kampani yathu amachita nawo ntchito zomanga zazikulu ndi zazing’ono. Tinalemba kale pa Habré , ndipo lero tikukupemphani kuti muganizire za ntchito zomanga zazikulu za nthawi zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zinakhalapo, malinga ndi masiku ano, kwa nthawi yaitali, koma pamapeto pake zinthuzi zinakhala zipilala za zomangamanga za dziko.
Momwe adamangira kale
Ngati tichepetsa mbiri ya chitukuko cha umisiri womanga mu magawo atatu mu mzimu wa "Ine ndinabwera, ndinaona, ndinagonjetsa," izo zidzasintha: munthu anaphunzira kuti zitsulo zikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku ore, kupanga konkire yolimba, ndipo adapanga bulldozer. Kupangidwa kwa njira zambiri zomwe zidafulumizitsa ntchito yomanga kunachitika m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndipo izi zisanachitike, ntchito yamanja inali yofunika kwambiri pamalo omanga. Pofuna kuthandiza anthu, panali zodzigudubuza zamatabwa, zotchingira ndi zonyamulira. Nthawi zambiri, zida zomangira zinkapangidwa pamalo omangawo ndipo zidathetsedwa ntchito yomangayo ikamalizidwa.
Popeza zida zonse zinali zofunika ndipo sizinakhudze kwambiri zokolola, zinali zotheka kufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga pokhapokha pogwiritsa ntchito zina, zomwe zinali zosatheka popanda ndalama zazikulu. Ndalama zoterezi zinaperekedwa, choyamba, pomanga akachisi ndi matchalitchi. Kumeneku kunali kotheka kukopa anthu ochuluka monga momwe anafunikira pa ntchito yomanga m’nthaŵi yaifupi kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Hagia Sophia ku Constantinople (537) inamangidwa m'zaka 6 zokha, zomwe masiku amenewo zinali zofulumira kwambiri kwa kachisi wa 55,6 mamita. Koma antchito 6 anagwira ntchitoyo kwa zaka 10 zonse. Uwu ndiye mtengo wanyumba yayikulu yomwe yakhala chizindikiro cha Istanbul. Kwa zaka zoposa 000, tchalitchichi chinali chachikulu kwambiri m’mayiko achikhristu.
Osati ndalama zogwirira ntchito zokha, komanso zomangira. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale analemba kuti kumanga nyumba zachipembedzo kunali kodula kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza wina wa ku America Henry Kraus anayerekezera matope ndi golidi ndipo anatengera fanizoli m’buku lake lakuti Gold was the mortar: The economics of cathedral building. Bukuli likupereka kafukufuku wake wokhudza ndalama za matchalitchi ena a ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages.
Dziko lililonse lili ndi ntchito yake yomanga yosamalizidwa "yagolide" - ku Spain (Sagrada Familia yotchuka), komanso ku Cambodia (Angkor Wat), komanso ku China, komanso ku Russia. Ntchito zoterezi ndizoyenera kuwonjezera pa mndandanda wa zodabwitsa za dziko lapansi, ndipo ziribe kanthu kuti ntchito yawo yomangayo inachedwa, pamapeto pake inatha (pafupifupi onse).
Ndiye kodi kumangidwa kwa projekiti yayikulu yoyenera kukhala chipilala cha zomangamanga padziko lonse lapansi kutha nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Khoma Lalikulu la China - zaka 2000
Imodzi mwa nyumba zodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomanga zomwe zidatenga zaka zopitilira 2000. Panjira ya khoma pali zipululu ndi mitsinje, mapiri ndi zigwa. Ntchito yomanga khoma inayamba m'zaka za m'ma 300 BC. ndipo inamalizidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 000 AD. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthu okwana 2 anagwira ntchito yomanga linga, ndipo anthu okwana XNUMX miliyoni anagwira nawo ntchitoyi.
