Ndithudi ambiri a inu mumadziwa kapena mwawonapo momwe zinthu zazikulu zogwirira ntchito zimayendetsedwa, mwachitsanzo, magetsi a nyukiliya kapena fakitale yokhala ndi mizere yambiri yopangira: ntchito yaikulu nthawi zambiri imachitika m'chipinda chachikulu, ndi gulu la zowonetsera, mababu. ndi zowongolera zakutali. Dongosolo lowongolerali nthawi zambiri limatchedwa chipinda chachikulu chowongolera - gulu lalikulu loyang'anira malo opanga.
Mosakayikira mumadabwa momwe zonsezi zimagwirira ntchito pankhani ya hardware ndi mapulogalamu, momwe machitidwewa amasiyanirana ndi makompyuta wamba. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona momwe ma data osiyanasiyana amafikira kuchipinda chachikulu chowongolera, momwe malamulo amatumizidwa ku zida, komanso zomwe zimafunikira kuwongolera malo opangira compressor, malo opangira propane, chingwe cholumikizira magalimoto, kapena ngakhale popopa ngalande.
Mulingo wotsika kwambiri kapena fieldbus ndi pomwe zonse zimayambira
Mawu awa, osadziwika bwino kwa osadziwika, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene kuli kofunikira kufotokoza njira zoyankhulirana pakati pa microcontrollers ndi zipangizo zochepetsera, mwachitsanzo, ma modules a I / O kapena zipangizo zoyezera. Nthawi zambiri njira yolumikizirana iyi imatchedwa "field bus" chifukwa imayang'anira kutumiza deta yomwe imachokera ku "munda" kupita kwa wowongolera.
"Field" ndi mawu ozama akatswiri omwe amatanthauza kuti zida zina (mwachitsanzo, masensa kapena ma actuators) zomwe wowongolera amalumikizana nazo zili kutali, kutali, mumsewu, m'minda, pansi pa chivundikiro cha usiku. . Ndipo zilibe kanthu kuti sensa imatha kupezeka theka la mita kuchokera kwa woyang'anira ndikuyezera, titi, kutentha mu kabati yodzipangira yokha, kumaganiziridwabe kuti "kumunda." Nthawi zambiri, ma siginecha ochokera ku masensa omwe amafika ku ma module a I / O amayendabe mtunda kuchokera pamakumi mpaka mazana a mita (ndipo nthawi zina zambiri), kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso kuchokera kumasamba akutali kapena zida. Kwenikweni, ndichifukwa chake mabasi osinthanitsa, omwe owongolera amalandira ma mtengo kuchokera ku masensa omwewo, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa basi yamunda kapena, kawirikawiri, basi yotsika kapena basi yamakampani.
General scheme of automation ya mafakitale
Chifukwa chake, chizindikiro chamagetsi chochokera ku sensa chimayenda mtunda wina pamizere ya chingwe (kawirikawiri pa chingwe chamkuwa chokhazikika chokhala ndi ma cores), komwe masensa angapo amalumikizidwa. Chizindikirocho chimalowetsa gawo lokonzekera (module yolowetsa / yotulutsa), pomwe imasinthidwa kukhala chilankhulo cha digito chomveka kwa wolamulira. Kenako, chizindikiro ichi kudzera pa basi yamunda chimapita molunjika kwa woyang'anira, komwe chimakonzedwanso. Kutengera zizindikiro zotere, logic yogwiritsira ntchito microcontroller yokha imamangidwa.
Mulingo wapamwamba: kuchokera ku garland kupita kuntchito yonse
Mulingo wapamwamba umatchedwa chilichonse chomwe chingakhudzidwe ndi munthu wamba wakufa yemwe amawongolera njira yaukadaulo. Muzosavuta, mlingo wapamwamba ndi magetsi ndi mabatani. Mababu owunikira amawonetsa woyendetsa za zochitika zina zomwe zikuchitika mu dongosolo, mabatani amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka malamulo kwa wowongolera. Dongosololi nthawi zambiri limatchedwa "garland" kapena "mtengo wa Khrisimasi" chifukwa limawoneka ngati lofanana (monga mukuwonera pachithunzichi kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi).
