chandalama. Nkhaniyi ndi yomasulira, yokonzedwa komanso yosinthidwa Nathan Hurst. Anagwiritsanso ntchito zina kuchokera munkhaniyo pomanga mfundo yomaliza.
Pali chiphunzitso (kapena mwina nkhani yochenjeza) pakati pa akatswiri a zakuthambo otchedwa Kessler syndrome, omwe amatchulidwa ndi katswiri wa zakuthambo wa NASA yemwe anayambitsa izi mu 1978. Munthawi imeneyi, setilaiti yozungulira kapena chinthu china mwangozi chimagunda china ndikusweka. Zigawozi zimazungulira dziko lapansi pa liwiro la makilomita masauzande pa ola limodzi, kuwononga chilichonse chomwe chili panjira yawo, kuphatikizapo ma satellites ena. Imayambitsa zochitika zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimathera m'mtambo wa zidutswa mamiliyoni ambiri za zinthu zopanda ntchito zomwe zimazungulira dziko lapansi mosalekeza.
Chochitika choterechi chingapangitse kuti pafupi ndi Earth danga likhale lopanda ntchito, kuwononga ma satelayiti atsopano omwe amatumizidwa mmenemo ndipo mwina kutsekereza mwayi wopita kumlengalenga palimodzi.
Ndiye pamene SpaceX (Federal Communications Commission - Federal Communications Commission, USA) kutumiza ma satellites 4425 ku low-Earth orbit (LEO, low-Earth orbit) kuti apereke intaneti yothamanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, FCC idakhudzidwa ndi izi. Kampani yopitilira chaka ma komishoni ndi madandaulo omwe akupikisana nawo omwe aperekedwa kuti akane pempholi, kuphatikiza kulemba "ndondomeko yochepetsera zinyalala m'njira yodutsamo" kuti muchepetse mantha a apocalypse a Kessler. Pa Marichi 28, FCC idavomereza ntchito ya SpaceX.
Zinyalala zapamlengalenga sizinthu zokhazo zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa FCC, ndipo SpaceX si bungwe lokhalo lomwe likuyesera kupanga m'badwo wotsatira wa magulu a nyenyezi a satana. Makampani owerengeka, atsopano ndi akale, akukumbatira matekinoloje atsopano, akupanga mapulani atsopano abizinesi ndikudandaulira FCC kuti ipeze mwayi wofikira mbali zina zamalumikizidwe omwe amafunikira kuphimba Dziko Lapansi ndi intaneti yachangu komanso yodalirika.
Mayina akuluakulu akukhudzidwa - kuchokera ku Richard Branson kupita ku Elon Musk - pamodzi ndi ndalama zambiri. Branson's OneWeb yakweza $ 1,7 biliyoni mpaka pano, ndipo Purezidenti wa SpaceX ndi COO Gwynne Shotwell akuti mtengo wa polojekitiyi ndi $ 10 biliyoni.
Zoonadi, pali mavuto aakulu, ndipo mbiri imasonyeza kuti zotsatira zake sizili bwino. Anyamata abwino akuyesera kuthetsa kusiyana kwa digito m'madera osatetezedwa, pamene anthu oipa akuyika ma satellites oletsedwa pa roketi. Ndipo zonsezi zimabwera pamene kufunikira kopereka deta kukuchulukirachulukira: mu 2016, kuchuluka kwa anthu pa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi kudaposa 1 sextillion byte, malinga ndi lipoti lochokera ku Cisco, kutha nthawi ya zettabyte.
Ngati cholinga ndikupereka mwayi wabwino wa intaneti pomwe panalibepo kale, ndiye kuti ma satelayiti ndi njira yabwino yochitira izi. M'malo mwake, makampani akhala akuchita izi kwazaka zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ma satelayiti akuluakulu a geostationary (GSO), omwe ali m'mayendedwe okwera kwambiri pomwe nthawi yozungulira imakhala yofanana ndi liwiro la kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi, ndikupangitsa kuti akhazikike kudera linalake. Koma kupatulapo ntchito zochepa zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana padziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito ma satelayiti otsika a 175 ndikutumiza ma data 7 ku Earth pa liwiro la 200 Mbps, kapena ntchito yotsata katundu kapena kupereka maukonde. kupeza m'malo ankhondo, kuyankhulana kwamtundu uwu kwa satana sikunali kofulumira komanso kodalirika kuti kupikisane ndi intaneti yamakono ya fiber optic kapena chingwe.
