Galu ndi cholengedwa chachilendo kwambiri. Samakuvutitsani ndi mafunso okhudza momwe mulili; alibe chidwi choti ndiwe wolemera kapena wosauka, wopusa kapena wanzeru, wochimwa kapena woyera mtima. Ndinu bwenzi lake. Zimenezo ndi zokwanira kwa iye.
Mawu awa ndi a wolemba Jerome K. Jerome, amene ambiri a ife timamudziwa kuchokera ku ntchito "Atatu mu Boti, Osawerengera Galu" ndi filimu yotengera dzina lomwelo ndi Mironov, Shirvindt ndi Derzhavin.
Agalu akhala mabwenzi a anthu nthawi zonse kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Iwo ndi abwenzi athu, otithandizira ndipo nthawi zina amathandizira, popanda zomwe zimakhala zovuta kukhalamo (otani agalu, agalu opulumutsa, etc. ofunika). Kukhalirana kwautali koteroko sikunakhudze ife ndi momwe timaonera agalu, komanso agalu, osati mu khalidwe lokha, komanso m'lingaliro la anatomical. Lero tidziwana ndi kafukufuku wa physiognomy wa agalu, momwe asayansi adapeza umboni wakuti abale athu ang'onoang'ono asintha, akusintha kwa ife. Ndi kusintha kotani kwenikweni komwe kunapezeka, ndi chiyani, ndipo momwe galu amamvera amasiyana bwanji ndi malingaliro a nkhandwe kuchokera pamalingaliro a physiognomy? Mayankho a mafunsowa akutiyembekezera mu lipoti la asayansi. Pitani.
Maziko ofufuza
Zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo, osati makamaka aluntha, zilombo zakutchire komanso zopanda undomesticated zidayenda padziko lapansi - anthu. Kufupi ndi anthu kunali nyama ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana. Ena oimira zomera ndi zinyama pambuyo pake adawetedwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha zolinga zawo, chifukwa chake tsopano tili ndi ziweto ndi minda ya tirigu. Komabe, gwero lapachiyambi la ndondomeko yoweta anthu silikudziwika bwino, makamaka ponena za kugwirizana pakati pa munthu ndi nkhandwe (kenako galu). Ena amakhulupirira kuti anthu anayamba kuweta mimbulu, ena amakhulupirira kuti mimbulu yokha inayamba kuyandikira anthu chifukwa cha kuyandikana kwawo.
Chiwonetsero cha mwala chosakasaka pamodzi munthu ndi galu (Tassilin-Adjer plateau, Algeria)
Sitingathe kunena ndendende momwe ubale wa munthu ndi galu unayambira, koma tikudziwa motsimikiza momwe mbali zonse zidapindulira ndi symbiosis iyi. Anthu anthawi imeneyo, ngakhale sanathe kulemba zolemba za quantum physics, adamvetsetsa bwino pazomwe adawona kuti mimbulu / agalu ali ndi mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino: kumva bwino, kununkhiza, kutha kuthamanga ndikuluma. zowawa. Chifukwa chake, choyamba, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito agalu oweta posaka, kuteteza nyumba zawo ndi msipu wa ziweto zoweta. Palinso maluso ena angapo othandiza agalu omwe ali nawo - amadya komanso amakhala ofunda. Zikumveka zachilendo, ndikudziwa, koma agalu m'malo okhala anthu adachita zinthu mwadongosolo (monga nyerere m'nkhalango), kudya zotsalira za chakudya cha anthu. Ndipo usiku wozizira, agalu ankatumikira anthu ngati ma radiator amoyo.
“The Boar Hunt” (1640, lolembedwa ndi Frans Snyders)
Kuwonjezera pa ubwino wothandiza wa agalu, panalinso chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti chinali chifukwa cha agalu kuti mbali zina za khalidwe la anthu akale zinasintha: kuyika chizindikiro ndi kusaka magulu.
Tikhoza kulingalira makolo athu osati anzeru kwambiri, choncho osati zolengedwa zachikhalidwe kwambiri, koma izi zingakhale mawu olakwika, omwe amatsutsidwa pokhudzana ndi munthu ndi galu, mwa zina. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale padziko lonse lapansi akupeza maliro a munthu ndi galu wake. Ziweto sizinaphedwe pambuyo pa imfa ya eni ake, musadandaule. Galuyo anafa imfa yake ndipo anaikidwa m’manda a mwini wake.
Kufukula kwa maliro a munthu ndi galu wake (zaka 5000 mpaka 8000).
