Zowopsa kwambiri ziphe

Moni kachiwiri, %username%!

Zikomo kwa aliyense amene anayamikira opus wanga "Ziphe zoopsa kwambiri".

Zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kuwerenga ndemangazo, zilizonse zomwe zinali, zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kuyankha.

Ndine wokondwa kuti mwakonda hit parade. Ngati sindikanakonda, chabwino, ndinachita zonse zomwe ndingathe.

Ndi ndemanga ndi ntchito zomwe zidandilimbikitsa kulemba gawo lachiwiri.

Kotero, ndikupereka kwa inu ena khumi akupha!

Malo khumi

Kumodzi

Inde, ndikudziwa, %username%, kuti tsopano mudzafuula nthawi yomweyo: "Fulumirani, pomaliza chlorine, wamkulu komanso woyipa!" Koma sizili choncho.

Choyamba, bleach mulibe chlorine, koma sodium hypochlorite. Inde, pamapeto pake imasweka kukhala chlorine, koma si chlorine.

Kachiwiri, ngakhale kuti klorini ndiye anali woyamba kumenya nkhondo yankhondo m'mbiri ya philanthropic umunthu (idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1915 pa Nkhondo ya Ypres - eya, ndizo, osati mpweya wa mpiru, ngakhale ndipamene dzinalo limachokera) , nthawi yomweyo "tisapite."

Vuto ndilakuti munthu amamva fungo la chlorine kalekale asanaphedwe. Ndipo anathawa patapita nthawi.

Dziweruzireni nokha: fungo la klorini lidzamveka ndi munthu aliyense wopanda sinusitis pa 0,1-0,3 ppm (ngakhale akunena kuti imadutsanso sinusitis). Kuphatikizika kwa 1-3 ppm nthawi zambiri kumaloledwa kwa osapitirira ola limodzi - kutengeka kosalekeza koyaka m'maso kumatsogolera ku malingaliro omwe muli ndi zinthu zambiri zofunika kuchita, koma pazifukwa zina, kutali ndi pano. Pa 30 ppm, misozi idzatuluka nthawi yomweyo (osati mu ola limodzi), ndipo chifuwa champhamvu chidzawoneka. Pa 40-60 ppm, mavuto a m'mapapo amayamba.

Kukhala mumlengalenga wokhala ndi chlorine wa 400 ppm kwa theka la ola ndikowopsa. Chabwino, kapena mphindi zochepa - pagulu la 1000 ppm.

Mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, iwo adatengerapo mwayi kuti chlorine ndi yolemera pang'ono kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mpweya - ndipo chifukwa chake amawulola kuwuluka m'chigwa, kusuta adani kuchokera m'ngalande. Ndipo apo iwo anali akujambula kale mu njira yabwino yakale ndi yoyesedwa ndi yoyesedwa.

Zoonadi, ngati mumagwira ntchito pamalo opangira chlorine ndipo amakumangitsani pafupi ndi thanki ya chlorine, pali chifukwa chodera nkhawa. Koma musayembekezere kuti mudzakhala poizoni ndi klorini mukamatsuka chimbudzi kapena chifukwa cha electrolysis ya madzi amchere.

Inde, inde, ngati simunachitebe mwayi, chonde dziwani: palibe mankhwala a klorini; machiritso ake ndi mpweya wabwino. Chabwino, ndi kubwezeretsa minofu yopsereza, ndithudi.

malo achisanu ndi chinayi

Vitamini A - kapena, mofanana, retinol

Aliyense amakumbukira mavitamini. Chabwino, phindu lawo. Anthu ena amasokoneza mowa ndi kusuta ndi mavitamini, koma ndi momwe zimakhalira.

Ali ana, agogo aakazi onse anawauza kuti adye maapulo ndi kaloti. Anandiuza. Ndinkangokonda puree wakale wa karoti waku Soviet mumitsuko yaying'ono ija!

Koma musasokoneze retinol yoopsa ndi carotene yachilengedwe (izi ndizomwe zimapezeka mu vwende ndi kaloti): kumwa kwambiri carotenes, chikasu cha kanjedza, mapazi ndi mucous nembanemba ndizotheka (mwa njira, izi zidachitika. ine ndili mwana!), koma ngakhale zitavuta kwambiri palibe zizindikiro za kuledzera anawona.

Chifukwa chake, LD50 ya retinol ndi 2 g/kg mu makoswe omwe adadya. Poganizira kuti vitaminiyi ndi yosungunuka m'mafuta, ngati mutadya mafuta anyama, mudzakhala ochepa. Makoswewo anakomoka, anakomoka, ndiponso anafa.

Mwa anthu, milanduyi inali yosangalatsa kwambiri: mlingo wa vitamini A wa 25 IU/kg umayambitsa poizoni pachimake, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku kwa 000 IU/kg kwa miyezi 4000-6 kumayambitsa poizoni wamkulu (chifukwa: madokotala ndi ovuta kwambiri. anthu kuti amvetsetse, ndipo izi osati chifukwa cholemba pamanja - amawerengera vitamini A mu IU - mayunitsi azachipatala; gawo limodzi la IU linatengedwa ndi 15 mcg ya retinol).

Poizoni anthu yodziwika ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi: kutupa cornea, kusowa chilakolako chakudya, nseru, kukulitsa chiwindi, ululu m`malo olumikizirana mafupa. Vuto la vitamini A poyizoni limachitika ndi kumwa pafupipafupi kwa vitamini A ndi mafuta ambiri a nsomba.

Milandu yakupha pachiwopsezo chakupha ndizotheka mukadya chiwindi cha shaki, chimbalangondo cha polar, nyama za m'nyanja, kapena ma huskies (musazunze agalu!). Anthu a ku Ulaya akhala akukumana ndi zimenezi kuyambira pafupifupi 1597, pamene mamembala a ulendo wachitatu wa Barents anadwala mwakayakaya atadya chiwindi cha chimbalangondo.

The pachimake mawonekedwe a poyizoni kumaonekera mu mawonekedwe a khunyu ndi ziwalo. Mu aakulu mawonekedwe a bongo, intracranial kuthamanga ukuwonjezeka, amene limodzi ndi mutu, nseru, ndi kusanza. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kutupa kwa macula ndi kuwonongeka kwa maso komwe kumachitika. Kutaya magazi kumawonekera, komanso zizindikiro za hepato- ndi nephrotoxic zotsatira za mlingo waukulu wa vitamini A. Kuphwanya kwa mafupa kumachitika modzidzimutsa. Vitamini A wochulukirachulukira angayambitse zilema zobadwa ndipo chifukwa chake sayenera kupitilira muyeso watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo ndikwabwino kusamwa konse kwa amayi apakati.

Kuti athetse poizoni, mannitol amatchulidwa, omwe amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi ndikuchotsa zizindikiro za meningism, glucocorticoids, zomwe zimathandizira kagayidwe ka vitamini m'chiwindi ndi kukhazikika kwa lysosomes mu chiwindi ndi impso. Vitamini E imakhazikitsanso ma cell membranes.

Chifukwa chake, %username%, kumbukirani: sizinthu zonse zomwe zili ndi thanzi labwino kwambiri.