Ma satellites omwe si a geostationary (Non-GSOs) amaphatikiza ma satelayiti omwe amagwira ntchito mu Medium Earth orbit (MEO), pamalo okwera pakati pa 1900 ndi 35000 km pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi, ndi ma satellites otsika a Earth orbit (LEO), omwe amazungulira pamtunda wosakwana 1900 km. . Masiku ano ma LEO akukhala otchuka kwambiri ndipo posachedwapa zikuyembekezeka kuti ngati si ma satellites onse azikhala motere, ndiye kuti adzakhaladi.
Pakadali pano, malamulo a ma satelayiti omwe si a geostationary akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amagawidwa pakati pa mabungwe mkati ndi kunja kwa US: NASA, FCC, DOD, FAA komanso UN's International Telecommunication Union onse ali pamasewera.
Komabe, kuchokera kuzinthu zamakono pali ubwino wina waukulu. Mtengo wopangira satelayiti watsika pomwe ma gyroscope komanso mabatire akukwera chifukwa chakukula kwa mafoni am'manja. Zakhalanso zotsika mtengo kukhazikitsa, chifukwa mwa gawo laling'ono la ma satellite okha. Kuthekera kwawonjezeka, mauthenga apakati pa satelayiti apangitsa makina kukhala ofulumira, ndipo mbale zazikulu zolozera kumwamba zachoka m'mafashoni.
Makampani khumi ndi amodzi adapereka mafayilo ku FCC, pamodzi ndi SpaceX, iliyonse ikulimbana ndi vutoli mwanjira yake.
Elon Musk adalengeza pulogalamu ya SpaceX Starlink mu 2015 ndipo adatsegula nthambi ya kampaniyo ku Seattle. Adauza antchito kuti: "Tikufuna kusintha njira zolumikizirana ndi satellite monga momwe tidasinthira sayansi ya rocket."
Mu 2016, kampaniyo idapereka fomu ku Federal Communications Commission kuti ipemphe chilolezo chokhazikitsa ma satelayiti 1600 (kenako adachepetsedwa kukhala 800) kuyambira pano mpaka 2021, ndikukhazikitsa otsalawo mpaka 2024. Ma satellite apafupi ndi Earth awa azizungulira mu ndege 83 zosiyanasiyana. Gulu la nyenyezi, monga momwe gulu la ma satelayiti limatchulidwira, lidzalankhulana wina ndi mnzake kudzera pa maulalo olumikizirana a on-board optical (laser) kuti deta idutse mlengalenga m'malo mobwerera kudziko lapansi - kudutsa "mlatho" wautali m'malo mopitilira. kutumizidwa mmwamba ndi pansi.
M'munda, makasitomala adzaika mtundu watsopano wa terminal yokhala ndi tinyanga zoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi zomwe zidzangolumikizana ndi satelayiti yomwe imapereka chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri - chofanana ndi momwe foni yam'manja imasankhira nsanja. Pamene ma satellites a LEO akuyenda molingana ndi Dziko Lapansi, makinawa amasinthasintha pakati pawo mphindi 10 zilizonse. Ndipo popeza padzakhala anthu masauzande ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito dongosololi, nthawi zonse padzakhala osachepera 20 omwe angasankhe, malinga ndi Patricia Cooper, wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa ntchito za satellite ku SpaceX.
Malo otsetsereka apansi akuyenera kukhala otsika mtengo komanso osavuta kuyiyika kuposa tinyanga ta satellite tanthawi zonse, tomwe tikuyenera kuyang'ana kumlengalenga komwe kuli satellite ya geostationary. SpaceX imati terminal sikhala yayikulu kuposa bokosi la pizza (ngakhale silinena kukula kwa pizza).
Kuyankhulana kudzaperekedwa m'magulu awiri afupipafupi: Ka ndi Ku. Onsewa ndi a ma wailesi, ngakhale amagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency apamwamba kwambiri kuposa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa stereo. Ka-band ndiyokwera paziwirizi, yokhala ndi ma frequency pakati pa 26,5 GHz ndi 40 GHz, pomwe Ku-band ili kuchokera ku 12 GHz mpaka 18 GHz pamawonekedwe. Starlink yalandira chilolezo kuchokera ku FCC kuti igwiritse ntchito ma frequency ena, makamaka uplink kuchokera ku terminal kupita ku satellite imagwira ntchito pafupipafupi kuchokera ku 14 GHz mpaka 14,5 GHz ndi downlink kuchokera 10,7 GHz mpaka 12,7 GHz, ndipo ena onse adzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa telemetry, kutsatira ndi kuwongolera, komanso kulumikiza ma satelayiti ku intaneti yapadziko lapansi.
