Zoopsa kwambiri ziphe

Moni %username%

Inde, ndikudziwa, mutuwo ndi wobedwa ndipo pali maulalo opitilira 9000 mu Google omwe amafotokoza ziphe zoopsa komanso kunena nkhani zowopsa.

Koma sindikufuna kuti ndilembe zomwezo. Sindikufuna kuyeza Mlingo wa LD50 ndikudzinenera kuti ndi weniweni.

Ndikufuna kulemba za ziphe zomwe inu, %username%, muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokumana nacho tsiku lililonse. Ndipo zomwe sizili zophweka ngati anzawo apamtima.

Muyenera kumudziwa mdaniyo pomuona. Ndipo ndikuyembekeza zikhala zosangalatsa.

Kotero - khumi anga akufa! Ayi, ndikhalabe woyambirira pang'ono - NINE!

malo achisanu ndi chinayi

Thallium

Thallium ndi chitsulo chofewa, chasiliva-choyera chokhala ndi tint yabluish. Mu chithunzi ali mu ampoule - ndipo izi si mwangozi. 600 mg ya thallium imagwetsa munthu wathanzi aliyense - pankhaniyi, thallium imakhala yadzidzidzi kuposa zitsulo zanu zonse zolemetsa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, monga zitsulo zonse zolemera, thallium imatchedwa poizoni wochuluka - kusonkhanitsa zizindikiro za pathological mu poizoni aakulu.

Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zolemera kwambiri, zomwe zimamatira ku gulu la cysteine ​​​​thiol m'mapuloteni ndikuwalepheretsa kukhala ndi moyo, thallium ndi yopambana kwambiri: ma ion a thallium ndi ofanana ndi kukula kwake ndi mankhwala monga potaziyamu, motero amalowetsa potaziyamu m'zinthu zamoyo. Thallium imakhala ndi tsitsi, mafupa, impso ndi minofu, imakhudza dongosolo la mitsempha, m'mimba ndi impso.

Chizindikiro chodziwika cha poizoni ndi mankhwala a thallium ndikutaya tsitsi pang'ono, ndi mlingo waukulu - alopecia yonse. Pa mlingo waukulu, alopecia ndi uncharacteristic, chifukwa munthu amafa ndi poizoni pamaso kuthothoka tsitsi. Ndiye kuti, ngati mukufuna kumeta dazi, mutha kuyesa kusewera ndi mlingo, koma pali chiopsezo chosangoganizira.

Pankhani ya poizoni ndi thallium kapena mankhwala ake, buluu wa Prussian umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, chithandizo choyamba chikaperekedwa ndi thallium ndikutsuka kwapamimba ndi yankho la 0,3% sodium thiosulfate ndi kukwiya koyambitsa makala a ufa. Amati zimathandiza, koma izi sizolondola.

Nthawi zambiri, thallium imayikidwa ngati chiphe, ndiye chifukwa chiyani ili pamndandanda wanga? Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma laboratories ambiri omwe amasanthula madzi ndi chakudya amagwiritsa ntchito zodabwitsa calibration njira IV. Ndinawona momwe yankholi linatengedwa ndi pipette, ndipo popeza panalibe peyala ya rabara - anakoka yankho pakamwa. Chabwino ndinganene chiyani… Osati njira yabwino yopezera mphotho ya Darwin.

Malo achisanu ndi chitatu

Phosgene

Phosgene, yosavuta mpaka yochititsa manyazi, ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri: umunthu wakhala ukudziwika bwino kuyambira 1812, koma "wopangidwa ndi kuwala" (ndipo umu ndi momwe dzina limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku bourgeois) mpweya si wabwino: umayambitsa. toxic pulmonary edema, yomwe anthu ena abwino adagwiritsa ntchito popanda kudziletsa popha anthu ena abwino mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse. Kulumikizana kwa phosgene ndi minofu ya m'mapapo kumayambitsa kulephera kwa alveolar permeability komanso kukula kwa edema yam'mapapo. Anthu abwino anapezerapo mwayi pa izi, komanso mpaka lero, palibe mankhwala a phosgene omwe apangidwa.

Kukongola ndi kuphweka kwagona pa mfundo yakuti zizindikiro zoyambirira za poizoni zimawonekera pambuyo pa nthawi yobisika ya maola 4 mpaka 8, ngakhale nthawi ya maola 15 yawonedwa. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi chifuwa champhamvu, kupuma movutikira, cyanosis ya nkhope ndi milomo. Pang`onopang`ono m`mapapo mwanga edema kumabweretsa kukomoka kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri pachifuwa, kupuma kumawonjezeka, nthawi zina mpaka 60-70 pa mphindi. Kupuma kovutitsa. Mfundo zochepa: mapuloteni okhala ndi edematous foamy ndi viscous fluid amapopera kuchokera ku alveoli ndi bronchioles m'mapapo kupita mumsewu waukulu wa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta komanso zosatheka kupuma. Kodi munthu watsoka amachita chiyani panthawiyi ndipo akuwoneka bwanji - mumakumbukira zithunzi zowopsya? Ndendende. Ndi edema ya pulmonary edema, pafupifupi theka la kuchuluka kwa magazi m'thupi limadutsa m'mapapo, omwe, chifukwa chake, amatupa ndikuwonjezeka. Ngakhale mapapu abwinobwino amalemera pafupifupi 500-600 magalamu, "phosgene" mapapo olemera mpaka ma kilogalamu 2,5 adawonedwa.