Ngati woyendetsayo ali ndi mwayi, ndiye kuti monga mlingo wapamwamba adzalandira gulu la opareshoni - mtundu wa makompyuta apansi omwe mwa njira imodzi amalandira deta kuti awonetsedwe kuchokera kwa woyang'anira ndikuwonetsa pawindo. Pulogalamu yotereyi nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pa kabati yodzipangira yokha, kotero nthawi zambiri mumayenera kuyanjana nayo pamene mukuyimirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta, kuphatikizapo khalidwe ndi kukula kwa chithunzicho pamapangidwe ang'onoang'ono amasiya zambiri.
Ndipo potsiriza, kukopeka kwa kuwolowa manja kosaneneka - malo ogwirira ntchito (kapena zobwerezedwa zingapo), yomwe ndi kompyuta wamba.
Zida zapamwamba ziyenera kuyanjana mwanjira ina ndi microcontroller (kupanda kutero chifukwa chiyani?). Pakuyanjana kotereku, ma protocol apamwamba ndi njira ina yotumizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, Ethernet kapena UART. Pankhani ya "mtengo wa Khrisimasi", zovuta zotere sizofunikira; mababu amayatsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mizere wamba, palibe njira zolumikizirana kapena ma protocol apo.
Nthawi zambiri, gawo lapamwambali silikhala losangalatsa kuposa mabasi akumunda, popeza gawo lapamwambali silingakhalepo konse (palibe chilichonse choti woyendetsa ayang'ane kuchokera pamndandanda; wowongolerayo adzazindikira zomwe ziyenera kuchitika komanso momwe angachitire. ).
Ma protocol "akale" osamutsa deta: Modbus ndi HART
Anthu ochepa amadziwa, koma pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri la chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi, Mulungu sanapumule, koma adalenga Modbus. Pamodzi ndi protocol ya HART, Modbus mwina ndiye njira yakale kwambiri yosinthira deta yamafakitale; idawonekeranso mu 1979.
Mawonekedwe a serial adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yotumizira, kenako Modbus idakhazikitsidwa pa TCP/IP. Iyi ndi protocol ya synchronous master-slave (mbuye-kapolo) yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo yopempha-yankho. Protocol ndiyovuta kwambiri komanso yocheperako, liwiro la kusinthanitsa kumadalira mawonekedwe a wolandila ndi wotumizira, koma nthawi zambiri kuwerengera kumakhala pafupifupi mazana a ma milliseconds, makamaka ikakhazikitsidwa kudzera pa mawonekedwe a serial.
Kuphatikiza apo, kaundula wa data wa Modbus ndi 16-bit, yomwe nthawi yomweyo imayika zoletsa kusamutsa mitundu yeniyeni ndi iwiri. Amapatsirana m'zigawo zina kapena motayika molondola. Ngakhale kuti Modbus imagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri pazochitika zomwe kuyankhulana kwakukulu sikufunika komanso kutayika kwa deta yopatsirana sikofunikira. Ambiri opanga zida zosiyanasiyana amakonda kukulitsa protocol ya Modbus mwanjira yawoyawokha komanso yoyambirira kwambiri, ndikuwonjezera ntchito zomwe sizinali zamtundu uliwonse. Chifukwa chake, protocol iyi imakhala ndi masinthidwe ambiri komanso zopatuka kuchokera ku zomwe zimachitika, koma zimakhalabe bwino m'dziko lamakono.
Protocol ya HART yakhalaponso kuyambira zaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi mafakitale panjira yolumikizira ma waya awiri omwe amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi masensa a 4-20 mA ndi zida zina zothandizidwa ndi HART.
Kusintha mizere ya HART, zida zapadera, zomwe zimatchedwa HART modem, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Palinso otembenuza omwe amapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito, kunena, protocol ya Modbus pazotulutsa.