Kupatula zosefera za FCC, SpaceX idakhala chete ndipo sinafotokozebe mapulani ake. Ndipo ndizovuta kudziwa zambiri zaukadaulo chifukwa SpaceX ikuyendetsa dongosolo lonselo, kuchokera pazigawo zomwe zidzapite pa satelayiti kupita ku roketi zomwe zidzawatengere kumwamba. Koma kuti pulojekitiyo ikhale yopambana, zidzadalira ngati ntchitoyo ikunenedwa kuti ikhoza kupereka liwiro lofanana kapena labwino kuposa fiber yamtengo wapatali, pamodzi ndi kudalirika komanso chidziwitso chabwino cha ogwiritsa ntchito.
Mu February, SpaceX idakhazikitsa ma prototypes ake awiri oyamba a Starlink satellite, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira okhala ndi mapiko ngati ma solar. Tintin A ndi B ndi pafupifupi mita kutalika, ndipo Musk adatsimikizira kudzera pa Twitter kuti adalumikizana bwino. Ngati ma prototypes apitiliza kugwira ntchito, adzalumikizidwa ndi mazana ena pofika 2019. Dongosololi likangoyamba kugwira ntchito, SpaceX idzalowa m'malo mwa ma satelayiti ochotsedwa mosalekeza kuti aletse kupangidwa kwa zinyalala za mlengalenga, dongosololi lidzawalangiza kuti achepetse mayendedwe awo panthawi inayake, pambuyo pake amayamba kugwa ndikuwotcha mkati. mlengalenga. Pa chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa mutha kuwona momwe netiweki ya Starlink imawonekera pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa 6.
Zakale za mbiriyakale
M'zaka za m'ma 80, HughesNet anali woyambitsa luso la satana. Mukudziwa tinyanga zotuwa zomwe DirecTV imayika kunja kwa nyumba? Amachokera ku HughesNet, yomwe idachokera kwa mpainiya woyendetsa ndege a Howard Hughes. "Tinapanga ukadaulo womwe umatilola kuti tizitha kulumikizana ndi satana," atero EVP Mike Cook.
M'masiku amenewo, omwe panthawiyo anali Hughes Network Systems anali ndi DirecTV ndipo inkagwiritsa ntchito ma satelayiti akuluakulu omwe amaulutsa zambiri pawailesi yakanema. Kuyambira kale, kampaniyo idaperekanso ntchito kwa mabizinesi, monga kukonza ma kirediti kadi m'malo opangira mafuta. Wogula woyamba wamalonda anali Walmart, yemwe ankafuna kugwirizanitsa antchito m'dziko lonselo ndi ofesi ya kunyumba ku Bentonville.
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 90, kampaniyo idapanga makina apaintaneti osakanizidwa otchedwa DirecPC: kompyuta ya wogwiritsa ntchito idatumiza pempho polumikizana ndi seva yapaintaneti ndipo idalandira yankho kudzera pa satelayiti, yomwe idatumiza zomwe adapempha mpaka m'mbale ya wogwiritsa ntchito. mothamanga kwambiri kuposa momwe kuyimba foni kungapereke. .
Cha m'ma 2000, Hughes adayamba kupereka mautumiki ochezera pa intaneti. Koma kusunga mtengo wa ntchitoyo, kuphatikizapo mtengo wa zipangizo zamakasitomala, kukhala wotsika mokwanira kuti anthu agule kwakhala kovuta. Kuti izi zitheke, kampaniyo idaganiza kuti ikufunika ma satelayiti ake ndipo mu 2007 idayambitsa Spaceway. Malinga ndi Hughes, satellite iyi, yomwe ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano, inali yofunika kwambiri pakukhazikitsa chifukwa inali yoyamba kuthandizira ukadaulo wosinthira mapaketi, makamaka kukhala chosinthira choyamba chochotsa kukwera kowonjezera kwa siteshoni yolumikizirana. zina. Kutha kwake kumapitilira 10 Gbit/s, ma transponder 24 a 440 Mbit/s, kulola olembetsa aliyense kukhala ndi 2 Mbit/s potumiza mpaka 5 Mbit/s pakutsitsa. Spaceway 1 inapangidwa ndi Boeing pamaziko a satellite ya Boeing 702. Kulemera kwa chipangizocho kunali 6080 kg. Pakadali pano, Spaceway 1 ndi imodzi mwa ndege zolemera kwambiri zamalonda (SC) - idaphwanya mbiri ya satelayiti ya Inmarsat 5 F4 yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Atlas 1 launch vehicle (5959 kg), mwezi umodzi m'mbuyomo. Ngakhale GSO yolemera kwambiri yamalonda, malinga ndi Wikipedia, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2018, ili ndi matani 7. Chipangizocho chili ndi Ka-band relay payload (RP). PN imaphatikizapo mndandanda wa mlongoti woyendetsedwa wa 2-mita wokhala ndi zinthu 1500. PN imapanga kuwulutsa kwamitundu yambiri kuti iwonetsetse kuwulutsa kwamakanema osiyanasiyana a TV m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Mlongoti woterewu umalola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamlengalenga pakusintha msika.
