В tidakhudzanso zovuta zamaphunziro monga njira yamaphunziro yophunzitsira, komanso tidalankhulanso pang'ono za machitidwe oyipa a maphunziro. luso kuwononga kulandira chidziwitso. Ino ndi nthawi yoti tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane magulu awiriwa ndi kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo.
Choncho matanthauzo onse awiri: luso и chidziwitso, komanso mawu omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri malamulo, mu mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri pazantchito ndi ogwira ntchito, adapangidwa pafupifupi zaka 40 zapitazo. m’ntchitoyo, yotchedwa: “Maluso, Malamulo ndi Chidziwitso; Zizindikiro, Zizindikiro ndi Zizindikiro, ndi Masiyanidwe Ena M'machitidwe a Anthu." Kuyambira pamenepo, chimango chomwe adapanga chapanga kwambiri, koma tidzadalira nkhani yoyambirira, yomwe ingapezeke . Chikalatacho chilipo pamalipiro kapena kulembetsa kwamakampani/maphunziro, komabe, owerenga osauka koma odziwa zambiri adzapeza mwayi wotsitsa mawuwa kwaulere.
Ndizosangalatsa, koma chifukwa chakuti mawu akuti malamulo nthawi zambiri samawoneka, ndipo luso ndi chidziwitso zimapitirizabe kukhala pamodzi, nthawi zambiri munthu amapeza malingaliro olakwika kuti awiriwa ndi ofanana. Pakalipano, mu taxonomy ya Rasmussen onse amapatsidwa matanthauzo omveka bwino, ndipo khalani otsimikiza, sayenera kusokonezedwa mwanjira iliyonse.
Kwenikweni, pophunzira zamakhalidwe aumunthu, Rasmussen amagawira luso kumlingo wotsikitsitsa osati wokopa kwambiri. Ndi chikhumbo chodabwitsa chotere monga kukhazikika kwa sensory-motor zochitika pakalibe kuwongolera kozindikira, ili pafupi kwambiri ndi zovuta zokhazikika:
Khalidwe lotengera luso limayimira magwiridwe antchito amotor panthawi yochita kapena zochitika zomwe, kutsatira mawu a cholinga, zimachitika popanda kuwongolera mwachidziwitso monga machitidwe osalala, odzipangira okha, komanso ophatikizika kwambiri.
Rasmussen amaika mlingo wa malamulo pamwamba pa luso, ngakhale kuti amasungira kuti mzere pakati pawo ukhoza kukhala woonda kwambiri, makamaka pamene luso likuphatikizidwa mu unyolo. Chosowa chawo chimabwera pamene luso limodzi losavuta silikwanira pazochitika zinazake ndipo kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zake m'pofunika kugwirizanitsa maluso angapo, kuchita zinthu molingana ndi mikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, kutsatira malamulo opangidwa paokha kapena kulandiridwa kuchokera kwa wina:
Pa mulingo wotsatira wamakhalidwe ozikidwa pa malamulo, kaphatikizidwe ka magawo ang'onoang'ono oterowo m'malo odziwika bwino a ntchito nthawi zambiri amayendetsedwa ndi lamulo losungidwa kapena ndondomeko yomwe mwina idapangidwa mwamphamvu nthawi zam'mbuyomu, zowululidwa kuchokera kukudziwa kwa anthu ena. monga malangizo kapena maphikidwe a mabuku ophikira, kapena akhoza kukonzedwa panthawiyi pothetsa mavuto ndi kukonzekera.
Mutha kuwonjezera mosamala mitundu yonse yaukadaulo, mapepala oyera ndi njira zina pamndandandawu, ndikuwonjezeranso malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi kasamalidwe kamakampani, kuphatikiza njira zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi mtsogoleri wamagulu amderalo.
Piramidi iyi imavekedwa ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimapezedwa panthawi yomwe chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha dziko lapansi chikugwa - palibe luso kapena kutsatira malangizo othandizira, koma pakufunika kufufuza ndi kuphunzira za vuto losadziwika bwino m'malo achilendo:
Pazochitika zosazolowereka, poyang'anizana ndi malo omwe palibe chidziwitso kapena malamulo owongolera omwe alipo kuchokera ku zochitika zam'mbuyomu, kuyang'anira ntchito kuyenera kusunthira kumalo apamwamba, momwe ntchito imayendetsedwa ndi zolinga ndi chidziwitso. Munthawi imeneyi, cholingacho chimapangidwa momveka bwino, potengera kusanthula kwa chilengedwe komanso zolinga zonse za munthuyo. Kenako pulani yothandiza imapangidwa-posankha-monga kuti mapulani osiyanasiyana amaganiziridwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zimayesedwa motsutsana ndi cholingacho, mwakuthupi mwa kuyesa ndi zolakwika, kapena mwamalingaliro pomvetsetsa momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito komanso kulosera za zotsatira za dongosolo liganiziridwa. Pamlingo uwu wa kulingalira kogwira ntchito, mawonekedwe amkati mwadongosolo amaimiridwa momveka bwino ndi "chitsanzo chamalingaliro" ...