Malo achisanu ndi chitatu

Iron

Ndodo yachitsulo yolowa muubongo ndi yapoizoni, komabe izi sizolondola.

Koma mozama, mkhalidwe wa iron uli pafupi kwambiri ndi vitamini A.

Anthu ena amapatsidwa chitsulo kuti athetse kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi. Agogo anga osaiwalika nthawi zonse amalangiza kudya maapulo - amakhala ndi chitsulo chambiri (ndipo aliyense amadziwa nthabwala ya ndevu iyi).

Poyamba, iwo ankadya chitsulo m'lingaliro lenileni - mu chithunzi pamwamba pali carbonyl chitsulo - kotero iwo anadya izo: m`mimba ndi wodzaza ndi asidi hydrochloric, kotero finely omwazika chitsulo kusungunuka pamenepo ndipo izo zinali zokwanira.

Kenako anayamba kupereka mankhwala a iron sulfates ndi iron lactates. Chodabwitsa chokhudza chitsulo ndi chakuti iyenera kukhala yosiyana: thupi silingathe kulekerera chitsulo chachitsulo, kuwonjezera apo, limayenda mosangalala pa pH pamwamba pa 4.

7-35 g yachitsulo idzakutumizani modalirika, % username%, kudziko lotsatira. Ndipo tsopano sindikunena za chinthu chachitsulo chomwe chimayikidwa pamalo oyenera m'thupi - ndikukamba za mchere wachitsulo. Ndi ana zimakhala zovuta kwambiri (ana nthawi zonse amakhala ovuta): 3 magalamu achitsulo ndi owopsa kwa ana osakwana zaka 3. Mwa njira, malinga ndi ziwerengero, iyi ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri yakupha mwangozi mwangozi.

Khalidwe la chitsulo chowonjezera ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi poizoni wa heavy metal (ndipo, mwa njira, imatha kuchiritsidwa pafupifupi mofanana. Chitsulo chimatha kudziunjikira m'thupi, monga zitsulo zolemera - koma ndi matenda obadwa nawo komanso aakulu kapena owonjezera. Anthu omwe ali ndi iron yochulukirapo amavutika ndi kufooka kwa thupi, kuchepa thupi, kudwala pafupipafupi.

Poyizoni wachitsulo kwambiri, matumbo a m'matumbo amawonongeka, kulephera kwa chiwindi kumayamba, ndipo nseru ndi kusanza kumachitika. Kutsekula m'mimba ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "chimbudzi chakuda" ndizofanana - mumapeza lingaliro. Ngati mutasiya - mitundu yoopsa ya kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, chikomokere, kukumana ndi achibale omwe anamwalira kalekale.

Malo achisanu ndi chiwiri

Aspirin

Pazifukwa zina, tsopano ndikukumbukira mafilimu onse a ku America omwe otchulidwa, akakhala ndi mutu, amangodya mapaketi a mapiritsi. Mulungu!

Acetylsalicylic acid kapena aspirin - monga Felix Hoffman adachitcha, yemwe adapanga mankhwala opatsa moyo awa mu labotale ya Bayer AG pa Ogasiti 10, 1897, ali ndi LD50 mu makoswe a 200 mg/kg. Inde, izi ndizochuluka, simungadye mapiritsi ambiri, koma monga mankhwala aliwonse, aspirin imakhala ndi zotsatirapo zake. Ndipo iwo ndi otero: mavuto a m'mimba thirakiti ndi kutupa kwa minofu. Komabe, ngati mumamwa aspirin wokwanira, ndiye kuti mukumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (apa ndi nthawi imodzi - koma galimoto) chiwerengero cha imfa ndi 2%. Kuchuluka kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo (apa ndi pamene Mlingo waukulu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali) nthawi zambiri umapha, chiwopsezo cha kufa ndi 25%, ndipo monga ndi chitsulo, kumwa mopitirira muyeso kumatha kukhala koopsa kwambiri kwa ana.

Pakakhala aspirin poyizoni, pachimake chapamimba kukhumudwa, chisokonezo, psychosis, stupor, kulira m'makutu, ndi kugona zimawonedwa.

Muzichitira monga mankhwala osokoneza bongo: makala adamulowetsa, mtsempha wa magazi dextrose ndi yachibadwa saline, sodium bicarbonate, ndi dialysis.

Matenda a Reye amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera - matenda osowa koma owopsa omwe amadziwika ndi kutukusira kwamphamvu komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta m'chiwindi. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pamene ana kapena achinyamata apatsidwa aspirin chifukwa cha kutentha thupi kapena matenda ena kapena matenda. Kuchokera mu 1981 mpaka 1997, milandu 1207 ya Reye's syndrome mwa anthu ochepera zaka 18 inanenedwa ku US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mwa awa, 93% adanenanso kuti akudwala masabata atatu asanayambe kudwala matenda a Reye, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matenda opuma, nkhuku, kapena kutsegula m'mimba.

Zikuwoneka motere:

• Patangotha ​​​​masiku 5-6 chiyambi cha matenda a virus (ndi nkhuku - patatha masiku 4-5 kuchokera ku zidzolo), nseru ndi kusanza kosalamulirika zimayamba mwadzidzidzi, limodzi ndi kusintha kwamaganizidwe (amasiyana kuchokera ku ulesi wochepa mpaka kukomoka kwambiri, magawo a disorientine, psychomotor mukubwadamuka).
• Kwa ana osakwana zaka 3, zizindikiro zazikulu za matendawa zingakhale kulephera kupuma, kugona ndi kugwedezeka, ndipo mwa ana a chaka choyamba cha moyo, kupsinjika kwa fontanel yaikulu kumatchulidwa.
• Ngati palibe chithandizo chokwanira, mkhalidwe wa wodwalayo umachepa kwambiri: kukula msanga kwa chikomokere, kukomoka, ndi kupuma movutikira.
• Kukula kwa chiwindi kumawonedwa mu 40% ya milandu, koma jaundice ndiyosowa.
• Kuwonjezeka kwa AST, ALT, ndi ammonia m'magazi a odwala ndizofanana.

Kodi kupewa izi? Ndi zophweka: musamupatse mwana wanu aspirin ngati ali ndi chimfine, chikuku kapena nkhuku. Chenjerani popereka acetylsalicylic acid pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa ana osakwana zaka 12. Pankhaniyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti m'malo acetylsalicylic acid ndi paracetamol kapena ibuprofen. Itanani dokotala nthawi yomweyo ngati mwana wanu akuwonetsa zizindikiro zilizonse za: kusanza, kupweteka mutu kwambiri, kulefuka, kukwiya, delirium, kupuma movutikira, kuuma manja ndi miyendo, chikomokere.

Samalani ana, pambuyo pa zonse, ndi cholowa chathu.

Malo achisanu ndi chimodzi

Mpweya wa kaboni

Inde, inde, tonsefe timapuma ndi kutulutsa mpweya wofananawu. Koma thupi silitaya chilichonse chothandiza mosavuta! Mwa njira, mumlengalenga muli pafupifupi 0,04% mpweya woipa - poyerekeza, pali nthawi 20 argon mlengalenga.