Pakadali pano, kampani yotchedwa Viasat idakhala pafupifupi zaka khumi ikufufuza ndi chitukuko isanakhazikitse satellite yake yoyamba mu 2008. Setilaitiyi, yotchedwa ViaSat-1, idaphatikizanso umisiri wina watsopano monga kugwiritsa ntchitonso ma sipekitiramu. Izi zinapangitsa kuti satelayiti isankhe pakati pa ma bandwidth osiyanasiyana kuti itumize deta ku Dziko lapansi popanda kusokoneza, ngakhale ikutumiza deta pamodzi ndi mtengo kuchokera ku satelayiti ina, ikhoza kugwiritsiranso ntchito mawonedwe owonetserako polumikizana omwe sanali ogwirizana.
Izi zinapereka liwiro lalikulu komanso magwiridwe antchito. Pamene idayamba kugwira ntchito, inali ndi mphamvu ya 140 Gbps, kuposa ma satellites onse ophatikizidwa ku US, malinga ndi Purezidenti wa Viasat Rick Baldridge.
"Msika wa satellite unali wa anthu omwe alibe chochita," akutero Baldrige. βNgati simunathe kupeza njira ina iliyonse, inali ukadaulo womaliza. Kwenikweni inali ndi kufalikira kulikonse, koma inalibe data yochuluka. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu monga zogulira pamalo opangira mafuta. β
Kwa zaka zambiri, HughesNet (yomwe tsopano ndi EchoStar) ndi Viasat akhala akumanga ma satellites othamanga kwambiri. HughesNet inatulutsa EchoStar XVII (120 Gbps) mu 2012, EchoStar XIX (200 Gbps) mu 2017, ndipo ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa EchoStar XXIV mu 2021, yomwe kampaniyo imati idzapereka 100 Mbps kwa ogula.
ViaSat-2 idakhazikitsidwa mu 2017 ndipo tsopano ili ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 260 Gbit/s, ndipo ViaSat-3 itatu yosiyana ikukonzekera 2020 kapena 2021, iliyonse ikukhudza magawo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Viasat yati makina onse atatu a ViaSat-3 akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi ma terabits pa sekondi imodzi, kuwirikiza kawiri ma satelayiti ena onse ozungulira Dziko lapansi ataphatikizidwa.
"Tili ndi mphamvu zambiri mumlengalenga kotero kuti zimasintha mphamvu zonse zoperekera magalimotowa. Palibe zoletsa zomwe zingaperekedwe, "atero a DK Sachdev, katswiri waukadaulo wa satellite ndi telecom yemwe amagwira ntchito ku LeoSat, imodzi mwamakampani omwe akuyambitsa gulu la nyenyezi la LEO. "Masiku ano, zofooka zonse za ma satelayiti zikuthetsedwa limodzi ndi limodzi."
Mpikisano wonse wothamangawu unabwera pazifukwa, pamene intaneti (njira ziwiri zoyankhulirana) inayamba kuchotsa televizioni (njira imodzi yolankhulana) monga ntchito yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma satelayiti.
"Makampani a satellite ali ndi chipwirikiti kwanthawi yayitali, akuganiza momwe angasunthire kuchokera pakupanga mavidiyo amtundu uliwonse mpaka kutumiza deta yonse," akutero Ronald van der Breggen, director of compliance ku LeoSat. "Pali malingaliro ambiri okhudza momwe angachitire, choti achite, ndi msika uti womwe ungagulitsidwe."
Vuto limodzi lidakalipo
Kuchedwa. Mosiyana ndi liwiro lonse, latency ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti mupemphe kuyenda kuchokera pa kompyuta kupita komwe ikupita ndi kubwerera. Tiyerekeze kuti mumadina ulalo watsamba lawebusayiti, pempholi liyenera kupita ku seva ndikubwerera (kuti seva yalandira bwino pempholo ndipo yatsala pang'ono kukupatsani zomwe mwapempha), pambuyo pake tsamba lawebusayiti likudzaza.
Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti mutsegule tsamba zimatengera liwiro la kulumikizana kwanu. Nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti mumalize kutsitsa ndikuchedwa. Nthawi zambiri amayezedwa mu milliseconds, kotero sizimawonekera mukamasakatula intaneti, koma ndizofunikira mukamasewera pa intaneti. Komabe, pali zowona pamene ogwiritsa ntchito ochokera ku Russian Federation adakwanitsa ndikutha kusewera masewera ena pa intaneti ngakhale pamene latency (ping) ili pafupi ndi sekondi imodzi.