Pamapeto pake, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumatsika kwambiri, munthu wapoizoni ali ndi chisangalalo champhamvu kwambiri, amapuma ndi phokoso, amapuma mpweya, ndiye imfa imapezeka.

Palinso milandu pamene munthu poizoni amapewa kusuntha kulikonse kosafunika ndikusankha malo abwino kwambiri kuti azitha kupuma. Milomo ya anthu omwe ali ndi poizoni ndi imvi, thukuta limakhala lozizira komanso lopweteka. Ngakhale akukanika, sputum sipatukana nawo. Patapita masiku angapo, munthu wakuphayo anamwalira. Nthawi zambiri, pakatha masiku 2-3, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kumatha kuchitika, komwe pambuyo pa milungu 2-3 kungayambitse kuchira, koma zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana achiwiri zimachitika pafupipafupi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku imfa.

Ndiye, mungamve bwanji fungo la phosgene ndikuthawa osagwidwa ndi poizoni, mutapatsidwa nthawi yayitali yobisika komanso kuti mpweyawu ulibe kukoma komanso kununkhiza ngati zipatso zowola kapena udzu - osati zowopsa kwambiri, mosiyana ndi zomwe zimamveka mu minibus, mukupita kuti? Sizodabwitsa kusuta: kusuta mumpweya wokhala ndi phosgene ndikosasangalatsa kapena kosatheka.

Phosgene imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu popanga organic: kupanga utoto, komanso kupanga polycarbonate thermoplastics. Koma inu, %username%, kumbukirani: phosgene imapangidwa pakuyaka kwa ma freons okhala ndi klorini. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kusuta ndikoletsedwa pokonza makina a firiji ndi kuikapo. Poona kuti wosuta amamva kuti chinachake chalakwika, n’zovuta kunena kuti chofunika kwambiri n’chiyani.

Malo achisanu ndi chiwiri

Zitsogozo и Tetraethyl mankhwala

Chabwino, aliyense amadziwa za kawopsedwe ka mtovu ndi momwe amawonekera. Komabe, palibe amene amavutika kuigwira m’manja, ndipo nthawi zina amadya masangweji ndi manja omwewo. Palibe amene amavutitsa kusungunula mitsinje yamtovu ndikupuma utsi. Pakadali pano, mtovu ndi wapoizoni kwambiri ndipo, monga zitsulo zonse zolemera, zimatha kuwunjikana. Mtsogoleri akhoza kudziunjikira mu mafupa, kuchititsa awo pang'onopang'ono chiwonongeko, anaikira mu chiwindi ndi impso. Chifukwa chake, mutapeza mlingo womwe mumasilira, inu, %username%, mwachibadwa mudzamva kupweteka pang'ono: padzakhala kupweteka m'mimba, m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, kukokana, kukomoka. Ngati mupitiliza, ndizotheka kuwona kuwala kumapeto kwa ngalandeyo ndi zotsatira zake zonse.

Kuwonekera kwa mtovu ndi koopsa kwambiri kwa ana: kuwonetseredwa kwa nthawi yayitali kumayambitsa kufooka kwa maganizo ndi matenda aakulu a muubongo.

Mwa njira, lead acetate amakoma! Kodi mumadziwa %username%? Inde, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa shuga wotsogolera. Saltykov-Shchedrin adazitchulanso popanga vinyo wabodza:

Chidebe cha mowa chimatsanuliridwa pa mbiya, ndiyeno, malingana ndi katundu wa vinyo wopangidwa: molasses kwambiri pa Madeira, phula pa Malaga, kutsogolera shuga pa vinyo wa Rhine, ndi zina zotero. kenako kutseka ...

Mwa njira, pali lingaliro lakuti mawu a Chirasha akuti "kutsogolera" amagwirizana ndi mawu akuti "vinyo", pakati pa Aroma akale (ndi Caucasus) vinyo ankasungidwa muzotengera zotsogolera, zomwe zinapatsa kukoma kwapadera. Kukoma kumeneku kunali kwamtengo wapatali kwambiri kotero kuti sanasamale za kuthekera kwa poizoni ndi zinthu zapoizoni. Chabwino, inde, khalani ndi moyo mwachangu - kufa achichepere ...

Koma kutsogolera kwa tetraethyl kumafunika chisamaliro chapadera - madzi opanda mtundu, osasunthika amafuta omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera choletsa kugogoda pa petulo (Petrol Yotsogolera yemweyo). Ku USSR, utoto udawonjezedwa pagalimoto yamagalimoto okhala ndi lead ya tetraethyl ndicholinga choyika chizindikiro: mpaka 1979, mafuta AI93, A-76 ndi A-66 okhala ndi tetraethyl lead adapakidwa utoto wabuluu, wobiriwira, ndi lalanje, motsatana; kuyambira 1979. mafuta otsogola adayamba kupakidwa utoto wofiyira lalanje (AI-93), wachikasu (A-76), buluu (AI-98), wobiriwira (A-66) kapena pinki (A-72).