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kumayesedwa mu mamiliyoni a matani. Pantchito yomangayo, ogwira ntchito makamaka ankapeza zinthu pamalowo. Makomawo anali opangidwa ndi mchenga, ndipo kaamba ka kudalirika, danga pakati pa makoma aŵiriwo linali lodzala ndi mabango ndi msondodzi. M’mapiri, khomalo linamangidwa ndi miyala yosadulidwa ndi miyala yosiyanasiyana. Zaka mazana ambiri zidapita, matekinoloje adapita patsogolo, zida zatsopano zidawonekera. Mbali zaposachedwa kwambiri za khoma, zomangidwa ndi Ming Dynasty, zimamangidwa ndi njerwa ndi matope - monga momwe timachitira lero.
Chochititsa chidwi: Anthu ena amaganiza kuti khomalo likhoza kuwonedwa kuchokera mumlengalenga, koma iyi ndi mphekesera yomwe yatsutsidwa kale kangapo.
Sagrada Familia - zaka zoposa 137
Tikukhulupirira kuti aka ndi kamangidwe koyamba komwe munakumbukira mutawerenga mutu wa nkhaniyo. Ntchito ya Antonio Gaudi idakali mkati. Mwala woyamba wa tchalitchicho unayikidwa mu 1882. M'chaka cha imfa ya Gaudi - mu 1926 - tchalitchicho chinamangidwa kokha kotala, ndipo chikanakhala chophiphiritsira ngati ntchito yomanga inamalizidwa pa zaka 100 za imfa yake.
Sagrada ndi , kumene munthu angaone kulosera kwabwino kwa tchalitchicho kutha kumalizidwa m’zaka za zana la 70. Zimaganiziridwa kuti nyumbayi tsopano yatha 90,1% ndipo yafika kutalika kwa mamita 172,5 (ndipo kutalika kwake ndi XNUMX m).
Mwa njira, patsamba lino mutha kulumikizana ndi kamera yapaintaneti nthawi iliyonse ndikudziwonera nokha momwe ntchito yomanga kapena kukonzanso ikuyendera.
Chojambula ichi chochokera ku 1892 chikuwonetsa zonyamula zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga crypt ya Sagrada Familia. Mapangidwe a matabwawa ndi makina opangira zingwe - mtundu uwu wa crane unagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi Aroma ndipo ukhoza kukweza matani 2,5.
Chochititsa chidwi: Akuluakulu aku Barcelona ati palibe mbiri yoti chilolezo chomangacho chomwe chidafunsidwa mu 1885 chinaperekedwa. Ndipo tsopano, zaka 137 chiyambireni ntchito yomanga, mzindawu udapatsa omanga chiphaso mpaka 2026. Akhoza kuchita!
Angkor Wat (Cambodia) - wazaka 37
Angkor Wat inamangidwa pakati pa 1113 ndi 1150 AD. Amanena kuti kachisiyu sanamangidwe zaka zoposa 4, koma zaka mazana anayi, zomwe sizolondola. Kusagwirizana ndi chibwenzi chomanga kudabuka chifukwa Angkor Wat inali pakatikati pa Ufumu wa Khmer - mzinda wa Angkor, ndipo ena amawona zaka zomanga mzindawu (zomwe zili ndendende zaka 4) kukhala zaka zomanga mzindawu. kachisi.
Nyumbayi ndi piramidi yamagulu atatu yolunjika kumadzulo. Ntchito yomanga kachisiyo inkachitika kuchokera pakati mpaka kumapeto. Kuchokera kumalo aliwonse, nsanja zitatu zokha mwa zisanu ndizo zomwe zimawoneka nthawi zonse, kotero ngakhale ndi miyezo yamakono, Angkor Wat ndi chozizwitsa cha zomangamanga.
Matani 5 miliyoni a mchenga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga kachisiyo adakokedwa pa mtunda wa makilomita 50 kuchokera pa miyala yapafupi ndi ogwira ntchito omwewo. Anthu pafupifupi 300 ndi njovu 000, omwe asonyezedwa ndendende m’fanizoli, anagwira nawo ntchito yomanga chozizwitsa cha kamangidwe kameneka.