Kuchedwa kwa fiber-optic system kumatengera mtunda, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala ma microseconds angapo pa kilomita imodzi; latency yayikulu imachokera ku zida, ngakhale zolumikizana ndi kuwala kwautali wotalika kuchedwa kumakhala kofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti mu fiber. -optic communication line (FOCL) liwiro la kuwala ndi 60% yokha ya liwiro la kuwala mu vacuum, komanso zimadalira kwambiri kutalika kwa mawonekedwe. Malingana ndi Baldrige, latency pamene mutumiza pempho ku GSO satellite ndi pafupifupi 700 milliseconds-kuwala kumayenda mofulumira mu vacuum of space kusiyana ndi fiber, koma mitundu ya satellites ili kutali, chifukwa chake zimatenga nthawi yaitali. Kuphatikiza pamasewera, vutoli ndilofunika kwambiri pamisonkhano yamakanema, zochitika zachuma ndi msika wamasheya, kuyang'anira Zinthu pa intaneti, ndi mapulogalamu ena omwe amadalira kuthamanga kwa kulumikizana.
Koma vuto la latency ndi lofunika bwanji? Ma bandwidth ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi amaperekedwa kumavidiyo. Kanemayo akayamba kuthamanga ndikusungidwa bwino, latency imakhala yochepa kwambiri ndipo kuthamanga kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Viasat ndi HughesNet amakonda kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa latency kwa mapulogalamu ambiri, ngakhale onse akugwira ntchito kuti achepetsenso machitidwe awo. HughesNet imagwiritsa ntchito algorithm kuyika patsogolo kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kutengera zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akuyang'ana kuti akwaniritse bwino kutumiza deta. Viasat idalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la nyenyezi la medium Earth orbit (MEO) kuti lithandizire maukonde omwe alipo, omwe akuyenera kuchepetsa kuchedwa ndikukulitsa kufalikira, kuphatikiza kumtunda komwe ma GSO aku equatorial ali ndi latency yayikulu.
"Timayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwambiri komanso ndalama zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuti tigwiritse ntchito voliyumuyi," akutero Baldrige. "Kodi latency ndiyofunikanso ngati zinthu zina pamsika womwe timathandizira"?
Komabe, pali yankho; Ma satellite a LEO akadali pafupi kwambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chake makampani ngati SpaceX ndi LeoSat asankha njira iyi, akukonzekera kuyika gulu la nyenyezi laling'ono kwambiri, ma satelayiti oyandikira, omwe akuyembekezeka kuchedwa kwa 20 mpaka 30 milliseconds kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
"Ndizochita malonda chifukwa ali m'njira yotsika, mumapeza latency yochepa kuchokera ku LEO system, koma muli ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri," akutero Cook. "Kuti mutsirize kuwundana kwa nyenyezi, muyenera kukhala ndi ma satelayiti osachepera mazana chifukwa ali otsika, ndipo amayenda mozungulira Dziko Lapansi, kupita m'chizimezime mwachangu ndikuzimiririka ... kuwatsata.β
Koma ndi bwino kukumbukira nkhani ziwiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, Bill Gates ndi anzake angapo adayika ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni mu pulojekiti yotchedwa Teledesic kuti apereke ma broadband kumadera omwe sakanatha kugula maukonde kapena sakanatha kuwona mizere ya fiber optic posachedwa. Zinali zofunikira kupanga gulu la nyenyezi la 840 (kenako linachepetsedwa kukhala 288) LEO satellites. Oyambitsa ake adalankhula za kuthetsa vuto la latency ndipo mu 1994 adapempha FCC kuti igwiritse ntchito mawonekedwe a Ka-band. Zikumveka bwino?
Teledesic idadya pafupifupi $9 biliyoni isanathe mu 2003.
"Lingaliro silinagwire ntchito panthawiyo chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa kukonza ndi ntchito kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, koma zikuwoneka zotheka tsopano," akutero. , pulofesa wa machitidwe a chidziwitso ku California State University Dominguez Hills yemwe wakhala akuyang'anira machitidwe a LEO kuyambira Teledesic inatuluka. "Tekinoloje siinapite patsogolo mokwanira kutero."