Izi sizinachitike konse pofuna kukongola komanso kukopa ogula - kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti utsiwo udawononga chilichonse chozungulira ndi mtovu, lead ya tetraethyl yokha ili ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa, kuyambira ku carcinogenicity mpaka kawopsedwe kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, kulowa ndi kotheka zonse ndi nthunzi (zinthu izi ndi zosakhazikika, musaiwale) komanso kudzera pakhungu. Izi zimakhudza mwachindunji dongosolo lamanjenje, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale poyizoni, wocheperako komanso wosakhazikika (inde, monga mtovu, zinthu izi zimakonda kuwunjikana).

Nthawi zambiri ziphe ndi pachimake ndi subacute. Choyamba, cerebral cortex imakhudzidwa. M'dera la vegetative malo a diencephalon, chidwi cha chisangalalo chambiri chikuwonekera, chomwe chimayambitsa kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa maubale a cortical-subcortical.

Mu gawo loyamba la poizoni pachimake, kutchulidwa vegetative matenda amadziwika: kutentha kwa thupi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi kugwa, kugona kusokonezeka, kuopa imfa kosalekeza kumawonekera usiku, nkhawa, kukhumudwa. Pali kumverera kwa mpira watsitsi kapena ulusi pa lilime.

Pachimake pachimake, kutchulidwa kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe kumawonekera: kuopa imfa kumayamba kusokoneza osati usiku wokha, komanso masana, zowona, zowoneka, zowoneka bwino za chikhalidwe chowopsa, chinyengo cha chizunzo ndi maubale. Mothandizidwa ndi delirium, chisokonezo cha psychomotor chimayamba, wodwalayo amakhala waukali, nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthawi zina pomwe, poyesa kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo kwa anthu omwe amati amawatsata, anthu adadziponya kunja kwa mazenera.

Pachimake, kudzutsidwa kwa psychomotor kumafika pazovuta kwambiri. Chidziwitso chasokonezeka. Zomvetsa chisoni n'zakuti akudulidwa, njoka zikuzungulira thupi lake, ndi zina zotero. Matenda a khunyu angayambe. Kumayambiriro kwa kudzutsidwa kwa psychomotor, kutentha kumakwera (mpaka 40 ° C), kupanikizika ndi kugunda kwa mtima kumawonjezeka. Mapeto ake ndi omveka bwino: kugwa, imfa.

Ngati mudakali ndi mwayi, matendawa ndi abwino: kudzutsidwa kwa psychomotor kumasinthidwa ndi vegetative-asthenic state. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zolakwika zamaganizo, kukhumudwa maganizo, kuchepa kwa nzeru, kutaya chidwi ndi chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero - koma mudzakhala ndi moyo. Sindikudziwa ngati ndizosangalatsa.

Mwa njira, mukukumbukira nkhani za agogo aakazi owopsa omwe amasuta mafuta amafuta? Oo! Malinga ndi lingaliro lamphamvu lomwe likufuna kufotokoza kusinthasintha kwa ziwopsezo zaupandu mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 1960 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 1990, poizoni wa tetraethyl muubwana udasokoneza kukula kwa dongosolo lamanjenje lapakati, zomwe zidapangitsa kuwonjezeka. m’makhalidwe aupandu muuchikulire, zimene zinachititsa kuti upandu uchuluke kuyambira m’ma 1990 mpaka kuchiyambi kwa ma 1970. Kutsika kwa ziwopsezo zaupandu kuyambira m'ma XNUMX, malinga ndi lingaliro ili, likufotokozedwa ndi kuchepa kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mafuta opangidwa ndi tetraethyl lead kuyambira XNUMXs.

Komabe, ngati mulibe mwayi, ndipo muli ndi poizoni wotsogolera tetraethyl, ndiye kuti mudzatengedwa ngati psycho wamba: mapiritsi ogona (barbiturates), hexenal, chlorpromazine, mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kupatula morphine, omwe amapereka mphamvu yodabwitsa, kudzutsa chilakolako). ). Glucose wokhala ndi mavitamini a B ndi ascorbic acid, dehydrating agents (shuga, magnesium sulfate), komanso mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi (ndi kugwa) amaperekedwanso. kapena adzakupangani mwamuna. Ngati muli ndi mwayi, ndiye zololera.

Mwa njira, kutsogolera kwa tetraethyl ndikoletsedwa kulikonse, inde. Ku Russia - kuyambira Novembara 15, 2002, koma nthawi zina, ndikuyang'ana ena, ndimakayikira ...

Malo achisanu ndi chimodzi.

Poizoni wa botulinum

Puloteni yovuta ya neurotoxin yopangidwa ndi bakiteriya Clostridium botulinum. Mphamvu ya neurotoxin yodziwika kwambiri ndi mlingo wakupha pafupifupi 0,000001 mg/kg ya thupi lanu lofooka.

Mwa njira, poizoni wa botulinum ndi imodzi mwamapuloteni ovuta kwambiri opangidwa mwachilengedwe.

