akuti Iraq "ndipo idatulutsa VX" m'ma 1980, koma palibe umboni wogwiritsa ntchito. Aliyense anakhulupirira izo. Mwa njira, VX ikupezekabe mu zida zankhondo zaku US (zolemba zankhondo ndi mphete zitatu zobiriwira zolembedwa VX-GAS). Koma palibe amene amasamala.
• North Korea, pamodzi ndi Egypt ndi South Sudan, sizinasaine kapena kuvomereza Chemical Weapons Convention.

Ndipo nthawi yomweyo - mawu ochepa za Novichok.

Kulumikizana gulu 'Novichok'

Ndi chizolowezi kucheza ndi "Novichok":

• A-230: N-(methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (pa chithunzi kumanzere), amaundana m’nyengo yozizira;
• A-232: N-(O-Methylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine (yomwe ili kumanja), yopangidwa ndi kuyesedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala ankhondo;
• A-234: N-(O-Ethylfluorophosphonyl)-N',N'-diethyl-acetamidine, ofanana ndi mafuta a viscous ndipo samafalikira mumlengalenga, amakhudza thupi pokhudzana ndi khungu, lokhazikika komanso losagwirizana ndi nyengo. .

Zinali zophatikizazi zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi Viktor Kholstov, membala wa nthumwi zaku Russia pa Gawo la 57 ndi 59 la Executive Committee ya Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons; komabe, banja lokhalo lili ndi mitundu yopitilira makumi asanu ndi limodzi yofanana.

Pali lingaliro lakuti Novichok ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa VX, koma palibe ziwerengero zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa mankhwala oopsa. M'mawu, Novichok ndi 5-10 nthawi zambiri poizoni.

M'malo mwake, pali zinthu zambiri zosasangalatsa m'nkhaniyi zomwe zikuyenera kukhala ndi nkhani yakeyake. Ndidziwitseni mu ndemanga, %username%.

M'menemo...

Tili ndi wopambana! Malo oyamba

Malingaliro ofuna kudziwa a Homo sapiens sanakhazikikebe mtima atapezeka kwa VX. Kupatula apo, zidapezeka kuti zitha kuyipitsa chilichonse choyipa kuposa kuphulika kwa atomiki - koma bwanji ngati zonsezi zitaphatikizidwa pamodzi?

Chabwino ndiye, mawu ochepa okhudza radiation.

Anthu amadziwa mitundu ingapo ya ma radiation. M'chinenero chosavuta komanso chofikirika, izi zimachitika:

1. Ma radiation oyambitsidwa ndi ma photon - UV, X-ray, gamma
2. Ma radiation opangidwa ndi ma elekitironi - beta
3. Ma radiation obwera chifukwa cha zoyambira - ma neutroni, ma protoni
4. Ma radiation oyambitsidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono - alpha

Ngati inu, wokondedwa %username%, mukufuna kuyambitsa nsawawa, mpira wa tenisi, basketball ndi mapaundi olemera, chingakukhumudwitseni kwambiri ndi chiyani? N'chimodzimodzinso ndi ma radiation - kulemera kwake, kumakhala kowawa kwambiri. Chabwino, zikuwonekeratu kuti zonse zimadalira liwiro.

M'malo mwake, kuwonongeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta alpha ndikokwanira - ndichifukwa chake kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi 20 ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi mphamvu yofananira ya ma radiation yomwe imatengedwa pamlingo wa chiwalo kapena minofu, mphamvu yachilengedwe ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta alpha. idzakhala yamphamvu kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mphamvu ya radiation ya gamma.