Lamulo la Moore komanso kusintha kwa batire la foni yam'manja, sensa ndi ukadaulo wa purosesa zidapatsa magulu a nyenyezi a LEO mwayi wachiwiri. Kuwonjezeka kwachuma kumapangitsa kuti chuma chiwoneke ngati chokopa. Koma pomwe saga ya Teledesic imasewera, makampani ena adapeza chidziwitso chofunikira poyambitsa njira zoyankhulirana mumlengalenga. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, Iridium, Globalstar ndi Orbcomm pamodzi anakhazikitsa ma satellites opitilira 100 otsika kuti azipereka mauthenga amafoni.
"Zimatenga zaka zambiri kuti mupange gulu lonse la nyenyezi chifukwa mumafunikira zida zambiri zoyambira, ndipo ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri," akutero Zach Manchester, pulofesa wothandizira pazamlengalenga ndi zakuthambo pa yunivesite ya Stanford. "Kwa zaka zisanu kapena kuposerapo, nsanja zapadziko lapansi zakula mpaka kufalikira kwabwino kwambiri ndikufikira anthu ambiri."
Makampani atatu onsewa adasokonekera mwachangu. Ndipo ngakhale iliyonse yadziyambitsanso popereka ntchito zingapo zing'onozing'ono pazifukwa zinazake, monga ma bekoni adzidzidzi ndi kutsata katundu, palibe amene akwanitsa kusintha ma foni am'manja opangidwa ndi nsanja. Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, SpaceX yakhala ikuyambitsa ma satelayiti a Iridium pansi pa mgwirizano.
Manchester anati: βTinaonapo filimu imeneyi. "Sindikuwona chilichonse chosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zikuchitika pano."
Mpikisano
SpaceX ndi mabungwe ena 11 (ndi omwe amawagulitsa) ali ndi malingaliro osiyana. OneWeb ikuyambitsa ma satellite chaka chino ndipo ntchito zikuyembekezeka kuyamba chaka chamawa, ndikutsatiridwa ndi magulu a nyenyezi ambiri mu 2021 ndi 2023, ndi cholinga chomaliza cha 1000 Tbps pofika 2025. O3b, yomwe tsopano ndi nthambi ya SAS, ili ndi magulu a nyenyezi 16 a MEO omwe akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo. Telesat imagwiritsa ntchito ma satellites a GSO, koma ikukonzekera dongosolo la LEO la 2021 lomwe lidzakhala ndi maulalo owoneka bwino ndi latency ya 30 mpaka 50 ms.
Upstart Astranis ilinso ndi satellite mu geosynchronous orbit ndipo izikhala ikugwiritsa ntchito zambiri zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Ngakhale kuti samathetsa vuto la latency, kampaniyo ikufuna kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama pogwira ntchito ndi opereka intaneti a m'deralo ndikumanga ma satelayiti ang'onoang'ono, otsika mtengo kwambiri.
LeoSat akufunanso kukhazikitsa ma satellite oyamba mu 2019, ndikumaliza kuwundana kwa nyenyezi mu 2022. Adzawulukira padziko lapansi pamtunda wa 1400 km, kulumikizana ndi ma satelayiti ena pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolumikizirana komanso kutumiza zidziwitso m'mwamba ndi pansi mu gulu la Ka-band. Apeza zofunikira padziko lonse lapansi, atero a Richard van der Breggen, wamkulu wa LeoSat, ndipo akuyembekeza kuvomerezedwa ndi FCC posachedwa.
Malinga ndi van der Breggen, kukankhira kwa intaneti yothamanga kwa satellite kunachokera pakupanga ma satelayiti akuluakulu, othamanga omwe amatha kutumiza zambiri. Amachitcha "chitoliro": chitoliro chokulirapo, m'pamenenso intaneti imatha kuphulika. Koma makampani ngati iye amapeza madera atsopano oti asinthe posintha dongosolo lonse.
van der Breggen anati: "Zomwe ma satellite onse amachita ndikupereka waya pakati pa mabokosi awiri ... tipereka atatu onse mumlengalenga."
LeoSat ikukonzekera kutumiza ma satelayiti 78, iliyonse kukula kwa tebulo lalikulu lodyera ndikulemera pafupifupi 1200 kg. Omangidwa ndi Iridium, ali ndi ma solar anayi ndi ma laser anayi (imodzi pakona iliyonse) kuti alumikizane ndi anansi. Uwu ndiye kulumikizana komwe van der Breggen amawona kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri. M'mbiri, ma satelayiti amawonetsa chizindikirocho mu mawonekedwe a V kuchokera pa siteshoni yapansi kupita ku satelayiti kenako kupita kwa wolandila. Chifukwa ma satellites a LEO ndi otsika, sangathe kuwonetsa mpaka, koma amatha kutumizirana deta pakati pawo mwachangu kwambiri.