Kupatula inu ndi nyama zina, mpweya woipa umatulutsidwa pa kuyaka kwathunthu ndipo umapezeka muzakumwa zonse zopanda mowa - zonse zomwe sizili mowa komanso zosangalatsa (zambiri za iwo pansipa).

Pa ndende ya 0,1% kale (mulingo uwu wa carbon dioxide nthawi zina umawonedwa mu mlengalenga wa megacities), anthu amayamba kumva ofooka, tulo - mukukumbukira momwe munamvera chilakolako chosalamulirika choyasamula? Zikachulukitsidwa mpaka 7-10%, zizindikiro za kukomoka zimayamba, zomwe zimawoneka ngati mutu, chizungulire, kumva kutayika komanso kukomoka (zizindikiro zofanana ndi za matenda okwera), zizindikirozi zimayamba, kutengera kuchuluka kwa nthawi. kwa mphindi zingapo mpaka ola limodzi.

Mpweya wokhala ndi mpweya wochuluka kwambiri ukakokedwa, imfa imachitika mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kupuma koopsa chifukwa cha hypoxia.

Kukoka mpweya wokhala ndi mpweya wochuluka wa mpweya umenewu sikubweretsa mavuto a nthawi yaitali. Pambuyo pochotsa wozunzidwayo m'mlengalenga wokhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide, kubwezeretsedwa kwathunthu kwa thanzi ndi moyo wabwino kumachitika mwamsanga.

Mpweya woipa nawonso ndi wolemera nthawi 1,5 kuposa mpweya - ndipo izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa ponena za kudzikundikira mu niches ndi zipinda zapansi.

Sungani mpweya wanu m'chipinda chanu, %username%!

Malo achisanu

Shuga

Aliyense amadziwa momwe shuga amawonekera. Sitilankhula za holivar - zomwe zimamwa shuga ndi zomwe zimamwa popanda: khofi kapena tiyi, zapha anthu ambiri.

M'malo mwake, shuga (momwemonso, glucose) ndi amodzi mwazinthu zopatsa thanzi - ndipo imodzi yokha yomwe imatengedwa ndi minofu yamanjenje. Popanda shuga, simungathe kuganiza kapena kuwerenga mawu awa, %username%!

Komabe, shuga ali ndi mlingo wapoizoni - 50% ya makoswe amafa akadya 30 g/kg ya shuga (musafunse kuti adadyetsedwa bwanji). Ndimakumbukirabe galimoto yapansi panthaka ku New York ku 2014, komwe matenda onse amadzudzula shuga: kuchokera ku kusowa mphamvu mpaka kudwala kwa mtima. Ndinaganizanso ndiye: umunthu unakhala bwanji popanda zotsekemera za mankhwala?

Mwanjira ina, shuga ndi wowopsa kwambiri (monga momwe mwawonera - Mlingo waukulu KWAMBIRI). Zizindikiro za poyizoni ndizosowa:

• mkhalidwe wachisoni
• Matenda a m'mimba.

Koma kwenikweni, pali anthu ochepa pakati pathu omwe shuga ndi poizoni weniweni. Awa ndi odwala matenda ashuga. Ndine katswiri wamankhwala, sindine dokotala, koma ndikudziwa. kuti matenda a shuga amabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuuma kosiyana, chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana ndipo amachiritsidwa mosiyana. Chifukwa chake, %username%, ngati mwazindikira:

• Polyuria ndi kuchuluka kwa mkodzo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa osmotic mumkodzo chifukwa cha shuga wosungunuka mmenemo (nthawi zambiri mulibe shuga mumkodzo). Imawonetseredwa ndi kukodza pafupipafupi, kochulukira, kuphatikiza usiku.
• Polydipsia (ludzu losatha) limayamba chifukwa cha kutaya kwakukulu kwa madzi mumkodzo komanso kuthamanga kwa osmotic kwa magazi.
• Polyphagia - njala yosatha. Chizindikirochi chimayamba chifukwa cha vuto la kagayidwe kachakudya mu matenda a shuga, kulephera kwa ma cell kuyamwa ndikusintha shuga pakalibe insulini (njala pakati pazambiri).
• Kuchepetsa thupi (makamaka mtundu woyamba wa shuga) ndi chizindikiro chofala cha matenda ashuga, omwe amakula ngakhale kuti odwala amakula kwambiri. Kuwonda (komanso kutopa) kumayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi mafuta chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa shuga m'maselo amphamvu a metabolism.
• Zizindikiro zachiwiri: kuyabwa kwa khungu ndi mucous nembanemba, pakamwa pouma, kufooka kwa minofu, kupweteka mutu, zotupa zotupa pakhungu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuchiza, kusawona bwino.

- pitani ku chipatala ndikupatseni magazi chifukwa cha shuga!

Matenda a shuga ali kutali ndi chilango cha imfa, akhoza kuchiritsidwa, koma ngati simuchiza ndi kudya maswiti, ndiye zomwe zikuyembekezerani ndi matenda a mtima, khungu, kuwonongeka kwa impso, kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, chomwe chimatchedwa phazi la shuga - Google it , mudzaikonda.

Malo achinayi

Mchere wamchere

“Mchere ndi shuga ndi adani athu oyera,” sichoncho? Ndiye chifukwa chake mchere umatsatira shuga.

N'zovuta kulingalira chakudya chathu popanda mchere, ndipo mwa njira, timagwiritsa ntchito kokha chifukwa cha zokonda zaumwini: mankhwala ali odzaza ndi sodium ndi chlorine, gwero lowonjezera silikufunika.

Ngakhale kuti mchere umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yosungira madzi amchere m'thupi, kuonetsetsa kuti pafupifupi chirichonse chikugwira ntchito bwino - kuchokera ku magazi kupita ku impso, 3 g / kg ya makoswe kapena 12,5 g / kg ya munthu akhoza kupha. .

Chifukwa ndendende kuphwanya chimodzimodzi madzi-mchere bwino, zomwe zimabweretsa impso kulephera, kwambiri kuwonjezeka kwa magazi ndi imfa.

Sindikuganiza kuti palibe amene angathe kudya mchere wochuluka (kupatulapo kuyerekeza - chabwino, njira yabwino ya Mphotho ya Darwin), koma ngakhale "zowonjezera" za mchere zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa: zimadziwika kuti kuchepetsa kumwa kwa mchere. Supuni 1 patsiku kapena kuchepera amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kufika 8 mm Hg. Motsutsana ndi maziko a mfundo yakuti matenda oopsa amakhudza kwambiri anthu kuposa AIDS ndi khansa, sindikuganiza kuti kuchepetsa kumwa mchere ndi njira yochepa yopulumukira.

Mphoto yachitatu! Malo achitatu

Caffeine

Tsopano tikambirana za zakumwa. Khofi, tiyi, kola, zakumwa zopatsa mphamvu - zonse zili ndi caffeine. Kodi mwamwa makapu angati a khofi lero? Pamene ndikulemba zonsezi, ndilibe, koma ndikufuna ...