Kodi mungamve chiyani pamene pamwamba pa kaphatikizidwe kachilengedwe kamalowa m'mimba mwanu? Poyizoni zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa minyewa ya cranial, minofu ya chigoba, ndi minyewa yamtima. Chifunga chidzawonekera pamaso panu, mawanga adzawonekera, ndipo ambiri adzayamba kugwedeza (osati chifukwa chakuti mumamwa kwambiri paphwando). Pambuyo pake, vuto la kulankhula ndi kumeza ndi nkhope yofanana ndi chigoba zimawonekera. Imfa imachitika chifukwa hypoxia chifukwa mkhutu mpweya kagayidwe, asphyxia kupuma thirakiti, ziwalo kupuma minofu ndi mtima minofu. Mwachidule, mudzafa, ndipo mopweteka kwambiri pamenepo.

Bwanji malo achisanu ndi chimodzi okha? Chowonadi ndi chakuti clostridia botulinum - ambuye okhawo opanga poizoni omwe samaulula chinsinsi - sakonda kugwira ntchito mumlengalenga, chifukwa chake mutha kuwapeza makamaka muzakudya zam'chitini ndi soseji - makamaka mu bowa wokazinga wam'chitini. ndi nyama ndi nsomba zokololedwa mu zidutswa zazikulu ndi kuwonongeka pamwamba. Malo achiwiri ndi mankhwala: awa ndi Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Kotero ngati mwamenyedwa ndi chinthu choterocho, pali mwayi uliwonse kuti mumve zovuta zosaneneka za ubwino wonse womwe tafotokozazi. Zoyipa kwambiri sipadzakhala wina woti auze.

Kodi kupulumutsidwa bwanji? Osadya kalikonse. Ndipo ngati mudya, ndiye kuti mutatha kutentha: poizoni wa botulinum sakonda kwambiri pamene yokazinga kapena yophika. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa sawopa madzi a m'mimba, amawonongeka pamene yophika kwa mphindi 25-30.

Malo achisanu

Amatoxin
Ndipotu, ili ndi gulu la ziphe, zonse zimadalira zomwe mungagwirizane nazo m'malo mwa R1..R5. Mwachilengedwe, awa ndi ma cyclic octapeptides okhala ndi zotsalira zisanu ndi zitatu za amino acid. Amapezeka m'matupi a fruiting a bowa amtundu wa Amanita, Galerin ndi Lepiota - inde, grebe wotumbululuka amachokera kuno.

Amatoxins ndi ena mwa ma hepatotoxins amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kotero ziribe kanthu momwe mumamwa, % lolowera%, silingafanane ndi kukongola uku: amatoxins modalirika amatsekereza RNA polymerase II, yomwe imalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka messenger RNA ndikuyambitsa necrosis ya hepatocytes. Ndipo popeza m'dziko lathu simungakhale ndi moyo popanda chiwindi - chabwino, mukumvetsa.

Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha zinyalala izi ndi nthawi yayitali yobisika: maola 6-30. Ndiko kuti, simudzakhalanso ndi nthawi yoti muzindikire ndikutsuka m'mimba mwanu. Zizindikiro zimadza mwadzidzidzi: kusanza kwakukulu (kokhazikika), kupweteka m'mimba, kutsekula m'mimba. Muzopangidwa ndi kutsekula m'mimba (chabwino, mukumvetsa), magazi amawonedwa, popeza kuwonongeka kwa ma enterocyte m'matumbo kumachitika. Zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano ndi chiwindi ... sindikufuna kuganiza. Kukula kufooka, kuphwanya madzi ndi electrolyte bwino. Patsiku la 2 - 3, zizindikiro za hepatopathy zapoizoni zimayamba: chiwindi chimakula, kukhumudwa kumakulirakulira, jaundice imawonekera ndipo hemorrhagic diathesis imachitika - apa ndipamene mukutidwa ndi zidzolo zamagazi. Nephropathy, hepatic aimpso kulephera, hepatargia, anuria, chikomokere. Zonse ndi zachisoni. Poyizoni woopsa kwambiri umapezeka mwa ana, ndizowopsa makamaka ngati kuchuluka kwa poizoni (kuposa 200 mg) kwalowa m'thupi: pamenepa, kuledzera kumachitika pa liwiro la mphezi, ndikukula kwa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chiwindi ndi atrophy. imfa yofulumira.

Choyambitsa chachikulu cha imfa ndicho kulephera kwa chiwindi, kulephera kwa chiwindi ndi impso. Ngakhale mutapulumuka, mudzapeza kusintha kosasinthika mu kapangidwe ka chiwindi, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi necrosis yonse.

Kodi mungapulumutsidwe bwanji ku izi? Tsoka ilo, ma atoxins amalimbana kwambiri ndi kutentha kuposa poizoni wa botulinum. Mulimonsemo, musadzipangire kukhala wotola bowa ndipo ngati mudalowa kale m'nkhalango - dzipezereni china chabwino choti muchite! Osagula bowa kwa agogo, ngakhale akuwoneka okongola kwambiri! Kumbukirani za Snow White - ndipo mulibe gnomes kapena akalonga odziwika bwino!

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mlingo waukulu wa penicillin umathandizira kuledzera. Mphekesera zimati silibinin, yomwe imakhala ndi njere zamkaka zamkaka, imachotsa ma atoxins, koma izi sizolondola. Anthu ambiri amadzipereka kuti achite nawo mayeso, koma pazifukwa zina palibe amene amavomereza.