Kuti mumvetsetse momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuganiza za intaneti ngati chinthu chomwe chili ndi thupi lenileni. Sizinthu zokha, ndi kumene detayo imakhala ndi momwe imayendera. Intaneti siisungidwa pamalo amodzi, pali ma seva padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi zidziwitso zina, ndipo mukalowa nawo, kompyuta yanu imatenga data kuchokera kufupi komwe kuli ndi zomwe mukufuna. Ndi kuti kumene kuli kofunikira? Zimakhala zovuta bwanji? Kuwala (chidziwitso) kumayenda mumlengalenga pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mu fiber. Ndipo mukamayendetsa ulusi wolumikizana ndi pulaneti, imayenera kutsatira njira yokhotakhota kuchokera ku mfundo kupita ku mfundo, yokhota kuzungulira mapiri ndi makontinenti. Satellite Internet ilibe zovuta izi, ndipo pamene gwero la deta liri kutali, ngakhale kuwonjezera makilomita zikwi zingapo zamtunda woyimirira, latency ndi LEO idzakhala yochepa kusiyana ndi latency ndi fiber optic Internet. Mwachitsanzo, ping kuchokera ku London kupita ku Singapore ikhoza kukhala 112 ms m'malo mwa 186, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri kulumikizana.
Umu ndi momwe van der Breggen amafotokozera ntchitoyi: makampani onse amatha kuonedwa ngati chitukuko cha intaneti yogawidwa osati yosiyana ndi intaneti yonse, mumlengalenga. Latency ndi liwiro zonse zimagwira ntchito.
Ngakhale ukadaulo wa kampani imodzi ungakhale wapamwamba, iyi simasewera a zero ndipo sipadzakhala opambana kapena otayika. Ambiri mwa makampaniwa amayang'ana misika yosiyanasiyana ndipo amathandizana kukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna. Kwa ena ndi zombo, ndege kapena malo ankhondo; kwa ena ndi ogula akumidzi kapena mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Koma pamapeto pake, makampaniwa ali ndi cholinga chofanana: kupanga intaneti komwe kulibe, kapena komwe kulibe kokwanira, ndikuzichita pamtengo wotsika kwambiri kuti athandizire bizinesi yawo.
"Tikuganiza kuti siukadaulo wopikisana. Timakhulupirira kuti mwanjira ina, matekinoloje onse a LEO ndi GEO ndi ofunikira, "akutero Cook wa HughesNet. "Pamitundu ina ya mapulogalamu, monga kutsatsira makanema mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la GEO ndilokwera mtengo kwambiri. Komabe, ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira latency yochepa ... LEO ndiye njira yopitira."
M'malo mwake, HughesNet amalumikizana ndi OneWeb kuti apereke tekinoloje yachipata yomwe imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto komanso kulumikizana ndi dongosolo pa intaneti.
Mwina mwazindikira kuti gulu la nyenyezi la LeoSat ndilocheperako nthawi 10 kuposa la SpaceX. Zili bwino, Van der Breggen akuti, chifukwa LeoSat akufuna kutumikira makasitomala amakampani ndi aboma ndipo azingogwira madera ochepa chabe. O3b amagulitsa intaneti kuti aziyenda zombo zapamadzi, kuphatikiza Royal Caribbean, komanso abwenzi ndi othandizira matelefoni ku American Samoa ndi Solomon Islands, komwe kuli kusowa kwa ma waya othamanga kwambiri.
Kuyambika kwakung'ono ku Toronto kotchedwa Kepler Communications kumagwiritsa ntchito CubeSats yaying'ono (pafupifupi kukula kwa buledi) kuti ipereke mwayi wofikira kwamakasitomala omwe ali ndi latency, 5GB ya data kapena kupitilira apo atha kupezeka munthawi ya mphindi 10, yomwe ili yoyenera ku polar. kufufuza, sayansi, mafakitale ndi zokopa alendo. Choncho, poika mlongoti waung'ono, liwiro lidzakhala mpaka 20 Mbit / s kuti mutsitse ndi 50 Mbit / s kuti mutsitse, koma ngati mugwiritsa ntchito "mbale" yaikulu, ndiye kuti kuthamanga kudzakhala kwakukulu - 120 Mbit / s kuti muyike ndi 150 Mbit / s kuti mulandire. Malinga ndi Baldrige, kukula kwamphamvu kwa Viasat kumabwera chifukwa chopereka intaneti kumakampani oyendetsa ndege; asayina mapangano ndi United, JetBlue ndi America, komanso Qantas, SAS ndi ena.