Mwa njira, 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, guaranine, caffeine, mateine, methyltheobromine, theine - pali chinthu chomwecho mu mbiri, mayina osiyana, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti atchule kuti: "Kodi, palibe galamu imodzi ya caffeine mu chakumwa ichi - apo ... "Ndizosiyana kotheratu komanso zothandiza kwambiri!" M'mbiri, zinali motere: mu 1819, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Germany Ferdinand Runge, yemwe anali ndi tulo kwambiri, adapatula alkaloid, yomwe adayitcha caffeine (mwa njira, anali munthu wamkulu: adadzipatula quinine, adadza ndi lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito chlorine ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikuyamba mbiri ya utoto wa aniline). Kenako mu 1827, Udri adapatula alkaloid yatsopano kuchokera kumasamba a tiyi ndikuyitcha theine. Ndipo mu 1838, Jobst ndi G. Ya. Mulder adakhumudwa ndi aliyense ndikutsimikizira kuti theine ndi caffeine. Mapangidwe a caffeine adadziwika chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 1902 ndi Hermann Emil Fischer, yemwenso anali munthu woyamba kupanga caffeine. Iye anapambana Nobel Prize mu Chemistry mu XNUMX, amene analandira mbali ya ntchito imeneyi - nkhondo ndi tulo potsiriza anapambana!

50% ya agalu amafa ngati amwa 140 mg / kg ya caffeine ndi chakudya. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amadwala kwambiri aimpso, nseru, kusanza, kutuluka magazi m'kati, kusokonezeka kwa mtima, ndi kukomoka. Imfa yosasangalatsa, inde.

Mwa anthu, pamlingo wocheperako, caffeine imakhala ndi zotsatira zolimbikitsa pamanjenje - chabwino, aliyense adadziyesa yekha. Pogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, zimatha kuyambitsa kudalira pang'ono - theism.

Mothandizidwa ndi caffeine, ntchito yamtima imathamanga, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumakwera, ndipo pafupifupi mphindi 40 maganizo amakula pang'ono chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine, koma pambuyo pa maola 3-6 zotsatira za caffeine zimatha: kutopa, kulefuka, ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu. kugwira ntchito.

Njira yotopetsa yofotokozera zotsatira za caffeine.Mphamvu ya psychostimulating ya caffeine imachokera ku mphamvu yake yopondereza ntchito ya adenosine receptors (A1 ndi A2) mu cerebral cortex ndi subcortical formations ya chapakati mantha dongosolo. Tsopano zasonyezedwa kuti adenosine imagwira ntchito ya neurotransmitter m'kati mwa dongosolo la mitsempha, agonistically imayambitsa adenosine receptors yomwe ili pa cytoplasmic nembanemba ya neurons. Kusangalatsa kwa mtundu wa I adenosine receptors (A1) ndi adenosine kumapangitsa kuchepa kwa mapangidwe a cAMP m'maselo a ubongo, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kuletsa ntchito yawo. Kutsekeka kwa ma A1-adenosine receptors kumathandizira kuyimitsa kuletsa kwa adenosine, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwamalingaliro ndi thupi.

Komabe, caffeine ilibe luso losankha kutsekereza zolandilira za A1-adenosine mu ubongo, komanso zimatchinga ma A2-adenosine receptors. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti kutsegula kwa ma A2-adenosine receptors m'katikati mwa mitsempha kumayendera limodzi ndi kuponderezedwa kwa ntchito ya D2 dopamine receptors. Kutsekeka kwa ma A2-adenosine receptors ndi caffeine kumathandizira kubwezeretsa magwiridwe antchito a D2 dopamine receptors, omwe amathandiziranso ku psychostimulating zotsatira za mankhwala.

Mwachidule, caffeine imalepheretsa chinachake pamenepo. Momwemonso opiates. Monga LSD. Chifukwa chake, padzakhala chizolowezi, koma popeza kutsekereza sikuli kolimba kwambiri, ndipo zolandilira sizofunika kwambiri, theism sichizoloŵezi (ngakhale ambiri okonda khofi amatsutsana).

Zizindikiro za caffeine kudya mopambanitsa - kupweteka kwa m'mimba, mukubwadamuka, nkhawa, maganizo ndi galimoto mukubwadamuka, chisokonezo, delirium (dissociative), kutaya madzi m'thupi, tachycardia, arrhythmia, hyperthermia, kukodza pafupipafupi, mutu, kuwonjezeka tactile kapena ululu tilinazo, kunjenjemera kapena kugwedezeka kwa minofu; nseru ndi kusanza, nthawi zina ndi magazi; kulira m'makutu, khunyu khunyu (ngati pachimake bongo - tonic-clonic khunyu).

Kafeini mu Mlingo wopitilira 300 mg patsiku (kuphatikiza motsutsana ndi maziko akugwiritsa ntchito khofi - makapu 4 a khofi wachilengedwe, 150 ml iliyonse) angayambitse nkhawa, mutu, kunjenjemera, chisokonezo, komanso kusokonezeka kwamtima.

Mu Mlingo wa 150-200 mg pa kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa thupi la munthu, caffeine imayambitsa imfa. Monga agalu.

Ndiye, tsoka, khofi wanga ali kuti?

Malo achiwiri

Chikonga

Chabwino, aliyense amadziwa za kuopsa kwa kusuta. Ndipo za chakuti chikonga ndi poizoni, nayenso. Koma tiyeni tiganizire.

Kuopsa kwa chikonga kumalumikizidwa ndi vuto lakupha poizoni ku Belgium mu 1850, pomwe Count Bocarme anaimbidwa mlandu wopha mchimwene wake wa mkazi wake. Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Belgium Jean Servais Stas adachita ngati mlangizi ndipo, kupyolera mu kusanthula kovuta, sanangotsimikizira kuti poizoniyo adayambitsa chikonga, komanso adapanga njira yodziwira alkaloids, yomwe, ndi zosintha zazing'ono, ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano mu chemistry yowunikira. .

Pambuyo pake, chikonga sichinaphunziridwe ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi aulesi okha. Pakalipano zotsatirazi zikudziwika.

Chikonga chikalowa m'thupi, chimafalikira mwachangu kudzera m'magazi ndipo chimatha kudutsa chotchinga chamagazi ndi ubongo. Ndiko kuti, zimapita ku ubongo. Pafupifupi, masekondi 7 mutakoka utsi wa fodya ndi wokwanira kuti chikonga chifike ku ubongo. Theka la moyo wa chikonga kuchokera m'thupi ndi pafupifupi maola awiri. Chikonga chokokedwa ndi utsi wa fodya pamene kusuta ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka chikonga komwe kali m'masamba a fodya (zambiri mwazinthu zimayaka, mwachisoni). Kuchuluka kwa chikonga m’thupi akamasuta kumadalira pa zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa fodya, kaya utsi wonse waukoka, ndiponso ngati sefa agwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi fodya amene amatafuna ndi fodya, zimene amaziika m’kamwa n’kutafunidwa kapena kuzikoka m’mphuno, chikonga cholowa m’thupi chimakhala chochuluka kuposa kusuta fodya. Nicotine imapangidwa m'chiwindi ndi cytochrome P450 enzyme (makamaka CYP2A6, komanso CYP2B6). Metabolite yayikulu ndi cotinine.