Malo achinayi

Aflatoxins

Ma Aflatoxins ndi gulu la ma polyketides opangidwa ndi bowa wocheperako (micromycetes) amitundu ingapo yamtundu wa Aspergillus (makamaka A. flavus ndi A. parasiticus). Ana amenewa amamera pambewu, mbewu, ndi zipatso za zomera zokhala ndi mafuta ambiri, monga njere za mtedza. Ma aflatoxins amapangidwa pakapita nthawi komanso osasungidwa bwino m'magulu akale a tiyi ndi zitsamba zina. Poizoniyu amapezekanso mumkaka wa nyama zomwe zadya zakudya zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka.

Mwa ziphe zonse zopangidwa mwachilengedwe, ma aflatoxins ndi ma hepatocarcinogens amphamvu kwambiri omwe apezeka mpaka pano. Poizoni wochuluka akalowa m'thupi, imfa imachitika m'masiku ochepa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi kosasinthika, pamene mlingo wochepa umalowa, aflatoxicosis imayamba, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuponderezedwa kwa chitetezo chamthupi, kuwonongeka kwa DNA, kuyambitsa kwa oncogenes - khansa ya chiwindi. zotsatira zake. Inde, %username%, ngati simudya mtedza kapena mbewu zabwino kwambiri, mudzafa. Mwina osati nthawi yomweyo, koma kutsimikiziridwa ndi zowawa.

Ma Aflatoxins amalimbana ndi kutentha kwa mankhwalawa - kotero izi zimagwiranso ntchito ku mtedza wokazinga.

M'mayiko otukuka, kuyang'anira mosamala zinthu zomwe ma aflatoxins amapezeka nthawi zambiri (mtedza, chimanga, mbewu za dzungu, etc.) zimachitika, maere omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amawonongedwa. M’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene kumene kulibe kuwongolera koteroko, kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi bowa wa nkhungu kudakali chochititsa chachikulu cha kufa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mozambique, chiŵerengero cha anthu amene amafa ndi khansa ya m’chiwindi n’chokwera kuŵirikiza ka 50 kuposa cha ku France.

Kodi dziko lanu ndi liti, %username%?

Tiyeni tikweze nkhokwe! Malo achitatu

Mercury makamaka - Methylmercury

Aliyense amadziwa kuopsa kwa mercury. Za kuthyola ma thermometers ndikusewera ndi mipira yokongola yamatsenga - ndikhulupiliranso.

Mercury ndi mankhwala ake onse ndi poizoni. Kuwonekera kwa mercury, ngakhale pang'ono, kungayambitse mavuto aakulu a thanzi ndikuyika chiwopsezo ku chitukuko cha mwana ndi kukula kwa ubwana. Mercury ikhoza kukhala poizoni ku manjenje, kugaya chakudya, ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, komanso m'mapapu, impso, khungu, ndi maso. WHO yalemba mercury ngati imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu khumi kapena magulu amankhwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu.

Koma kwenikweni izo ziri tsopano. Madokotala omwewo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970 anali otanganidwa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a mercury:

• mercury kolorayidi (I) (calomel) - mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba;
• Mercusal ndi Promeran ndi amphamvu okodzetsa;
• mercury (II) chloride, mercury (II) cyanide, mercury amidochloride ndi yellow mercury (II) oxide - antiseptics (kuphatikiza ngati gawo la mafuta odzola).

Pali zochitika pamene, pa volvulus m'matumbo, galasi la mercury linatsanuliridwa m'mimba mwa wodwalayo. Malinga ndi asing'anga akale omwe amapereka njira yochizira iyi, mercury, chifukwa cha kulemera kwake komanso kuyenda kwake, idayenera kudutsa m'matumbo ndipo, pansi pa kulemera kwake, kuwongola mbali zake zopotoka.

Kukonzekera kwa Mercury kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka za zana la 1963. (mu USSR mpaka XNUMX) zochizira chindoko. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti wotumbululuka treponema, amene amayambitsa chindoko, kwambiri tcheru kwa organic ndi inorganic mankhwala kuti kutchinga magulu sulfhydryl wa thiol michere ya tizilombo - mankhwala a mercury, arsenic, bismuth ndi ayodini. Komabe, chithandizo choterocho sichinali chokwanira komanso choopsa kwambiri kwa thupi la wodwalayo, lomwe limakhalanso ndi magulu a sulfhydryl, ngakhale kuposa treponema yatsoka. Chithandizo choterocho chinapangitsa kuti tsitsi lonse liwonongeke komanso kuti pakhale chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi mavuto aakulu. Komabe, madokotala okoma mtima, okoma mtima adapitanso patsogolo: adagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera thupi lonse, momwe wodwalayo adayikidwa mu chidebe chotenthedwa, pomwe mpweya wa mercury umaperekedwa. Njirayi, ngakhale kuti inali yothandiza, zotsatira zake ndi chiopsezo chakupha poizoni wa mercury zinachititsa kuti pang'onopang'ono athetsedwe kuchipatala.

Mwa njira, siliva amalgam ankagwiritsidwa ntchito muudokotala wa mano ngati chinthu chodzaza mano asanatuluke zipangizo zochiritsidwa. Kumbukirani izi nthawi iliyonse azakhali okongola okhala ndi magalasi akuwerama!