Izi ndizongofotokozera mwachidule za ubale pakati pa makolo athu ndi agalu, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti galu kwa anthu nthawi zonse wakhala chinthu choposa nyama yokhala ndi mano, paws ndi mchira. Galu wakhala gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu monga munthu aliyense payekha.
Kodi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa socialization ndi chiyani? Inde, mwayi ndi luso loyankhulana, ndiko kuti, kulankhulana wina ndi mzake. Ndikosavuta kwa ife anthu - timadziwa kuyankhula. Agalu alibe mwayi umenewu, choncho amagwiritsa ntchito zonse zomwe ali nazo mu zida zawo kuti tiwamvetsetse: kugwedeza mchira, kulira kapena kuuwa, ndi nkhope, kapena m'malo mwake. Ndipo apa ndi pomwe zosangalatsa zimayambira. Munthu amakhala ndi minyewa 43 ya nkhope (ndikonzereni ngati nambala iyi ndi yolakwika). Chifukwa cha kuchuluka uku, titha kufotokoza malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ofanana ndi mtundu wamtundu, womwe uli ndi ma toni ndi mithunzi. Sitinganene kanthu, osasuntha, yang'anani pa mfundo imodzi, ndipo nsidze yokweza pang'ono idzakhala kale chizindikiro cha kutengeka kwina. Nanga bwanji maganizo a agalu? Iwo ali nawo, tiyeni tizindikire poyamba. Kodi amazifotokoza bwanji? Amalumpha, kugwedeza mchira, kuuwa, kulira, kulira ndi kukweza nsidze zawo. Mfundo yomaliza ndi kuyenera kwa munthu, kumlingo wina wake. Agalu akale, monga mimbulu yamakono, alibe minofu yeniyeni yomwe imalola agalu apakhomo kupanga mawonekedwe a nkhope otchedwa "maso a galu."
Izi ndiye zenizeni za phunziro lomwe tikuliganizira lero. Tsopano tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane.
Zotsatira za kafukufuku
Choyamba, asayansi amawona kuti anthu ali ndi zokonda zina zosadziwika bwino pankhani ya nkhope (ine sindikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "nkhope") ya nyama zoweta, zomwe ndi paedomorphism - kukhalapo kwa nkhope yachibwana mwa munthu wamkulu. kapena nyama. Kwa ife, ziweto zimakhalanso ndi zinthu zotere - pamphumi, maso aakulu, ndi zina zotero. Izi zili choncho chifukwa, monga momwe ofufuza ena amanenera, chifukwa chakuti mwana amawoneka ngati cholengedwa chosavulaza kwa munthu, koma chiweto (ngakhale kuti ndi choweta) chimakhalabe nyama yomwe khalidwe lake silingadziwike nthawi zonse.
Chiphunzitso ichi ndi chachilendo, koma chimatsimikiziridwa ngakhale mu cinema, makamaka mu makanema ojambula.
Monga mukuonera, Toothless ali ndi maso aakulu kwambiri, ndipo ndi chifukwa. Chifukwa cha ichi, ife subconsciously kuzindikira ndi maonekedwe abwino maganizo, ngakhale kuti pamaso pathu ndi chinjoka. Ndipo chinjoka sichinagwetse ngati nkhosa (ingofunsani anthu okhala ku King's Landing).
Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, anthu akafunsidwa kuti asankhe pa zithunzi zambiri za nyama zimene ankazikonda kwambiri, ambiri ankasankha ziweto zimene zinali ndi makhalidwe ochititsa munthu kusinthasintha maganizo.
Asayansi amakhulupiriranso kuti mikhalidwe yoteroyo ingakulitsidwe chifukwa cha ntchito ya minofu ina, ndiko kuti, iwo “anapangidwa mwachinyengo”. Mogwirizana ndi zimenezi, lingaliro linalake likhoza kuwonedwa kale m’zinsinsi zokwezeka za agalu, kufotokoza chifukwa chake munthu wabwinobwino sangakane maonekedwe a nkhope oterowo.
Pali minofu yomwe imakweza mkati mwa nsidze, zomwe zimapangitsa maso a galu kukhala aakulu komanso achisoni. Koma kodi mimbulu ili ndi minyewa yoteroyo? Mwina samawagwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa kulumikizana kwawo ndi anthu kumakhala kochepa. Ayi, mimbulu ilibe minofu yoteroyo, chifukwa inasanduka njira ina.