Zotsatira za chikonga pa dongosolo lamanjenje zimaphunziridwa bwino komanso zimatsutsana. Chikonga chimagwira ntchito pa nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: atomu ya nayitrogeni ya pyrrolidine mu chikonga amatsanzira atomu ya nayitrogeni ya quaternary mu acetylcholine, ndipo atomu ya pyridine nitrogen ili ndi mawonekedwe a Lewis, monga mpweya wa keto gulu la acetylcholine. Pazochepa kwambiri, zimawonjezera ntchito za zolandilira izi, zomwe, mwa zina, zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni olimbikitsa a adrenaline (epinephrine). Kutulutsidwa kwa adrenaline kumabweretsa kugunda kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi komanso kupuma kowonjezereka, komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.

Dongosolo lamanjenje lachifundo, lomwe limadutsa mumitsempha ya splanchnic pa adrenal medulla, limalimbikitsa kutulutsidwa kwa adrenaline. Acetylcholine opangidwa ndi preganglionic chifundo ulusi wa minyewa imeneyi amachita pa nicotinic acetylcholine zolandilira, kuchititsa cell depolarization ndi kashiamu kuchulukana kudzera voltage-gated calcium njira. Calcium imayambitsa exocytosis ya chromaffin granules, motero kulimbikitsa kutulutsidwa kwa adrenaline (ndi norepinephrine) m'magazi.

Kodi ndagunda kale ubongo wanu kuposa chikonga? Inde? Ndiye, tiyeni tikambirane zinthu zosangalatsa.

Mwa zina, chikonga chimawonjezera milingo ya dopamine m'malo opatsa mphotho muubongo. Kusuta fodya kwasonyezedwa kuti kumalepheretsa monoamine oxidase, puloteni yomwe imaphwanya ma neurotransmitters a monoamine (monga dopamine) mu ubongo. Amakhulupirira kuti chikonga chokha sichiletsa kupanga monoamine oxidase; zigawo zina za utsi wa fodya ndizomwe zimayambitsa izi. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa dopamine kumasangalatsa malo osangalatsa a muubongo; malo omwewa aubongo omwe ali ndi udindo wa "zopweteka za thupi"; Chifukwa chake, funso loti munthu wosuta amalandira chisangalalo amakhalabe lotseguka.

Ngakhale kuti ali ndi kawopsedwe kake, akamwedwa pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, kudzera mu kusuta), chikonga chimakhala ngati psychostimulant. Zotsatira za chikonga pamaganizo zimasiyana. Poyambitsa kutuluka kwa shuga m'chiwindi ndi adrenaline (epinephrine) kuchokera ku adrenal medulla, zimayambitsa chisangalalo. Kuchokera kumalingaliro omvera, izi zimawonetsedwa ndi kumasuka, bata ndi chisangalalo, komanso kukhazikika kwapakatikati.

Kudya kwa chikonga kumabweretsa kuchepa thupi, kuchepetsa njala chifukwa chokondoweza kwa ma neuron a POMC komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi (shuga, kuchitapo kanthu pakukhutitsa komanso malo anjala mu hypothalamus yaubongo, kumachepetsa kumva njala). Zoonadi, zakudya zopezeka, zomveka komanso zathanzi "musadye kwambiri" zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Monga tikuonera, zotsatira za chikonga pa thupi ndi zovuta kwambiri. Zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa pa izi:

• Nicotine ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwirizana ndi zolandilira mitsempha
• Mofanana ndi zinthu zambiri zofanana ndi zimenezi, chikonga chimasokoneza bongo komanso chimasokoneza bongo.

Mwa njira, odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la m'maganizo amakhala ndi chizoloŵezi chowonjezereka cha kusuta (kodi mumasuta? - ganizirani ndikupita kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo: palibe anthu athanzi - pali omwe sanafufuzidwe). Kafukufuku wambiri padziko lonse lapansi amati anthu omwe ali ndi schizophrenia amatha kusuta (mayiko 20 osiyanasiyana adaphunzira okwana 7593 odwala schizophrenia, omwe 62% anali osuta). Pofika m'chaka cha 2006, 80% kapena kuposerapo kwa anthu omwe ali ndi schizophrenia ku United States amasuta, poyerekeza ndi 20% ya anthu osasuta (malinga ndi NCI). Pali malingaliro angapo okhudzana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kuledzera, zomwe zimalongosola zonse ngati chikhumbo chokana zizindikiro za matendawa komanso ngati chikhumbo chokana zotsatira zoyipa za antipsychotics. Malinga ndi lingaliro lina, chikonga chokha chimasokoneza psyche.

Chikonga ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa nyama zamagazi ozizira. Imagwira ntchito ngati neurotoxin, yomwe imayambitsa ziwalo zamanjenje (kumangidwa kwa kupuma, kusiya ntchito yamtima, kufa). Pafupifupi mlingo wakupha anthu ndi 0,5-1 mg/kg, makoswe - 140 mg/kg pakhungu, mbewa - 0,8 mg/kg mtsempha wa magazi ndi 5,9 mg/kg pamene kutumikiridwa intraperitoneally. Nicotine ndi poizoni kwa tizilombo tina, chifukwa cha zomwe poyamba zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo pakalipano zotumphukira za nicotine, monga, mwachitsanzo, imidacloprid, zikupitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana.

Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kungayambitse matenda ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito monga hyperglycemia, matenda oopsa, atherosulinosis, tachycardia, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, matenda amtima, komanso kulephera kwa mtima.

M'malo mwake, kuwopsa kwa chikonga sikuli kanthu poyerekeza ndi chithumwa chake chonse, chomwe ndi:

• Kusuta phula kumathandizira kukula kwa khansa, kuphatikizapo khansa ya m'mapapo, lilime, larynx, esophagus, m'mimba, ndi zina zotero.
• Kusuta mopanda ukhondo kumathandiza kuti chitukuko cha gingivitis ndi stomatitis.
• Zopangidwa ndi kuyaka kosakwanira (carbon monoxide) - chabwino, zikuwonekeratu, werengani opus yanga yam'mbuyomu
• Mapangidwe a phula m'mapapo - wosuta m`mawa chifuwa, chifuwa, emphysema ndi khansa ya m`mapapo.

Pakalipano, palibe njira yosuta yomwe ingakupulumutseni 100% ku zotsatira zake - choncho zosefera zanu zonse, hookah, ndi zina zotero, sizigwira ntchito.