Mwamwayi, ma alpha particles ndi olemera kwambiri ndipo amawombana ndipo amalumikizana mwamphamvu ndi chirichonse kotero kuti samalowa mkati mwa tinthu ta khungu ta keratinized. Koma…
Polonium-210

Palibe polonium-210 yoyera padziko lapansi, ngakhale imapezeka pang'onopang'ono mu uranium ndi thorium ores. Mu mawonekedwe ake oyera amapezedwa mwachinyengo. Ndendende, iwo analandira izo. Monga momwe zasonyezera, katundu wa polonium-210 ndi wosasangalatsa kwa anthu, kupatulapo chinthu chimodzi:

• Polonium-210 mu aloyi ndi beryllium ndi boron ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga yaying'ono ndi amphamvu kwambiri magwero nyutroni kuti kupanga pafupifupi palibe γ-ma radiation. Komabe, tsopano niche iyi yakhala yotanganidwa kwambiri ndi californium.
• Gawo lofunikira la ntchito ya polonium-210 ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake ngati ma aloyi okhala ndi lead, yttrium, kapena paokha pakupanga magwero amphamvu komanso ophatikizika kwambiri otenthetsera makhazikitsidwe odziyimira pawokha, mwachitsanzo, mumlengalenga. Kiyubiki centimita imodzi ya polonium-210 imatulutsa pafupifupi 1320 W kutentha. Mphamvu iyi ndi yokwera kwambiri, imabweretsa polonium mosavuta kukhala yosungunuka, chifukwa chake imasakanikirana, mwachitsanzo, ndi lead. Ngakhale ma aloyiwa ali ndi mphamvu zotsika kwambiri (150 W/cm³), amakhala osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso otetezeka, popeza polonium-210 imatulutsa pafupifupi tinthu tating'ono ta alpha, ndipo kuthekera kwawo kolowera ndi mtunda woyenda muzinthu zowuma ndizochepa. Mwachitsanzo, magalimoto odziyendetsa okha a Soviet a pulogalamu ya mlengalenga ya Lunokhod adagwiritsa ntchito chotenthetsera cha polonium kutentha chipinda cha zida. Koma USSR kulibenso, pulogalamu ya mwezi nayonso, ndi kutentha nyumba ndi yotsika mtengo kuposa polonium.
• Polonium-210 nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mpweya (makamaka mpweya). Mwachitsanzo, adawonjezeredwa ku ma electrode alloys a spark plugs zamagalimoto kuti achepetse mphamvu yamagetsi. Izi sizikuchitidwa tsopano, ngakhale, mwachitsanzo, kwa optics olondola, maburashi ochotsa fumbi amapangidwa momwe polonium imalowetsedwa. Zowona, osati ku Russia - polonium ndiyoletsedwa kwathunthu kuno, koma ku USA maburashi otere amatha kugulidwa kenako nkuponyedwa mu zinyalala wamba.
• Polonium-210 akhoza kutumikira mu aloyi ndi kuwala isotopu wa lithiamu (6Li) monga chinthu chimene chingachepetse kwambiri unyinji wovuta wa mlandu nyukiliya ndi kutumikira ngati mtundu wa nyukiliya detonator. Kuphatikiza apo, polonium ndiyoyenera kupanga "mabomba akuda" ophatikizika ndipo ndiyosavuta kuyenda mobisa, chifukwa sichitulutsa ma radiation a gamma. Isotopu imatulutsa kuwala kwa gamma ndi mphamvu ya 803 keV yokhala ndi zokolola zowola za 0,001% - malinga ndi dosimeter, isotopu ndiyotetezeka. Koma kuti muyeze ma radiation a alpha, mumafunika chipangizo choopsa kwambiri. BINGO!

Polonium-210 ndi poizoni kwambiri, radiotoxic ndi carcinogenic, ndi theka la moyo wa masiku 138 ndi 9 hours. Masiku ano ndi maola onsewa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta alpha tikuwuluka kuchokera pamenepo: ntchito yake yeniyeni (166 TBq / g) ndiyokwera kwambiri moti simungathe kuitenga ndi manja anu, chifukwa zotsatira zake zidzakhala kuwonongeka kwa khungu ndipo, mwina, thupi lonse: polonium imalowa mosavuta pakhungu. Nthawi zambiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta alpha timene timawuluka mlengalenga osapitilira 1 cm, koma iyi si njira yopangira polonium yoyipa: zopangira zake zimadziwotcha ndikusanduka aerosol.

Ndipo chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa thupi lanu pamene polonium-210 yopatsa moyo imalowamo - kodi ndiyenera kunena? M'malo mwake, atomu iliyonse yomwe imagunda minofu yanu yofewa ya pinki imagawaniza ndikuphulitsa chilichonse chomwe chili pafupi ndi tinthu tating'ono ta alpha. Maselo. Madzi. DNA ndi mamolekyu a RNA. Zonse izi zimagwa Mulungu akudziwa chiyani - ndipo mumatenga zokondweretsa zonse za matenda a radiation pakumvetsetsa kwake koyipa.