Kuti atsimikizire izi, asayansi adafufuza momwe minofu ya nkhope ya mimbulu imvi imapangidwira (canis lupus, 4 zitsanzo) ndi agalu apakhomo (Canis familiaris, 6 zitsanzo). Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti zitsanzo zonse za dissection zinaperekedwa ndi Museum of Medicine, ndiko kuti, nyama zinafa chifukwa cha chilengedwe ndipo sizinaphedwe pofuna kufufuza. Zowunikira zinapangidwanso ndi machitidwe a mimbulu (anthu 9) ndi agalu (anthu 27) panthawi yolankhulana ndi anthu, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwona zochitika za minofu kumaso, kunena kwake.
Chithunzi #1
Monga tikuonera pa chithunzi chofananira cha minofu ya nkhope ya galu (kumanzere) ndi nkhandwe (kumanja), m'matembenuzidwe onsewa minofu imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, kupatulapo tsatanetsatane - minofu yozungulira maso.
Mu agalu, minofu amatchedwa levator anguli oculi medialis (LAOM) inalipo kwathunthu ndipo idapangidwa, pomwe mimbulu inali ndi ulusi wocheperako komanso wosatukuka wa minofu, wokutidwa kwambiri ndi minofu yolumikizana. Nthawi zambiri mu mimbulu, kupezeka kwa tendon kumawoneka komwe kumasakanikirana ndi zigawo zapakati za ulusi wa orbicularis oculi minofu pamalo pomwe LAOM analipo mwa agalu.
Chithunzi #2 (osati cha mtima wokomoka): kugawanika kwa mutu wa galu (kumanzere) ndi nkhandwe (kumanja), kusonyeza kusiyana (ndondomeko yobiriwira).
Kusiyana kodziwikiratu kumeneku mu kapangidwe ka minofu kumasonyeza kuti mimbulu imakhala yovuta kukweza mkati mwa nsidze zawo.
Komanso, kusiyana kunkawoneka mu minofu retractor anguli oculi lateralis minofu (RAOL). Minofu imeneyi inalipo mwa agalu ndi mimbulu. Koma potsirizira pake izo zinasonyezedwa mofooka ndipo zinkaimira kokha kudzikundikira kwa minofu ulusi.
Tebulo loyerekeza mawonekedwe a minofu ya nkhope ya nkhandwe (C. lupus) ndi agalu (C. familiaris). Zosankhidwa: P - minofu ilipo mu zitsanzo zonse; V - minofu ilipo, koma osati mu zitsanzo zonse; A - minofu ilipo mu zitsanzo zambiri; * - minofu inalibe mu imodzi mwa zitsanzo nkhandwe; † - minofu mu mimbulu sinasonyezedwe ngati yodzaza, koma monga kudzikundikira kwa ulusi; ‡ - minofu inapezeka mu zitsanzo zonse za canine kupatula Siberia Husky (sakanatha kudziwika panthawi ya dissection).
Minofu ya RAOL imakokera mbali ina ya zikope kumakutu. Agalu ambiri apakhomo ali ndi minofu iyi, kupatula Husky wa ku Siberia, chifukwa mtundu uwu ndi wakale kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti umagwirizana kwambiri ndi mimbulu kusiyana ndi mitundu ina.
Zomwe anapezazi kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa anatomy a mimbulu ndi agalu zinatsimikiziridwa panthawi ya mayesero a khalidwe. Agalu 27 adabweretsedwa kuchokera ku makola osiyanasiyana, ndipo mlendo adabwera kwa iwo mmodzimmodzi ndikujambula mayankho awo kwa mphindi ziwiri. Mimbuluyo inabweretsedwa kuchokera ku mabungwe awiri osiyana kumene ankakhala ndi mapaketi awo. Mlendo adayandikiranso mimbulu iliyonse (anthu 2) ndikujambula mayankho awo kwa mphindi ziwiri.
Maso agalu, omwe asayansi apereka dzina lowopsa kwambiri la AU101, adawunikidwa ndikugawidwa molingana ndi mphamvu, kuyambira kutsika (A) mpaka kumtunda (E).
Kuyerekeza kwa mafupipafupi a AU101 pakati pa mitundu kunasonyeza kuti agalu amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a nkhope nthawi zambiri kuposa mimbulu (Mdn = 2, Mann-Whitney: U = 36, z = -3.13, P = 0.001).
Kuyerekeza kwamphamvu kwa AU101 pakati pa mitundu kunawonetsa kuti kutsika kwambiri (A) kumachitika pafupipafupi mwa agalu ndi mimbulu. Kuchulukirachulukira (C) kumachitika pafupipafupi mwa agalu, koma kulimba kwambiri (D ndi E) kumachitika mwa agalu okha.