Vapers sayenera kumasuka - ndipo chifukwa chake ndi chosavuta:

• Ngakhale kuti zinthu zopanda vuto monga glycerin zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - zilibe vuto kwa makampani azakudya! Palibe amene akudziwa za zotsatira za kukhudzana ndi, ambiri, za zikuchokera mpweya kumasulidwa pa pyrolysis pa nthunzi. Ntchito yofufuza ikuchitika pakali pano (kamodzi chitsanzo и zitsanzo ziwiri), ndipo zotsatira zake ndi zochititsa chidwi kale.
  Onani
• Ndinanena kale kuti chikonga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuyambira 2014, sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito ku United States; ku European Union chaletsedwa kuyambira 2009. Komabe, izi sizikulepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku China ...
  Pakadali pano, chikonga chamagulu azamankhwala (Pharma Grade, USP / PhEur kapena USP/EP) chikupezeka pamsika. Koma palinso mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amapangidwa ku China. Chenjerani: mtengo wake ndi uti? Apanso, sindine vaper, koma kungosangalala, ndimatha kugwiritsa ntchito google ndikufanizira mtengo wa zomwe mudagula mumtsuko uwu ndi ndalama zomwe ziyenera kugulira. Kupanda kutero, nthawi ina mungamve ngati mphemvu ndikusangalala kwathunthu ndi zonyansa za chikonga chotsika.

Mwachidule, anthu pakali pano sagwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezeka kugwiritsira ntchito chikonga. Ndikofunikira?

Ndipo wopambana wathu! Kumanani! Malo oyamba

EthanolA Chapaevite adalandanso masiteshoni kuchokera kwa Azungu.
Pofufuza zikho, Vasily Ivanovich ndi Petka anapeza thanki ya mowa.
Pofuna kupewa omenyanawo kuti asaledzere, adasaina C2N5-ON, akuyembekeza
kuti omenyanawo alibe chidziwitso chochepa cha chemistry. M’maŵa wotsatira aliyense anali “mu insole.”
Chapaev adadzutsa wina ndikufunsa kuti:
-Mwazipeza bwanji?
- Inde, zosavuta. Tinafufuza ndi kufufuza, ndipo mwadzidzidzi tinawona chinachake cholembedwa pa thanki - ndiyeno mzere ndi "OH." Tidayesa - ndi ndendende iye!

Nthawi zambiri, pali ngakhale Mowa toxicology - munda wa mankhwala kuphunzira mankhwala poizoni Mowa (mowa) ndi chirichonse chokhudzana ndi izo. Chifukwa chake musayembekezere kuti nditha kuyika gawo lonse lamankhwala m'ndime zingapo.

M'malo mwake, anthu akhala akudziwa bwino za ethanol kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Zombo zopezeka za Stone Age zokhala ndi zotsalira za zakumwa zotupitsa zikuwonetsa kuti kupanga ndi kumwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa kunalipo kale mu nthawi ya Neolithic. Mowa ndi vinyo ndi zina mwa zakumwa zakale kwambiri. Vinyo anakhala chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana a ku Mediterranean, ndipo adatenga malo ofunikira mu nthano ndi miyambo yawo, ndipo pambuyo pake mu kupembedza kwachikhristu (onani Ukaristia). Pakati pa anthu olima dzinthu (balere, tirigu, rye), mowa unali chakumwa chachikulu patchuthi.

Mwa njira, pokhala wopangidwa ndi kagayidwe ka shuga, magazi a munthu wathanzi amatha kukhala ndi ethanol yopitilira 0,01%.

Ndipo ngakhale zonsezi, sayansi sinatsimikizirebe za:

• limagwirira wa Mowa mmene chapakati mantha dongosolo - kuledzera
• ndondomeko ndi zifukwa za hangover

Zotsatira za ethanol pa thupi ndizochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti zimayenera kukhala ndi nkhani yosiyana. Koma kuyambira pomwe ndidayamba ...

Amakhulupirira kuti Mowa, wokhala ndi kutchulidwa organotropy, amaunjikana zambiri mu ubongo kuposa m'magazi. Ngakhale kumwa mowa pang'ono kumayambitsa ntchito ya GABA inhibitory systems muubongo, ndipo ndi njira iyi yomwe imatsogolera ku sedative zotsatira, limodzi ndi kupumula kwa minofu, kugona ndi chisangalalo (kumverera kuledzera). Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma genetic mu GABA receptors kumatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale chidakwa.

Makamaka kutchulidwa kwa ma dopamine receptors kumawonedwa mu nucleus accumbens komanso m'malo a ventral tegmental muubongo. Ndi zomwe madera awa kwa dopamine wotulutsidwa mchikakamizo cha Mowa chomwe chimayambitsa chisangalalo, chomwe chingagwirizane ndi kuthekera kwa kudalira mowa. Ethanol imatsogoleranso kutulutsa ma peptides a opioid (mwachitsanzo, beta-endorphin), omwe amalumikizidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa dopamine. Ma peptides a opioid amathandizanso kupanga chisangalalo.

Potsirizira pake, mowa umapangitsa kuti ubongo ugwire ntchito bwino. Pali kusiyana kwa majini pakukhudzika kwa mowa, kutengera ma gene a serotonin transporter protein.

Pakalipano, zotsatira za mowa pamagulu ena ovomerezeka ndi amkhalapakati a ubongo akuphunziridwa mwakhama, kuphatikizapo adrenaline, cannabinol, acetylcholine receptors, adenosine ndi kupsinjika maganizo (mwachitsanzo, corticotropin-releasing hormone) machitidwe.

Mwachidule, chirichonse chiri chosokoneza kwambiri ndipo chikuyimira gawo labwino kwambiri la ntchito zasayansi zoledzera.

Poyizoni wa mowa wa ethyl kwa nthawi yayitali watenga malo otsogola pakati pa ziphe zapakhomo potengera kuchuluka kwaimfa. Zoposa 60% zakupha ku Russia zimayambitsidwa ndi mowa. Komabe, ponena za ndende yakupha ndi mlingo, zonse sizophweka. Amakhulupirira kuti mowa wowopsa m'magazi ndi 5-8 g/l, mlingo wakupha ndi 4-12 g/kg (pafupifupi 300 ml ya 96% ethanol), komabe, mwa anthu omwe ali ndi chidakwa chosatha, kulolerana. mowa ukhoza kukhala wapamwamba kwambiri.

Zonsezi zimafotokozedwa ndi biochemistry yosiyana: kuchuluka kwa kuledzera ndi mphamvu yake ndi yosiyana m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso mwa amuna ndi akazi (izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti isoenzyme sipekitiramu ya enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH kapena ADH I) imachokera ku chibadwa. kutsimikiza - zochita za isoforms zosiyanasiyana za ADH zimatanthauzira momveka bwino kusiyana kwa anthu osiyanasiyana). Komanso, makhalidwe kuledzera zimadaliranso kulemera kwa thupi, kutalika, kuchuluka kwa mowa kumwa ndi mtundu chakumwa (kukhalapo shuga kapena tannins, carbon dioxide zili, mphamvu chakumwa, akamwe zoziziritsa kukhosi).

