Kutulutsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe anthu amapindula nazo pokhudzana ndi mphamvu. Vuto lalikulu tsopano siliri ngakhale kusonkhanitsa mphamvu za dzuwa, koma kusungirako ndi kugawa kwake. Ngati vutoli litha kuthetsedwa, mafakitale opangira mafuta oyambira kale atha kuchotsedwa ntchito.
SolarReserve ndi kampani yomwe ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wosungunuka m'mafakitale opangira magetsi adzuwa ndipo ikuyesetsa kupeza njira ina yothetsera mavuto osungira. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yadzuwa kupanga magetsi ndikuzisunga mu solar panels, SolarReserve ikufuna kuwongoleranso ku zida zosungiramo matenthedwe (nsanja). Mphamvu ya nsanja idzalandira ndikusunga mphamvu. Kuthekera kwa mchere wosungunuka kukhalabe mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi kumapangitsa kukhala malo abwino osungiramo matenthedwe..
Cholinga cha kampaniyo ndikutsimikizira kuti ukadaulo wake ukhoza kupanga mphamvu yadzuwa kukhala gwero lotsika mtengo lomwe limagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku (monga chomera chilichonse chamafuta amafuta). Kuwala kwadzuwa kumatenthetsa mchere wa munsanjayo kufika pa 566°C, womwe umasungidwa mu thanki yayikulu yotsekeredwa mpaka utagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi kuyendetsa turbine.
Komabe, zinthu zoyamba poyamba.
Kunyumba
Katswiri wamkulu waukadaulo wa SolarReserve, William Gould, watha zaka zopitilira 20 akupanga ukadaulo wosungunuka wa mchere wa CSP (mphamvu yadzuwa). M'zaka za m'ma 1990, anali woyang'anira polojekiti ku US Department of Energy-supported Solar Two malo owonetsera m'chipululu cha Mojave. Zaka khumi m'mbuyomo, dongosolo linayesedwa kumeneko, lomwe linatsimikizira mawerengedwe amalingaliro okhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa malonda ogulitsa magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito heliostats. Chovuta cha Gould chinali kupanga mapangidwe ofanana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mchere wotenthedwa m'malo mwa nthunzi, ndikupeza umboni wakuti mphamvu ingasungidwe.
Posankha chidebe chosungiramo mchere wosungunula, Gould anasintha njira ziwiri: wopanga boiler yemwe amadziwa bwino zamafuta opangira mafuta, ndi Rocketdyne, omwe adapanga injini za rocket za NASA. Kusankha kudapangidwa mokomera asayansi a rocket. Mwa zina chifukwa Gould anali atagwira ntchito koyambirira kwa ntchito yake ngati mainjiniya a nyukiliya ku chimphona chachikulu cha zomangamanga cha Bechtel, akugwira ntchito pa ma reactors aku California a San Onofre. Ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti sadzapeza zipangizo zamakono zodalirika.
Mphuno ya injini ya jet, yomwe mpweya wotentha umatuluka, imakhala ndi zipolopolo ziwiri (zamkati ndi zakunja), muzitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumadzimadzi, kuziziritsa zitsulo ndi kusunga mphuno kuti isasungunuke. Zomwe Rocketdyne adakumana nazo popanga zida zofananira ndikugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zotentha kwambiri zidakhala zothandiza popanga ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito mchere wosungunuka pafakitale yopangira magetsi adzuwa.
Pulojekiti ya 10 MW Solar Two inagwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka zingapo ndipo inathetsedwa mu 1999, kutsimikizira kuti lingaliroli ndi lotheka. Monga momwe William Gould mwiniwake akuvomerezera, ntchitoyi inali ndi mavuto omwe anafunikira kuthetsedwa. Koma ukadaulo woyambira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Solar Two umagwiranso ntchito m'malo amakono ngati Crescent Dunes. Kusakaniza kwa mchere wa nitrate ndi kutentha kwa ntchito ndizofanana, kusiyana kokha kuli pamlingo wa siteshoni.
Ubwino waukadaulo wamchere wosungunuka ndikuti umalola mphamvu kuti iperekedwe pakufunika, osati dzuwa likawala. Mchere ukhoza kusunga kutentha kwa miyezi, kotero kuti nthawi zina mitambo sikumakhudza kupezeka kwa magetsi. Kuonjezera apo, mpweya wa nyumba yopangira magetsi ndi wochepa, ndipo ndithudi palibe zinyalala zowopsa zomwe zimapangidwira monga momwe zimapangidwira.
Mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito
Malo opangira magetsi oyendera dzuwa amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi 10 (ma heliostats) ofalikira mahekitala 347 (ndiwo kukula kwa 647,5-kuphatikiza mabwalo a mpira) kuti awonetsere kuwala kwa dzuwa pansanja yapakati, 900 metres m'mwamba ndikudzaza ndi mchere. Mcherewu umatenthedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kufika pa 195°C ndipo kutentha kumasungidwa kenako n’kumagwiritsa ntchito kusandutsa madzi kukhala nthunzi ndi kuyendetsa majenereta opangira magetsi.
Magalasiwo amatchedwa ma heliostats chifukwa chilichonse chimatha kupendekeka ndikuzungulira kuti chiwongolere kuwala kwake. Zopangidwa mozungulira mozungulira, zimawunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa pa "cholandira" pamwamba pa nsanja yapakati. Nsanjayo siyiwala; wolandirayo ndi wakuda wakuda. Kuwala kwake kumachitika ndendende chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa kutenthetsa chidebecho. Mchere wotentha umalowa mu thanki yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 16 m³.
Heliostat
Mcherewu, womwe umawoneka ndikuyenda mofanana ndi madzi pa kutentha kumeneku, umadutsa m'chotenthetsera kutentha kuti upangitse nthunzi kuti igwiritse ntchito turbogenerator wamba. Thanki ili ndi mchere wokwanira wosungunuka kuyendetsa jenereta kwa maola 10. Izi zikufanana ndi 1100 megawatt-maola osungira, kapena pafupifupi nthawi 10 kuposa makina akuluakulu a batri a lithiamu-ion omwe aikidwa kuti asunge mphamvu zowonjezera.
Njira yovuta
Ngakhale lonjezo la lingalirolo, SolarReserve sitinganene kuti yapambana. Munjira zambiri, kampaniyo idakhalabe yoyambira. Ngakhale chiyambi ndi champhamvu komanso chowala mwanjira iliyonse. Kupatula apo, chinthu choyamba chomwe mumawona mukayang'ana ku Crescent Dunes Power Plant ndichopepuka. Chowala kwambiri kotero kuti n'kosatheka kuchiyang'ana. Gwero la kuwala ndi nsanja yamamita 195, yomwe ikukwera pamwamba pa chipululu cha Nevada pafupifupi theka la tawuni yaying'ono ya Reno ndi Las Vegas.
Momwe makina opangira magetsi amawonekera pamagawo osiyanasiyana omanga
2012, ntchito yomanga inayamba
2014, ntchitoyi ili pafupi kutha
December 2014, Crescent Dunes yatsala pang'ono kugwiritsidwa ntchito
Pokonzekera
Pafupifupi ola limodzi kuchokera pano ndi malo otchuka a Area 51, malo obisika ankhondo omwe intaneti yonse idawopseza kuti idzawononga chilimwechi kuti "apulumutse" alendo m'manja mwa boma la America. Kuyandikira kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti apaulendo akawona kuwala kowala modabwitsa nthawi zina amafunsa anthu amderalo ngati adawonapo zachilendo kapena zachilendo. Ndiyeno amakhumudwa moona mtima podziwa kuti ichi ndi chomera cha dzuwa, chozunguliridwa ndi munda wa magalasi pafupifupi 3 km m'lifupi.
Kumanga kwa Crescent Dunes kudayamba mu 2011 ndi ngongole zaboma komanso ndalama kuchokera ku NV Energy, kampani yayikulu ya Nevada. Ndipo malo opangira magetsi adamangidwa mu 2015, pafupifupi zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake kuposa momwe adakonzera. Koma ngakhale pambuyo pomanga, sizinayende bwino. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, mapampu ndi ma transformer a heliostats, omwe analibe mphamvu zokwanira, nthawi zambiri amasweka ndipo sanagwire ntchito bwino. Chifukwa chake, kutulutsa mphamvu ku Crescent Dunes kunali kotsika kuposa momwe adakonzera zaka zoyambirira zogwirira ntchito.
Panalinso vuto lina - ndi mbalame. Kugwera pansi pa "kupenya" kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa, mbalame yatsoka . Malinga ndi oimira SolarReserve, malo awo opangira magetsi adatha kupewa "kuwotcha" kwa mbalame nthawi zonse. Dongosolo lapadera linapangidwa mogwirizana ndi mabungwe angapo amitundu kuti achepetse ziwopsezo zilizonse zomwe zingachitike pamagetsi. Pulogalamuyi idavomerezedwa mu 2011 ndipo idapangidwa kuti ichepetse zoopsa zomwe zingachitike kwa mbalame ndi mileme.