Zochita za mimbulu pakuwonera zomwe zikuwonetsa kulimba kwa mawu a AU101:
Mphamvu A
Mphamvu B
Mphamvu C
Zomwe agalu amachitira poyang'ana zomwe zikuwonetsa kulimba kwa mawu a AU101:
Mphamvu A
Mphamvu B
Mphamvu C
Mphamvu D
Mphamvu E
Zomwe ofufuza apeza
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa minofu ya agalu ndi mimbulu, kuphatikizapo kuyang'anitsitsa khalidwe, zinapereka umboni wosatsutsika wakuti minofu ya nkhope inapangidwa mwa agalu panthawi yoweta. Asayansi apeza izi kukhala zodabwitsa chifukwa njirayi idayamba osati kale kwambiri, zaka 33 zapitazo. Chovuta pochita maphunziro otere ndikuti minofu yofewa (panthawiyi minofu) siipezeka nthawi zonse mu fossil form. Choncho, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zofufuzira. Mu ntchitoyi, mimbulu yamakono idagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe siili kutali kwambiri ndi anatomically kuchokera kwa makolo awo, mosiyana ndi agalu apakhomo.
Chotsatira chotsatira ndichoti maonekedwe a minofu ya nkhope amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kulankhulana kwapafupi pakati pa agalu ndi anthu. Mwa kukweza gawo lamkati la nsidze, galu amakulitsa maso ake, potero amayambitsa kuyanjana kwamunthu ndi chinthu chotetezeka, chabwino komanso chofuna kuyankha bwino. Izi sizodabwitsa, poganizira za kufunika kwa nsidze mukulankhulana kwa anthu. Kuyenda ndi malo a nsidze zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyika kutsindika panthawi yokambirana, monga zizindikiro zina zamaganizo. Anthu mosazindikira amawonera nsidze za interlocutor yawo ndi chidwi chapadera.
Chinthu chimodzi sichikudziwika bwino - zaka zikwi zapitazo, panthawi yosankhidwa, anthu ankadziwa za minofu ya nkhope ya agalu ndipo adayesa mwadala kubereka mitundu yatsopano yomwe ingakhale nayo, kapena mawonekedwe a anatomical sanaphunzire ndi anthu ndipo adapititsidwa ku mibadwomibadwo. m'badwo popanda kutengapo mbali pakusankha mwanjira ina iliyonse. Yankho la funsoli silinapezekebe, koma asayansi samasiya kufufuza.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ma nuances a phunziroli, ndikupangira kuyang'ana .
Epilogue
Galu ndi bwenzi la munthu. Zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo, anthu ndi agalu anayamba kukhalira limodzi n’kumasamalirana. Ndipo ngakhale tsopano, mu nthawi ya kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, pamene ntchito ya galu iliyonse imatha kuchitidwa ndi loboti yapamwamba kwambiri, timakondabe anzathu amiyendo inayi.
Agalu amachita ntchito zambiri zofunika komanso zovuta, kuyambira kufunafuna anthu osowa pambuyo pa ngozi mpaka kuthandiza eni akhungu. Koma ngakhale galu wanu sali wopulumutsa kapena galu wokutsogolerani, mumamukondabe ndipo nthawi zina mumamukhulupirira kwambiri kuposa anthu.
Agalu, monga chiweto chilichonse, samangokhalira kusewera m'nyumba, amakhala mamembala a banja ndipo amayenera kulemekezedwa, chisamaliro ndi chikondi. Ndi iko komwe, monga momwe Jerome K. Jerome ananenera kuti: “...iye alibe nazo chidwi kaya ndinu wolemera kapena wosauka, wopusa kapena wanzeru, wochimwa kapena woyera mtima. Ndinu bwenzi lake. Zamukwanira iye.
Lachisanu Lachisanu:
Kodi mungakhale bwanji kuti musalangidwe chifukwa chachinyengo china? Ndi zophweka, muyenera kukhala okoma monga agalu olapa awa. 🙂
Lachisanu kuchokera pamwamba 2.0 (mpaka edition):
Palibe kufooka kwakukulu kwa amphaka kuposa mabokosi. Ndipo ziribe kanthu kuti simungathe kukwanira mu chirichonse. 🙂
Zikomo powerenga, khalani ndi chidwi, kondani nyama ndikukhala ndi sabata yabwino anyamata!
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Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. chonde.
Kodi bwenzi lapamtima la munthu ndi ndani?
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Galu
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Mphaka
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Chiweto chilichonse
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Mitsinje
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Woyang'anira nyumba
Ogwiritsa 449 adavota. Ogwiritsa ntchito 76 adakana.
Source: www.habr.com