Nyumba ya Khmer ndi gawo lachitukuko chaukadaulo womanga: njerwa ndi miyala zimabalanso mawonekedwe ndi njira zamamangidwe amatabwa. Mwachitsanzo, zosema pakhoma zimatsanzira zowonetsera nsungwi.
Chochititsa chidwi: Nyumba ya kachisi ku Angkor Wat ndi yotchuka kwambiri moti anthu a ku Cambodia amaikapo chithunzi chake pa mbendera yawo.
Cologne Cathedral - zaka 632
Zaka 6 ndi chitsanzo choyenera cha njira ya ku Germany: ngati muchita, ndiye kuti ndipamwamba kwambiri, ngakhale zitenga nthawi yaitali. Pamene tchalitchichi, chomwe chinayamba mu 1248, chinamalizidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 157, chinapezeka kuti chinali nyumba yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (mamita 161). Pambuyo pake, mbiriyo idasweka ndi tchalitchi chachikulu ku Ulm (632 m) ndi ma skyscrapers ku USA. Ndikofunika kufotokoza kuti ntchito yomanga Cathedral ya Cologne sinapitirire kwa zaka 1437: mu 20, ntchito yomanga inaimitsidwa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ndalama ndi zipangizo. Panthaŵiyo, makoma, kwaya, nsanja ya kum’mwera, ndi tsinde la nyumbayo zinali zitakonzeka, koma denga linapangidwa mwanjira inayake ndipo silinatseke m’kati mwa kachisi chifukwa cha nyengo. Kuti amalize kumanga tchalitchichi m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX, panafunika kuthera zaka zoposa XNUMX kukonzanso mbali yake imene inali itamangidwa kale.
Mukufuna kufunsa kuti ntchito yomangayi idawononga ndalama zingati? M'mawu amakono, tidawononga ndalama zopitilira 1 biliyoni. Malo ochitira msonkhano atchalitchichi adalemba ntchito anthu opitilira 500 ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito umisiri wamakono womanga, monga makina onyamulira zokwawa kapena injini za nthunzi.
Chochititsa chidwi: Pali mabelu 11 m'tchalitchichi, amodzi mwa iwo () ndiye belu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Idapangidwa mu 1923, ndipo imalemera matani 24.
Milan Cathedral - zaka 579
Ndani angapikisane ndi Ajeremani pomanga nyumba zapamwamba? Inde, Italy. Tchalitchi chachikulu kwambiri ku Europe komanso chachisanu padziko lonse lapansi, Milan Duomo idakhazikitsidwa mchaka chomwecho pomwe wosema wamkulu wa Renaissance ndi wojambula Donatello adabadwa (1386), ndipo adamaliza pomwe The Beatles adatulutsa Rubber Soul (1965). Ntchito yomanga idatenga nthawi yayitali kwambiri ngakhale ndi miyezo yaku Italy - zaka 579. Ndipo mawu okhazikika akuti fabbrica del duomo (omanga tchalitchi chachikulu) anawonekera m'chinenerocho. Ndi zimene amanena zikafunika nthawi yambiri kuchita chinachake.
Omanga 78 ochokera ku Ulaya adagwira nawo ntchito yomangayi. Nyumbayi idamangidwa kuchokera ku njerwa za terracotta, kenako miyala ya Condol yochokera ku Nyanja ya Maggiore idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwewo adasanduka osasinthika: pali madera apinki, oyera komanso otuwa. Kuti apereke miyala ya nsangalabwi pamalo omangapo, ngalande anakumbidwa mwapadera mumzindawo.
Palibe wina koma Napoleon Bonaparte anathandizira kumaliza ntchito yomanga tchalitchichi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, atagonjetsa mzindawu, ankafuna kuti akhale korona mu Duomo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yomanga iyenera kumalizidwa mwachangu. Asanavekedwe korona, mwa dongosolo lake, kukongoletsa kwa facade kunamalizidwa mwachangu.