Koma vuto lalikulu la Crescent Dunes linali kutayikira mu thanki yosungiramo mchere wotentha yomwe idapezeka kumapeto kwa 2016. Tekinolojeyi imagwiritsa ntchito mphete yayikulu yothandizidwa ndi ma pyloni pansi pa thanki kugawira mchere wosungunuka pamene umayenda kuchokera m'chotengera. Ma pyloni okhawo ankayenera kuwotcherera pansi, ndipo mpheteyo inkafunika kusuntha pamene kusintha kwa kutentha kumapangitsa kuti zipangizo zikule / mgwirizano. M'malo mwake, chifukwa cha zolakwika za mainjiniya, chinthu chonsecho chidalumikizidwa mwamphamvu. Chotsatira chake, ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, pansi pa thanki inagwedezeka ndi kutayikira.
Kutuluka kwa mchere wosungunuka sikuli koopsa kwenikweni. Pamene kugunda miyala wosanjikiza pansi thanki, ndi kusungunula yomweyo utakhazikika, kutembenukira mu mchere. Komabe, kuzimitsidwa kwa fakitale yopangira magetsi kunapitilira kwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu. Zomwe zimayambitsa kutayikira, omwe adayambitsa chochitikacho, zotsatira zadzidzidzi ndi zina zidaphunziridwa.
Mavuto a SolarReserve sanathere pamenepo. ntchito zomera anagwera pansi chandamale mu 2018, ndi avareji mphamvu factor 20,3% poyerekeza ndi anakonza mphamvu chinthu cha 51,9%, C. Zotsatira zake, US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) anayamba 12-mwezi mtengo phunziro la pulojekiti ya CSP, yoyang'ana kwambiri pazantchito komanso ndalama zosayembekezereka. Zotsatira zake, kampaniyo idayimbidwa mlandu koyamba ndikukakamizidwa kusintha kasamalidwe, ndipo mu 2019 adakakamizika kuvomereza .
Sizinathe panobe
Koma ngakhale izi sizinathetse chitukuko chaukadaulo. Kupatula apo, pali ntchito zofananira m'maiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, matekinoloje ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park - malo akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi a magetsi a dzuwa, ogwirizana mu malo amodzi ku Dubai. Kapena, nenani, Morocco. Pali masiku ambiri adzuwa kuposa ku USA, chifukwa chake mphamvu yamagetsi iyenera kukhala yayikulu. Ndipo zotsatira zoyamba zikusonyeza kuti zimenezi n’zoona.
Nsanja ya 150 MW CSP Noor III ku Morocco idapitilira zomwe zidasungidwa m'miyezi ingapo yoyambira. Ndipo mtengo wopezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito zosungira mphamvu za nsanja ukugwirizana ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa, akutsimikizira Xavier Lara, mlangizi wamkulu ku CSP Engineering Group Empresarios Agrupados (EA).
Noor III Power Plant
Adatumizidwa mu Disembala chaka chatha, malo opangira magetsi a Noor III awonetsa ntchito yodabwitsa. Noor III, yokhazikitsidwa ndi SENER yaku Spain komanso bungwe la China la SEPCO, ndiye nsanja yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso yachiwiri yophatikiza ukadaulo wosungira mchere wosungunuka.
Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti Noor III ali ndi mphamvu zoyambira zogwirira ntchito, kusinthasintha kwa m'badwo ndi kuphatikiza kosungirako kuyenera kuchepetsa nsanja ya CSP ndi zovuta zodalirika zosungira ndikuchepetsa mtengo wazinthu zama projekiti amtsogolo. Ku China, boma lalengeza kale pulogalamu yopangira 6000 MW ya CSP ndi yosungirako. SolarReserve ikugwira ntchito limodzi ndi kampani ya boma ya Shenhua Group, yomwe imamanga nyumba zopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malasha, kuti ipange 1000 MW ya CSP yopangira mchere wosungunuka. Koma kodi nsanja zosungiramo zinthu zoterezi zidzapitirizabe kumangidwa? Funso.
Komabe, tsiku lina, kampani ya Heliogen, ya Bill Gates, idalengeza za kupambana kwake pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa. Heliogen adatha kuonjezera kutentha kuchoka pa 565 ° C kufika pa 1000 ° C. Choncho, kutsegula mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa popanga simenti, zitsulo, ndi petrochemicals.
Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe mungawerenge pabulogu?
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Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. chonde.
Madzi mchere mphamvu chomera ndi
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Tekinoloje yakufa
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Njira yolonjeza
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Poyamba zamkhutu
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Mtundu wanu (mu ndemanga)
Ogwiritsa 97 adavota. Ogwiritsa ntchito 36 adakana.
Source: www.habr.com