M'thupi, ADH imatulutsa ethanol ku acetaldehyde ndipo, ngati zonse zili bwino, kupitilira kukhala otetezeka komanso opatsa mphamvu kwambiri acetic acid - inde, inde, sindikuseka: "chinachake chayamba kuzizira - si nthawi yakwana? kuti tigonjetse" ali ndi zifukwa zomveka za biochemical: ethanol ndi mankhwala opatsa mphamvu kwambiri. M'malo mwake, chilichonse chimakulitsidwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa okosijeni wa okosijeni (chipinda chosuta, mpweya wosasunthika - ndizo zonse zochokera kuno), kapena kumwa mopitirira muyeso, kapena kusagwira ntchito kwa ADH - chifukwa cha chibadwa kapena kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa. . Pamapeto pake, chilichonse chimayima pa acetaldehyde - yomwe ndi poizoni, mutagenic komanso carcinogenic. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti acetaldehyde ndi carcinogenic poyesa nyama, ndipo acetaldehyde imawononga DNA.

Vuto lonse la ethanol limakhala logwirizana kwambiri ndi acetaldehyde, koma nthawi zambiri, poizoni wake ndi wapadera komanso wokwanira. Dziweruzireni nokha:

• Kusokonezeka kwa m'mimba thirakiti. Amadziwonetsera okha ngati kupweteka kwambiri m'mimba ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Amapezeka kwambiri kwa odwala omwe ali ndi uchidakwa. Kupweteka kwa m'mimba kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mucous nembanemba m'mimba ndi matumbo aang'ono, makamaka mu duodenum ndi jejunum. Kutsekula m'mimba ndi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa lactase komwe kumachitika mwachangu komanso kuchepa kwa kulekerera kwa lactose, komanso kulephera kuyamwa kwamadzi ndi ma electrolyte kuchokera m'matumbo aang'ono. Ngakhale kumwa mowa umodzi wokha kungayambitse kukula kwa necrotizing pancreatitis, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapha. Kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kumawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi gastritis ndi zilonda zam'mimba, komanso khansa ya m'mimba.
• Ngakhale kuti chiwindi ndi gawo la m'mimba, ndizomveka kulingalira kuwonongeka kwa mowa ku chiwalo ichi mosiyana, popeza biotransformation ya ethanol imapezeka makamaka m'chiwindi - apa ndi pamene ADH imakhala. Ine ngakhale penapake ndikumva chisoni ndi chiwindi m'lingaliro limeneli. Ngakhale ndi mlingo umodzi wa mowa, zochitika za necrosis zosakhalitsa za hepatocytes zimatha kuwonedwa. Ndi nkhanza kwa nthawi yaitali, mowa wa steatohepatitis ukhoza kuyamba. Kuwonjezeka kwa "kukana" kwa mowa (izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) monga chitetezo cha thupi) kumachitika pa siteji ya mowa wa chiwindi dystrophy - kotero musasangalale, %username%, ngati mwadzidzidzi mukhala ngwazi pakumwa mowa! Kenaka, ndi mapangidwe a chiwindi choledzeretsa ndi chiwindi cha chiwindi, ntchito yonse ya enzyme ya ADH imachepa, koma ikupitirizabe kukhala yowonjezereka mu kukonzanso kwa hepatocytes. Multiple foci of necrosis imayambitsa fibrosis ndipo, pamapeto pake, cirrhosis ya chiwindi. Matenda a chiwindi amayamba mwa 10 peresenti ya anthu omwe ali ndi steatohepatitis. Koma anthu sangakhale opanda chiwindi...
• Ethanol ndi poizoni wa hemolytic. Choncho, Mowa mu woipa kwambiri, kulowa m'magazi, akhoza kuwononga maselo ofiira (chifukwa pathological hemolysis), zomwe zingachititse poizoni hemolytic magazi m'thupi. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kugwirizana bwino pakati pa mlingo wa mowa ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha matenda oopsa. Zakumwa zoledzeretsa zimakhala ndi poizoni pamtima minofu, yambitsa dongosolo la sympathoadrenal, potero limayambitsa kutulutsa kwa catecholamines, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kupindika kwa mitsempha yamagazi ndi kusokonezeka kwa mtima. Kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kumawonjezera LDL ("zoyipa" cholesterol) ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale vuto la mowa wamtima komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya arrhythmias (zosinthazi zimawonedwa pafupipafupi mukamwa mowa wopitilira 30 g wa ethanol patsiku). Mowa ukhoza kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha sitiroko, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mowa womwe wamwa komanso mtundu wa sitiroko, ndipo nthawi zambiri umayambitsa imfa yadzidzidzi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a mitsempha ya mitsempha.
• Kumwa Mowa kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni kwa minyewa yaubongo, komanso kufa kwawo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chotchinga chamagazi muubongo. Kuledzera kosatha kungayambitse kuchepa kwa ubongo - koma izi sizothandiza konse. Ndi kumwa mowa kwanthawi yayitali, kusintha kwa ma neurons kumawonedwa pamtunda wa cerebral cortex. Kusintha kumeneku kumachitika m'madera akukha magazi ndi necrosis m'madera a ubongo. Mukamamwa mowa wambiri, ma capillaries muubongo amatha kusweka - ndichifukwa chake ubongo "umakula".
• Mowa ukalowa m'thupi, kuchuluka kwa ethanol kumawonedwanso mu katulutsidwe ka prostate, machende ndi umuna, zomwe zimakhala ndi poizoni pama cell a majeremusi. Mowa komanso amadutsa mosavuta kwambiri mwa latuluka, likulowerera mkaka, ndi kumaonjezera ngozi ya kukhala ndi mwana kobadwa nako sali bwino dongosolo wamanjenje ndi zotheka kukula retardation.

Phew. Ndi chinthu chabwino kuti sindinawonjezere cognac ku khofi wanga, sichoncho? Mwachidule, kumwa kwambiri n’kovulaza. Bwanji ngati simumwa?

Tanthauzo la "kumwa pang'onopang'ono" liyenera kusinthidwanso pamene umboni watsopano wa sayansi ukuwunjikana. Tanthauzo lamakono la US siloposa 24 g wa ethanol patsiku kwa amuna ambiri akuluakulu komanso osapitirira 12 g kwa amayi ambiri.

Vuto ndiloti n'kosatheka kupanga kuyesa "koyera" - n'kosatheka kupeza chitsanzo cha anthu padziko lapansi omwe sanamwepo. Ndipo ngakhale zitakhala zotheka, ndizosatheka kuthetsa chikoka cha zinthu zina - chilengedwe chomwecho. Ndipo ngakhale ngati n’kotheka, n’kosatheka kupeza amene alibe matenda a chiwindi, okhala ndi mtima wathanzi, ndi zina zotero.

Ndipo anthu amanamanso. Izi zimasokoneza chilichonse.

Kodi mukuganiza kuti mumadziwa holivas? Yesani zolemba za Googling za zotsatira za mowa kuchokera kwa Fillmore, Harris ndi gulu la asayansi ena omwe adzipereka kuti aphunzire vutoli! Pali mikangano yambiri ndi ubwino wa vinyo wofiira yekha, mwachitsanzo, posachedwa kunapezeka kuti polyphenols - ndipo ndi iwo omwe ubwino wa vinyo wofiira umagwirizanitsidwa - ndi ofanana mu vinyo woyera.

Ndipo ngati mutachoka ku sayansi, m'mabuku odziwika bwino muli zambiri zopanda pake zokhudzana ndi ubwino wa mowa monga momwe zimakhalira zovulaza (mahomoni ogonana achikazi mu mowa yekha ndi ofunika).