Mpweya wakupha kwambiri komanso mankhwala osungunuka a mercury. Mercury yachitsulo yokhayo imakhala yoopsa kwambiri, koma imatuluka pang'onopang'ono ngakhale kutentha kwa firiji, ndipo nthunzi imatha kuyambitsa poizoni - ndipo mwa njira, nthunzi sizinunkhiza. Mercury ndi mankhwala ake (sublimate, calomel, cinnabar, mercury cyanide) zimakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, chiwindi, impso, m'mimba thirakiti, ndipo pokoka mpweya, kupuma thirakiti. Mercury ndi chizindikiro cha ziphe zochulukirachulukira.

Mankhwala a organic mercury, makamaka, methylmercury, amasiyana pang'ono. Amapangidwa, monga lamulo, chifukwa cha kagayidwe kake kamene kamakhala pansi pamene mercury imatulutsidwa m'madzi. Chinthucho ndi poizoni kwambiri. Kawopsedwe ndi wamkulu kuposa wa mercury, chifukwa chogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi magulu a sulfhydryl a michere, chifukwa chake, kusagwira ntchito kwa ma enzymes. Popeza chinthucho ndi covalent pawiri ndipo si polar pang'ono kuposa mercury cation palokha, zotsatira pa thupi n'zofanana ndi heavy metal poizoni (makamaka mercury), koma ali ndi zachilendo: kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo wamanjenje kumaonekera kwambiri. Chotupa ichi chimadziwika kuti matenda a Minamata.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, matendawa adalembetsedwa ndikuphunziridwa ku Japan, ku Kumamoto Prefecture mumzinda wa Minamata mu 1956. Choyambitsa matendawa chinali kutulutsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mercury mu Minamata Bay ndi Chisso, yomwe idasinthidwa kukhala methylmercury ndi ma benthic microorganisms mu metabolism yawo, ndipo popeza pawiriyi imakonda kudziunjikira mu zamoyo, chifukwa chake, kuchulukana kwamafuta m'thupi. kuchuluka kwa zamoyo kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa malo awo mumndandanda wazakudya. Choncho, mu nsomba za ku Minamata Bay, methylmercury inachokera pa 8 mpaka 36 mg/kg, mu oyster - mpaka 85 mg/kg, pamene m’madzi munali zosaposa 0,68 mg/l.

Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kusayenda bwino, kuyaka, kumva kulasalasa, kumva kuwawa m'malekezero, kusazindikira bwino, kutopa, kulira m'makutu, kuchepa kwa maso, kumva kumva komanso kuyenda movutikira. Ena mwa ovutika kwambiri ndi nthenda ya Minamata anapenga, kukomoka, ndi kufa mkati mwa mwezi umodzi chiyambireni nthendayo.

Palinso mikhole yokhala ndi zizindikiro zosatha za matenda a Minamata, monga kupweteka kwa mutu, kutopa kaŵirikaŵiri, kutaya fungo ndi kukoma, ndi kuiŵala, zimene ziri zobisika koma zimapangitsa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kukhala wovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikizanso apo, pali odwala matenda a Minamata obadwa nawo omwe anabadwa ndi vuto lachilendo chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi methylmercury akadali m’mimba mwa amayi awo omwe amadya nsomba zowonongeka.

Matenda a Minamata sanachiritsidwebe, chotero chithandizo chimaphatikizapo kuyesa kuchepetsa zizindikiro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira thupi. Kuwonjezera pa chivulazo chakuthupi chochititsidwa ndi thanzi, palinso chivulazo cha anthu, chimene chiri tsankho kwa ozunzidwa ndi nthenda ya Minamata. Chabwino, %username%, kodi mukufunabe kusamukira ku Land of Fukushima, Minamata ndi Rising Sun?

Mwa njira, mu 1996, mumzinda wa Meisei, womwe uli pafupi ndi gombe, Minamata Disease Museum inamangidwa. Mu 2006, Chikumbutso chinamangidwa pabwalo la nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuti chikumbukire anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi poizoni wa mercury chifukwa cha kuipitsa ku Minamata Bay. Akuti ozunzidwawo sanasangalale ndi izi.

Malo achiwiri

Methanol

Aliyense amadziwa za methanol. Koma m'malingaliro mwanga ndizochepera.

Vuto la methanol si vuto lake, koma vuto la thupi lathu. Kupatula apo, lili ndi enzyme ya alcohol dehydrogenase (kapena ADH I), yomwe idaperekedwa kwa ife mwachilengedwe chifukwa cha kusweka kwa mowa. Ndipo ngati, pankhani ya ethanol wamba, imaphwanya kukhala acetaldehyde (hello, hangover!), Ndipo ngati muli ndi mwayi, imaphwanya kuti ikhale yopanda vuto komanso yopatsa thanzi asidi mu mawonekedwe a acetyl-coenzyme A, Kenako methanol yasokonezedwa: imakhala poizoni formaldehyde ndi formate. Mwachiwonekere, Mayi Nature ali ndi nthabwala zapadera kwambiri.