Mwa njira, panthawi imene anthu a ku Italiya anamaliza Duomo di Milano, mbali zonse za nyumbayi zomwe zinamangidwa poyamba zinafuna kukonzanso.
Mfundo yochititsa chidwi: kumanga sikunathe ngakhale pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Napoleon. Mpaka theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1965, ntchito yokongoletsa kachisi inkachitika: mazenera atsopano agalasi, zojambulajambula ndi zinthu zina zokongoletsera zinawonjezeredwa. Ndipo mu XNUMX ntchito yomangayo inatha.
Notre Dame Cathedral - zaka 182
Mwala woyamba wa nyumbayi unayikidwa mu 1163. Nyumbazi zinamalizidwa mu 1245, ndipo tchalitchi chonsecho chinamalizidwa mu 1345. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana (ya Gothic ndi Romanesque) ndi kutalika kosiyanasiyana kwa nsanja ndi mbali yakumadzulo kwa tchalitchichi zikuwonetsa kuti amisiri osiyanasiyana adagwira nawo ntchito yomanga.
Notre-Dame de Paris idakhala imodzi mwanyumba zoyamba padziko lapansi, pakumanga zomwe zida zomangira zakunja zidagwiritsidwa ntchito - ma arched buttresses. Iwo sanali mu kulembedwa koyambirira. Koma makoma opyapyala omangidwa motalika kwambiri anayamba kusweka, motero zochirikizira zakunja zinamangidwa kuzungulira tchalitchi chonsecho.
Notre Dame Cathedral inali tchalitchi choyamba cha Gothic. Kalembedwe kamangidwe kameneka kakusonyeza kufunafuna kumwamba kosatha. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, palibe amene ankaganiza kuti tchalitchicho chingakhale chachikulu kwambiri komanso nsanja za belu zazitali kwambiri (mamita 69). Kuti amange nyumba yayikuluyi, chidwi chachikulu chinaperekedwa pakuwongolera njira zonyamulira.
Chochititsa chidwi: zolemba zamisonkho zochokera ku Paris za 1296 ndi 1313 zikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa akazi awiri omanga miyala, matayala ndi pulasitala. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuti omanga azimayi adagwira nawo ntchito yomanga tchalitchichi.
Pa Epulo 15, 2019, dziko lonse lapansi lidawona Notre-Dame de Paris ikuyaka. Chifukwa cha moto wowopsa, spire, denga ndi wotchi zidatayika. Denga la zaka za m'ma 5 ndi XNUMX linawonongeka. Ntchito yokonzanso ikuchitika, zomwe, malinga ndi akatswiri, zidzatenga zaka zosachepera XNUMX.
******
Mosiyana ndi nthawi zakale, tsopano chuma cha m'derali sichikhudza kwambiri liwiro la zomangamanga: kumanga kwa nthawi yaitali kungawonekere ku Vladivostok ndi Moscow. Zifukwa zake ndi zakale monga nthawi - kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kake Sizovuta kudziwa yemwe ali ndi mlandu woletsa ntchito yomanga pazochitika zilizonse, koma chochita ndi chinthucho nthawi zambiri sichidziwika bwino. M'malo mwake, palibe zosankha zambiri: malo omangira anthawi yayitali amatha kusiyidwa "monga momwe alili" ndikusinthidwa kukhala magulu opanga, ma desiki owonera, ndi malo odumphira pansi. Mukhoza kuyesetsa kuti mumalize. Kapena mutha kugwetsa chilichonse ndikuyambitsa malo atsopano omanga pamalo ano. Omanga amakono nthawi zambiri amayenera kusanthula zolakwa za omwe adawatsogolera kuti zisachitike pa ntchito yawo. Ndipo ngati ntchito yomanga ikuchedwa, tiyembekezere kuti akupanga china chake chabwino kwambiri.
Ndi nyumba ziti zamakono zomwe mumaziona ngati zaluso? Anatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti amange?
Source: www.habr.com