Ndi pamlingo uwu kuti zinthu zonse zosangalatsa zimachitika - malingaliro amalonda, malingaliro a sayansi ndi zatsopano zimakula, ndipo malamulo ndi njira zimapangidwira pamagulu otsika, monga, mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero cha Agile chikupangidwa.
Pomaliza, muyenera kumwa piritsi loyipa loyamba. Oyang'anira mabungwe ena, makamaka oyang'anira olowa ndi akatswiri ena ovomerezeka a IT, amakhulupirira molakwika kuti ali pachidziwitso, chifukwa akale akuwoneka kuti apanga zisankho zina, ndipo omalizawo akuwoneka kuti adapambana mayeso ndikulandila mainjiniya ofanana. . Komabe, poyang'anitsitsa, zikuwoneka kuti izi ndizo malire apamwamba a malamulo: oyang'anira amagwira ntchito ndi malamulo ndi malamulo omwewo, nthawi zambiri amadzipeza kuti sangathe kusintha ndondomeko yosavuta yamakampani. Nthawi yomweyo, mainjiniya ambiri akhala akuchita zinthu zoloweza pamtima pakukhazikitsa ndi kukonza, kukhazikitsa ndi kuchotsa zida kwazaka zambiri, ndikuganizira zolembera kwa oyamba kumene kukhala pachimake pa luso lawo.
Apa muyenera kumwa piritsi loyipa lachiwiri. Dziko lamakono limamangidwa pa maziko a nthawi ya mafakitale, yomwe inkayang'aniridwa ndi maganizo okhudza anthu monga gwero laumisiri lodziwika bwino la kudalirika ndi zokolola. N'zosadabwitsa kuti lingaliro la mzere wa fakitale msonkhano unasamutsidwa ku mitundu yonse ya mafakitale kuchokera ku mankhwala kupita ku luso lamakono. Ndizomvekanso kuti m'malingaliro awa, ogwira ntchito akuyenera kukulitsa luso kuti ogwira ntchito athe kupitiliza kuyenda ndikuyenda ndi "conveyor lamba" wabizinesi. Iwo omwe amagwira ntchito pamzere wa msonkhano, komanso omwe amawongolera, safuna chidziwitso chapadera; amafunikira luso komanso kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo.
Ndipo nambala yachitatu yomaliza yowawa ndi zotsatira zachindunji za mapiritsi achiwiri. Chowonadi ndi chakuti m'magulu a pambuyo-mafakitale pali chizolowezi cha robotization ndi automation yopanga ndi gawo lautumiki. Poganizira izi, ntchito zachikhalidwe, zoyendetsedwa bwino komanso zomveka pamaluso ndi malamulo ndizolinga zabwino kwambiri zopangira zatsopano: matekinoloje amtambo, otumiza ma robot, oyendetsa ndege, ndi zina zotero, "kuwopseza" osati woyendetsa metro kapena wogulitsa sitolo. , koma chimodzimodzi, katswiri wa IT wovomerezeka. Chifukwa chake, antchito ambiri amayenera kukhala ndi luso latsopano ndikuthamangitsa satifiketi zatsopano, kapena kuyesetsa ndikuyesera kulumphira m'munda wa chidziwitso.
Ndizopanda nzeru kutsutsa chidziwitso ku luso, chifukwa monga momwe sizingatheke kumanga nyumba yodalirika popanda maziko, kotero popanda luso sikutheka kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso. Kufotokozera mwachidule dzina la magazini yotchuka, tikhoza kunena kuti luso ndi mphamvu, ndipo chidziwitso ndi chitukuko. Komabe, m’pofunika kukumbukira kuti mwa kuphunzitsa luso lokha, timadzichitira tokha kugwira ntchito pa lamba wa muyaya wa conveyor ndipo njira yokhayo yopulumukira m’gulu loipali ndi kupita patsogolo ndiyo kupeza chidziwitso.
Source: www.habr.com