Vutoli likukulirakulira chifukwa chakuti, malinga ndi daredevils (palibe ambiri a iwo), methanol amakoma ndi fungo losasiyana ndi mowa wokhazikika, ndipo makamaka akasakaniza nawo. Mwa njira, zomwe iodoform zimachita, pamene iodoform yachikasu imalowa ndi mowa wa ethyl, koma palibe chomwe chimayambitsa methanol, sichigwira ntchito kuti mudziwe zomwe zili mu methanol mu njira ya ethanol.

1-2 milliliters wa methanol pa kilogalamu ya nyama zambiri kungakupatseni kutumiza daredevils kwa anthu ena chidwi ndi mapiko pa misana yawo, ndipo chifukwa cha predisposition wapadera wa chinthu ichi kwa mitsempha optic, 10-20 ml imapangitsa munthu wakhungu. Kwamuyaya.

Mwamwayi, poizoni wa methanol amakula pakatha maola angapo, ndipo mankhwala othandiza amatha kuchepetsa kuwonongeka. Choncho, ngati inu,% lolowera%, pambuyo overdoing pazifukwa zina, kumva mutu, kufooka ambiri, malaise, kuzizira, nseru ndi kusanza - kumwa kwambiri. Sindikuseka: monga momwe tafotokozera m'buku la dokotala wadzidzidzi, poyizoni ya methanol, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ethanol, omwe amaperekedwa kudzera m'mitsempha mu mawonekedwe a 10% yankho ndi dontho kapena 30-40% yankho pamlomo pa mlingo. 1-2 magalamu a yankho pa 1 kg ya kulemera kwa thupi patsiku. Phindu mu nkhani iyi kuonetsetsa ndi kupatutsidwa kwa ADH I puloteni kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa exogenous Mowa. Zindikirani kuti ngati matenda si olondola mokwanira, methanol poizoni akhoza molakwika ndi zosavuta kuledzera mowa (monga taonera kale) kapena poizoni ndi 1,2-dichloroethane kapena carbon tetrachloride (organic solvents, amene akadali mphatso; koma osati owala kwambiri) - Pankhaniyi, kuyambitsa kuchuluka kwa mowa wa ethyl ndikoopsa. Pazonse, mwamwayi, %username%. Khalani amphamvu.

Methanol poizoni ndizofala kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ku USA mu 2013, milandu 1747 idalembedwa (ndipo inde - USA). Zambiri za poizoni za methanol zimadziwika:

• Kupha poizoni wa methanol ku Spain koyambirira kwa 1963; Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amwalira ndi 51, koma kuyerekezera kuli kuyambira 1000 mpaka 5000.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol ku Bangalore (India) mu Julayi 1981. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira ndi 308.
• Kupha poizoni ndi vinyo wa methanol-laced ku Italy m'chaka cha 1986; Anthu 23 anafa.
• Kupha kwa methanol ku El Salvador mu Okutobala 2000 kudapha anthu 122. Akuluakulu akukayikira kuti zigawenga zaukira, popeza methanol sanapezeke mu zakumwa zoledzeretsa pamafakitale opanga pakufufuza za zomwe zidachitika.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol pa September 9-10, 2001 mumzinda wa Pärnu (Estonia); Anthu 68 anafa.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol ku Czech Republic, Poland ndi Slovakia mu September 2012; Anthu 51 anafa.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol pa Disembala 17-20, 2016 ku Irkutsk (Russia). Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira ndi 78.

Pachifukwa ichi, methanol adatenga malo achiwiri mu kusanja kwathu. Ndipo sizoseketsanso.

Ta-dam! Zosangalatsa! Tili ndi malo oyamba!

Poyamba, sitidzakhala ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri omwe amapezeka kwinakwake mu nyama kapena nsomba zina za kumalo otentha. Choncho tiyeni tiiwale za tetrodotoxin ndi batrachotoxin.

Sipadzakhala mtundu wina wazinthu zomwe zingapezeke m'mafakitale apadera - monga beryllium nitrate, zomwe, mwa njira, zimakomanso zokoma, kapena arsenic chloride, zomwe zimakondedwa kwambiri ku Middle Ages.

Sizidzakhala mtundu wina wa organic, womwe sungapezekenso masana ndi moto - monga ricin, kapena zomwe zaphunziridwa kale ndipo zimakhala mu kabati ya mankhwala - monga strychnine kapena digitoxin.

Sizingakhale cyanide yomenyedwa ndi hydrocyanic acid yomwe epic inalephera kuchitika pa nkhani ya Rasputin.

Sizikhala polonium-210 kapena VX, yomwe imatsimikizirika kupha ngakhale ting'onoting'ono - koma sichipezeka kwa anthu wamba.

Ayi, mtsogoleri wathu adzakhala wakupha weniweni, yemwe ali ndi mamiliyoni a miyoyo pa akaunti yake.

Mpweya wa carbon monoxide

Ndipotu, inali carbon monoxide yomwe inatumiza gulu la anthu kudziko lotsatira. Mpweya wopanda mtundu, wopanda fungo komanso wopanda kukoma umenewu umalowa mumpweya wa mumlengalenga nthawi yamtundu uliwonse wa kuyaka. Mpweya wa monoxide umamangiriza ku hemoglobin, kupanga carboxyhemoglobin, ndikuletsa kusamutsa kwa okosijeni kupita ku maselo am'minyewa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku hemic hypoxia. Mpweya wa carbon monoxide umakhudzidwanso ndi zochitika za okosijeni, kusokoneza kayendedwe ka biochemical mu minofu. Mu ichi, zochita zake zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi cyanide.