HART mwina ndi yodziwika chifukwa chakuti kuwonjezera pa zizindikiro za analogi za 4-20 mA masensa, chizindikiro cha digito cha protocol palokha chimaperekedwanso mu dera, izi zimakulolani kugwirizanitsa magawo a digito ndi analogi mu mzere umodzi wa chingwe. Ma modemu amakono a HART amatha kulumikizidwa ku doko la USB la wolamulira, lolumikizidwa kudzera pa Bluetooth, kapena njira yachikale kudzera pa doko la serial. Zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazo, pofanizira ndi Wi-Fi, mulingo wopanda zingwe wa WirelessHART, womwe umagwira ntchito pagulu la ISM, udawonekera.
M'badwo wachiwiri wa ma protocol kapena osati mabasi amakampani ISA, PCI(e) ndi VME
Ma protocol a Modbus ndi HART asinthidwa ndi mabasi osachita mafakitale, monga ISA (MicroPC, PC/104) kapena PCI/PCIe (CompactPCI, CompactPCI Serial, StacPC), komanso VME.
Nthawi yamakompyuta yafika yomwe ili ndi basi yapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe ma board osiyanasiyana (ma module) amatha kulumikizidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito chizindikiro chogwirizana. Monga lamulo, pankhaniyi, gawo la purosesa (kompyuta) limalowetsedwa muzomwe zimatchedwa chimango, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyanjana kudzera pa basi ndi zida zina. Chimango, kapena, monga akatswiri enieni odzipangira okha amakonda kuchitcha, "crate," amawonjezeredwa ndi matabwa ofunikira opangira: analogi, discrete, mawonekedwe, etc., kapena zonsezi zimayikidwa pamodzi ngati sangweji popanda chimango - matabwa pamwamba pa mzake. Pambuyo pake, izi zosiyanasiyana pa basi (ISA, PCI, etc.) zimasinthanitsa deta ndi gawo la purosesa, lomwe limalandira chidziwitso kuchokera ku masensa ndikugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ena.
Ma module a Controller ndi I/O mu chimango cha PXI pa basi ya PCI. Gwero:
Chilichonse chikanakhala bwino ndi mabasi awa a ISA, PCI (e) ndi VME, makamaka pa nthawizo: liwiro la kusinthana sikukhumudwitsidwa, ndipo zigawo za dongosolo zili mu chimango chimodzi, chophatikizika komanso chosavuta, sipangakhale chowotcha. Makhadi a I/O, koma sindikufunabe.
Koma pali ntchentche mu mafutawo, ndipo kuposa imodzi. Zimakhala zovuta kupanga dongosolo logawidwa mu kasinthidwe kotere, mabasi osinthanitsa ndi amderalo, muyenera kubwera ndi china chake chosinthira deta ndi kapolo wina kapena mfundo za anzawo, Modbus yemweyo pa TCP/IP kapena protocol ina, mu zambiri, palibe zabwino zokwanira. Chabwino, chachiwiri sichinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri: matabwa a I / O nthawi zambiri amayembekezera mtundu wina wa chizindikiro chogwirizana monga chothandizira, ndipo alibe kudzipatula kwa galvanic kuchokera ku zipangizo zakumunda, kotero muyenera kupanga mpanda kuchokera ku ma modules osiyanasiyana otembenuka ndi madera apakati, zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri maziko a element.
Ma module osinthira ma siginecha apakatikati okhala ndi kudzipatula kwa galvanic. Gwero:
"Nanga bwanji ndondomeko ya mabasi a mafakitale?" - mumafunsa. Palibe. Palibe pakukhazikitsa uku. Kupyolera mu mizere ya chingwe, chizindikirocho chimayenda kuchokera ku masensa kupita ku ma converters, otembenuza amapereka magetsi ku bolodi la discrete kapena analog I / O, ndipo deta yochokera ku bolodi imawerengedwa kale kudzera pa madoko a I / O pogwiritsa ntchito OS. Ndipo palibe ma protocol apadera.