Polonium-210 ndi 4 thililiyoni wapoizoni kuposa hydrocyanic acid. Malinga ndi akatswiri, mlingo wakupha wa polonium-210 kwa munthu wamkulu umachokera ku 0,6-2 mcg pamene isotopu imalowa m'thupi kudzera m'mapapu, mpaka 6-18 mcg ikalowa m'thupi kudzera m'mimba.

Mbiri ikudziwa milandu iwiri ya poizoni wa polonium-210. Zonse ndi zokhulupiririka kwambiri.

• Imfa ya Alexander Litvinenko mu 2006, amene anamwalira chifukwa cha poizoni polonium-210. Mwa njira, poyamba ankakhulupirira kuti anali poizoni ndi thallium. Pa Novembara 24, asayansi aku Britain Health Agency (BHA) adalengeza kuti Litvinenko adamwalira ndi kuipitsidwa kwa radioactive. Malinga ndi a Roger Cox, wamkulu wa BAZ Center for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Risks, kuyezetsa mkodzo kunawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation omwe amayambitsidwa ndi monga kuyembekezera, polonium-210. Iye ananenanso kuti ang'onoang'ono Mlingo Po-210 kumawonjezera chiopsezo zilonda neoplasms, ndipo zambiri zimasokoneza ntchito ya m`mafupa, m`mimba dongosolo ndi ziwalo zina zofunika.
• Polonium idapezeka muzinthu za Yasser Arafat, yemwe adamwalira mu 2004. Mtembowo unafukulidwa. Poyambirira, mbali ya Swiss ya International Commission idatsimikiza za poizoni wa polonium. Komabe, kenako anagwirizana ndi mfundo za mbali Russian ndi French kuti panalibe umboni wa poizoni.

Mwa njira, pali lite Baibulo polonium-210 - ndi protactinium-231. Ndi makina omwewo (kuwonongeka kwa alpha), theka la moyo wa protactinium ndi zaka 32480, choncho sizowopsa: sizimatenthetsa, sizimatenthetsa kwambiri, choncho zimakhala ndi poizoni nthawi 250 miliyoni. kuposa hydrocyanic acid. Ndizosasunthika, sizimatengedwa pakhungu - poyerekeza ndi polonium zimawoneka zosauka, choncho chitetezo chokwanira (pano ndinamwetulira ndi grin yoyipa kwambiri) kuchuluka kwa protactinium polowa m'thupi la munthu ndi 0,5 mcg. Zowona, mu thupi la munthu protactinium-231 amakonda kudziunjikira mu impso ndi mafupa - ndi kukhala pamenepo kwa nthawi yaitali, irradiating thupi kuchokera mkati. Kotero iwe uyenera kufabe.

ONSE!

Chifukwa chake tamaliza gawo lachitatu la zomwe tikudziwa, %username%.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti mwawerenga zonse mpaka kumapeto ndipo muli ndi mphamvu yodina batani lovota kuti muwone ngati kudziwa kwathu kupitilirabe.

Ndipo ili pafupi XNUMX koloko m'mawa, nthawi yoti tigone.

Ndikukufuniranibe thanzi labwino komanso ziphe zochepa m'moyo!

Ine ndine Imfa, wowononga wamkulu wa dziko.

- Mizere yochokera ku Bhagavad Gita yowerengedwa ndi Robert Oppenheimer panthawi yoyamba ya kuphulika kwa nyukiliya pafupi ndi Alamogordo pa July 16, 1945.

Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Lowani muakauntichonde.

Ndikoyenera kupitiriza?

• Siyani kunyoza ubongo wanga kale!

• Ndani amawerenganso zamkhutu izi patsamba la IT?

• Imwani poison!

• Lembani za Yellow Rain ndi Agent Orange.

• Lembani za Noovichok.

Ogwiritsa ntchito 6 adavota. Ogwiritsa 3 adakana.

Source: www.habr.com