Mpaka nkhanizi zitafotokozedwa, malangizo abwino kwambiri angakhale:

• Kwa omwe sali oledzera pakali pano, kumwa mowa sikuyenera kulangizidwa chifukwa cha thanzi, popeza mowa wokha sunasonyezedwe kuti ndi chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa thanzi.
• Anthu omwe amamwa mowa ndipo sali pachiwopsezo cha kumwa mowa (azimayi oyembekezera kapena oyamwitsa, oyendetsa magalimoto kapena makina ena omwe angakhale oopsa, kumwa mankhwala omwe amatsutsana ndi mowa, anthu omwe ali ndi mbiri yauchidakwa kapena omwe akuchira) sayenera kumwa mowa. amamwa mopitirira 12-24 g wa Mowa patsiku malinga ndi malangizo a US Zakudya.
• Anthu omwe amamwa mowa mopitilira muyeso ayenera kulangizidwa kuti achepetse kumwa kwawo.

Mwa njira, asayansi amavomereza chinthu chimodzi - chotchedwa J-woboola pakati kufa pamapindikira. Ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa mowa womwe umamwedwa ndi kufa kwa amuna azaka zapakati ndi akulu adapezeka kuti akufanana ndi chilembo "J" m'boma la supine: pomwe chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa osiya ndi oledzera chinawonjezeka kwambiri, chiwopsezo cha kufa (kuchokera ku zonse zomwe zimayambitsa) zinali zochepera 15-18% pakati pa omwe amamwa mowa pang'ono (1-2 mayunitsi patsiku) kuposa pakati pa osamwa. Zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zinaperekedwa - kuchokera kuzama biochemistry ndi mankhwala, kumene mdierekezi mwiniwakeyo angathyole mwendo wake - kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino komanso thanzi la anthu omwe amamwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, koma chowonadi chikadali chowona (panali ngakhale maphunziro omwe amasonyeza kuti zakudya za zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimaperekedwa. Omwe amamwa zolimbitsa thupi amakhala ndi mafuta ochepa komanso mafuta m'thupi poyerekeza ndi osamwa, omwe amamwa mowa mwauchidakwa amasewera masewera nthawi zambiri komanso amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri kuposa osamwa - mwachidule, aliyense amamvetsetsa kuti ngakhale asayansi safuna kusiya kumwa mowa, zomwe amamwa. akuyesera kudzilungamitsa mwanjira iliyonse).

Ndizotsimikizirika ndipo aliyense amavomereza kuti kumwa mowa wambiri kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa imfa. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina wa ku United States anapeza kuti anthu amene amamwa mayunitsi 5 kapena kuposa pa masiku akumwa amafa ndi 30% kuposa omwe amamwa yuniti imodzi yokha. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, omwa omwe amamwa mayunitsi asanu ndi limodzi kapena kupitilira apo (panthawi imodzi) amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kufa ndi 57% kuposa omwe amamwa mochepa.

Mwa njira, kafukufuku wokhudza mgwirizano pakati pa imfa ndi kusuta fodya anasonyeza kuti kusiyiratu fodya ndi kumwa mowa pang'ono kunachepetsa kwambiri imfa.

Mbali inanso yotsutsana inali gawo la mtundu wa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe amakonda. The French Paradox (chiŵerengero chochepa cha anthu amene amafa ndi matenda a mtima ku France) anasonyeza kuti vinyo wofiira anali wopindulitsa kwambiri pa thanzi. Izi zitha kufotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwa antioxidants mu vinyo. Koma maphunzirowo sanathe kusonyeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima ndi mtundu wa zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe zimakonda. Ndipo chifukwa chiyani ofiira osati oyera? Chifukwa chiyani sikoyenera? Mwachidule, zonse ndi zovuta.

Zomwe simuyenera kuchita ndikumwa mukamamwa mankhwala.

Monga taonera pamwambapa, mmene mowa umakhudzira thupi n’kovuta kwambiri, ndipo m’madera ena anthu sangamvetse bwinobwino. Mankhwala ena amankhwala akasakanizidwa mu supu iyi, palibe chomwe chimamveka bwino.

• Choyamba, mphamvu ya mankhwalawa imatha kusintha - mwanjira iliyonse. Sitikulankhulanso za mlingo.
• Kachiwiri, kusokonezeka kwachilengedwe kwa ethanol sikudziwika momwe kungakhudzire mankhwalawa. Akhoza kuwonjezera zotsatira zoyipa. Ikhoza kupangitsa kuti ikhale yopanda ntchito (osawerengera zotsatira zake, ndithudi). Kapena kupha. Palibe amene akudziwa.
• Chachitatu, chiwindi, chomwe chatanganidwa kale ndi kukonza zopanda pake zosadziwika kuchokera kwa azachipatala, sichingasangalale kwambiri ndi kufunikira kokonzekera mowa. Akhoza ngakhale kusiya kotheratu.

Kawirikawiri mu malangizo (omwe amawawerenga?) Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amalemba za kuthekera kwa ntchito ndi mowa - izi ndi ngati zafufuzidwa. Kapena mutha kuyesa nokha ndikuwuza aliyense za zomwe mwakumana nazo. Chabwino, ngati muli ndi thupi linanso mu stock.

Kuchokera pazomwe ndalemba kale pamwambapa:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yomweyo aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) ndi mowa kungayambitse zilonda zam'mimba komanso kutuluka magazi.
• Kumwa mowa kumasokoneza zotsatira za mankhwala a vitamini. Makamaka, kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba thirakiti kumabweretsa chakuti mavitamini omwe amatengedwa pakamwa amatengeka bwino komanso amaphatikizidwa, ndipo kumabweretsa kuphwanya kutembenuka kwawo kukhala mawonekedwe. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa mavitamini B1, B6, PP, B12, C, A, ndi kupatsidwa folic acid.
• Kusuta kumawonjezera poizoni zotsatira za mowa - onse kuchokera ku mfundo kupondereza oxidative njira chifukwa cha njala mpweya (kumbukirani za acetaldehyde. Inde), ndipo kuchokera ku mfundo ya olowa kutsekereza zotsatira pa zolandilira chikonga ndi mowa.

Mwachidule, mowa si wophweka. Kaya zili zabwino kapena zoipa, palibe amene akudziwa motsimikiza, koma safulumira kuzisiya.

Zili ndi inu.

Pankhani yosangalatsa iyi, ndinyamuka. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndapezanso zosangalatsa.

Vinyo ndi bwenzi lathu, koma m'menemo muli chinyengo:
Imwani kwambiri - poizoni, kumwa pang'ono - mankhwala.
Osadzivulaza mopambanitsa
Imwani pang'ono ndipo ufumu wanu udzakhalapo ...

– Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah bin al-Hasan bin Ali bin Sina (Avicenna)

Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Lowani muakauntichonde.

Ndi gawo liti lomwe mudalikonda kwambiri?

• Zoopsa kwambiri ziphe

• Zowopsa kwambiri ziphe

Ogwiritsa 4 adavota. Wogwiritsa m'modzi adasala.

Source: www.habr.com