Momwe mabasi ndi ma protocol amakono amagwirira ntchito
Bwanji tsopano? Mpaka pano, malingaliro akale omanga makina opangira makina asintha pang'ono. Zinthu zambiri zidachitapo kanthu, kuyambira ndikuti ma automation amayeneranso kukhala osavuta, ndikumaliza ndi chizolowezi chomagawira makina omwe ali ndi ma node akutali wina ndi mnzake.
Mwina tinganene kuti pali mfundo ziwiri zazikulu zopangira makina opangira makina masiku ano: makina opangidwa ndi malo ndi ogawidwa.
Pankhani ya machitidwe am'deralo, kumene kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kulamulira kumakhala pakati pa malo amodzi enieni, lingaliro la seti inayake ya ma modules olowetsa / otulutsa omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi basi wamba yothamanga, kuphatikizapo wolamulira ndi ndondomeko yake yosinthanitsa, akufunika. Pankhaniyi, monga lamulo, ma module a I / O amaphatikiza zonse zosinthira chizindikiro ndi kudzipatula kwa galvanic (ngakhale, ndithudi, osati nthawi zonse). Ndiko kuti, ndikwanira kuti wogwiritsa ntchito mapeto amvetsetse kuti ndi mitundu yanji ya masensa ndi njira zomwe zidzakhalire mu dongosolo lokhazikika, kuwerengera chiwerengero cha ma modules ofunikira / otulutsa amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizindikiro ndikugwirizanitsa mu mzere umodzi wamba ndi wolamulira. . Pankhaniyi, monga lamulo, wopanga aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito protocol yomwe amakonda kwambiri pakati pa ma module a I / O ndi owongolera, ndipo pangakhale zosankha zambiri pano.
Pankhani ya machitidwe omwe amagawidwa, zonse zomwe zimanenedwa zokhudzana ndi machitidwe omwe ali m'deralo ndi zoona, kuwonjezera apo, nkofunika kuti zigawo zaumwini, mwachitsanzo, seti ya ma modules olowetsa-kutulutsa kuphatikizapo chipangizo chosonkhanitsira ndi kutumiza zidziwitso - a microcontroller wanzeru kwambiri yemwe amaima penapake m'nyumba, pafupi ndi valavu yomwe imatseka mafuta - imatha kuyanjana ndi mfundo zomwezo komanso woyang'anira wamkulu patali kwambiri ndikusinthana kothandiza.
Kodi Madivelopa amasankha bwanji protocol ya projekiti yawo? Ma protocol onse amakono osinthira amapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kotero kusankha kwa wopanga m'modzi kapena wina nthawi zambiri sikudziwika ndi kusinthana kwa mabasi amakampani awa. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa protocol palokha sikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa, kuchokera pakuwona kwa wopanga dongosolo, idzakhalabe bokosi lakuda lomwe limapereka dongosolo linalake la kusinthana kwamkati ndipo silinapangidwe kuti lisokonezedwe ndi kunja. Nthawi zambiri, chidwi chimaperekedwa pazikhalidwe zothandiza: magwiridwe antchito a kompyuta, kumasuka kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la wopanga ku ntchito yomwe ikuchitika, kupezeka kwa mitundu yofunikira ya ma module a I / O, kuthekera kwa ma module otenthetsera osathyoka. basi, etc.
Othandizira zida zodziwika bwino amapereka njira zawo zogwirira ntchito zamakampani: mwachitsanzo, kampani yodziwika bwino ya Siemens ikupanga ma protocol ake a Profinet ndi Profibus, B&R ikupanga protocol ya Powerlink, Rockwell Automation ikupanga protocol ya EtherNet/IP. Yankho lanyumba pamndandanda wazitsanzo: mtundu wa protocol ya FBUS kuchokera ku kampani yaku Russia Fastwel.
Palinso njira zambiri zapadziko lonse zomwe sizimangiriridwa ndi wopanga wina, monga EtherCAT ndi CAN. Tidzasanthula ma protocol awa mwatsatanetsatane popitiliza nkhaniyo ndikuwona kuti ndi ati omwe ali oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zenizeni: mafakitale amagalimoto ndi zakuthambo, kupanga zamagetsi, makina oyika malo ndi maloboti. Muzilumikizana!
Source: www.habr.com