Poizoni ndi zotheka:

• pa nthawi ya moto;
• kupanga, kumene carbon monoxide ntchito kupanga angapo organic zinthu (acetone, methyl mowa, phenol, etc.);
• m'malo okhala ndi gasi momwe zida zogwiritsira ntchito gasi zimayendetsedwa (chitofu, zotenthetsera madzi nthawi yomweyo, ma jenereta otentha okhala ndi chipinda choyatsira chotseguka) pansi pamikhalidwe yosakwanira yosinthana ndi mpweya, mwachitsanzo, ngati pali kuphwanya kwa chimneys ndi / kapena ma ducts olowera mpweya kapena kusowa kwa mpweya woperekera kutentha kwa gasi;
• m'magaraja opanda mpweya wabwino, m'zipinda zina zopanda mpweya wabwino kapena mpweya wabwino, ngalande, popeza utsi wagalimoto uli ndi 1-3% CO molingana ndi miyezo;
• mukakhala mumsewu wotanganidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena pafupi nayo - m'misewu yayikulu, kuchuluka kwa COXNUMX kumadutsa poyizoni;
• kunyumba ngati kutayikira kwa gasi wowunikira komanso ngati zida zotsekera mbaula mwadzidzidzi m'zipinda zokhala ndi Kutentha kwa chitofu (nyumba, mabafa);
• mukamagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa kwambiri pazida zopumira;
• posuta hookah (inde, anthu ambiri amamva kupweteka kwa mutu, chizungulire, nseru, kugona atasuta hookah, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha poizoni wa carbon monoxide wopangidwa pamene palibe mpweya wokwanira mu chipangizo cha hookah).

Chifukwa chake, %username%, muli ndi mwayi wambiri wodziwa zakupha.

Pazigawo za 0,08% CO mu mpweya wopuma, munthu amamva kupweteka kwa mutu komanso kutsekemera. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa CO ndende mpaka 0,32%, ziwalo ndi kutaya chidziwitso zimachitika (imfa imapezeka pakatha mphindi 30). Pa ndende yoposa 1,2%, chidziwitso chimatayika pambuyo popuma kawiri kapena katatu, munthu amafa pasanathe mphindi 3 akugwedezeka. Pazinthu za dotoxic (zosakwana 0,08%), mutha kupeza zosangalatsa zotsatirazi (pamene ndende ikuwonjezeka):

1. Kuchepa kwa liwiro la machitidwe a psychomotor, nthawi zina - kuwonjezereka kwa magazi kupita ku ziwalo zofunika. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima - kupweteka pachifuwa panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, kupuma movutikira.
2. Kupweteka kwamutu pang'ono, kuchepa kwa maganizo ndi thupi, kupuma movutikira ndi kulimbitsa thupi kwapakati. Zosokoneza zowoneka. Zitha kukhala zoopsa kwa mwana wosabadwayo, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima.
3. Kupweteka kwamutu, chizungulire, kukwiya, kusakhazikika kwamalingaliro, kusokonezeka kwa kukumbukira, nseru, kusagwirizana kwa kayendedwe kakang'ono ka manja.
4. Mutu waukulu, kufooka, mphuno, nseru, kusanza, kusawona bwino, kusokonezeka.
5. Kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, kuphwanya kwambiri kayendedwe ka minofu - ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri anthu amafa pamoto.

Momwe mungathandizire poizoni wa carbon monoxide? Chabwino, choyamba, chokani chigawo cha matenda. Mwa njira, chigoba wamba wa gasi, nsanza zonyowa pamaso ndi mabandeji a thonje-gauze samapulumutsa, kaboni wa monoxide adawawona onse pamalo osangalatsa ndikudutsa mwawo modekha - muyenera chigoba cha gasi ndi cartridge ya hopkalite - ichi ndi yomwe ili ndi copper oxide yomwe imatulutsa carbon monoxide kukhala mpweya wabwino. Ndiyeno - pumani, pumani! Pumani mpweya wabwino, kapena bwino, mpweya, perekani minofu yanu yatsoka ndi ziwalo zomwe zimafunikira!

Mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi sadziwa mankhwala odalirika ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati poizoni wa carbon monoxide. Koma! - kudzikuza: Asayansi a ku Russia apanga mankhwala atsopano "Acyzol", omwe ali ngati mankhwala (ngakhale pazifukwa zina asayansi ena alibe chikhulupiriro chochepa pa izi). Imayendetsedwa intramuscularly ngati yankho. Amaperekedwanso ngati prophylactic. Asayansi aku Russia amapempha kuyesa mankhwalawa, koma pazifukwa zina, ngakhale anthu ochepa amawafuna kuposa momwe amachitira ndi mankhwala a amatoxin.

Ndi zimenezo, %username%!

Ndikuyembekeza kuti sindinawononge chilakolako chanu, chinali chosangalatsa, ndipo munaphunzira zatsopano kwa inu nokha, osati kuchepetsa zakudya zanu ndi malo oti mupiteko.

Thanzi ndi zabwino zonse!

Source: www.habr.com