Nangano, kodi mtundu wamalonda wotsogozedwa ndi phinduwu ungakhoze bwanji kugawikana kwa digito ndikubweretsa intaneti kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene komanso anthu ochepa omwe sangakwanitse kulipira ndalama zambiri komanso okonzeka kulipira zochepa? Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe adongosolo. Popeza ma satellites a gulu la nyenyezi la LEO (Low Earth Orbit) akuyenda mosalekeza, ayenera kugawidwa mofanana padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi zina azizungulira madera omwe kulibe munthu kapena anthu osauka. Chifukwa chake, malire aliwonse omwe angalandilidwe kuchokera kumadera awa adzakhala phindu.
"Ndikuganiza kuti adzakhala ndi mitengo yolumikizirana yosiyana m'maiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo izi ziwathandiza kuti intaneti ipezeke kulikonse, ngakhale ndi dera losauka kwambiri," akutero Press. "Pamene gulu la nyenyezi la ma satelayiti lilipo, ndiye kuti mtengo wake wakhazikitsidwa kale, ndipo ngati satelayiti ili pamwamba pa Cuba ndipo palibe amene amaigwiritsa ntchito, ndiye kuti ndalama zilizonse zomwe angapeze kuchokera ku Cuba ndizochepa komanso zaulere (sizikufuna ndalama zowonjezera)" .
Kulowa mumsika wogula ambiri kungakhale kovuta. Ndipotu, kupambana kwakukulu komwe makampaniwa apeza kwabwera chifukwa chopereka intaneti yotsika mtengo kwa maboma ndi mabizinesi. Koma SpaceX ndi OneWeb makamaka akuyang'ana olembetsa a njerwa ndi matope pamapulani awo abizinesi.
Malinga ndi Sachdev, chidziwitso cha ogwiritsa ntchito chizikhala chofunikira pamsika uno. Muyenera kuphimba Dziko Lapansi ndi dongosolo losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, lothandiza komanso lopanda mtengo. "Koma izi zokha sizokwanira," akutero Sachdev. "Mumafunikira mphamvu zokwanira, ndipo izi zisanachitike, muyenera kutsimikizira mitengo yotsika mtengo ya zida zamakasitomala."
Ndani ali ndi udindo pa malamulo?
Nkhani zazikulu ziwiri zomwe SpaceX idayenera kuthana nazo ndi FCC zinali momwe ma satellite omwe alipo (ndi amtsogolo) angagawidwe komanso momwe angapewere zinyalala zamlengalenga. Funso loyamba ndi udindo wa FCC, koma lachiwiri likuwoneka loyenera kwambiri kwa NASA kapena US Department of Defense. Onse amayang'anira zinthu zozungulira kuti apewe kugundana, koma palibenso wowongolera.
"Palibe ndondomeko yabwino yogwirizana pazomwe tiyenera kuchita pazinyalala," akutero Stanford's Manchester. "Pakadali pano, anthuwa sakulumikizana bwino, ndipo palibe ndondomeko yofanana."
Vutoli ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa ma satellite a LEO amadutsa m'maiko ambiri. International Telecommunication Union imagwira ntchito yofanana ndi FCC, kugawira sipekitiramu, koma kuti igwire ntchito m'dziko, kampani iyenera kupeza chilolezo kuchokera kudzikolo. Chifukwa chake, ma satellites a LEO akuyenera kusintha magulu owonera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kutengera dziko lomwe ali.
"Kodi mukufunadi kuti SpaceX ikhale yokhayokha pamalumikizidwe mdera lino?" Atolankhani akufunsa. βM'pofunika kulamulira zochita zawo, ndipo ndani ali ndi ufulu wochita zimenezi? Iwo ndi apamwamba. FCC ilibe ulamuliro m'maiko ena. "
Komabe, izi sizimapangitsa FCC kukhala yopanda mphamvu. Chakumapeto kwa chaka chatha, kampani yaying'ono ya Silicon Valley yotchedwa Swarm Technologies idakanidwa chilolezo chokhazikitsa ma satellites anayi a LEO, iliyonse yaying'ono kuposa buku lachikale. Chotsutsa chachikulu cha FCC chinali chakuti ma satelayiti ang'onoang'ono atha kukhala ovuta kuwatsata motero sangadziwike komanso owopsa.
Swarm anayambitsa iwo mulimonse. Kampani ya Seattle yomwe imapereka ntchito zowunikira ma satelayiti idawatumiza ku India, komwe adakwera rocket yonyamula ma satelayiti akulu akulu, IEEE Spectrum idatero. FCC idazindikira izi ndikulipira chindapusa cha $ 900, kuti ilipire zaka 000, ndipo tsopano pempho la Swarm lopanga ma satelayiti akuluakulu anayi ili pachimake chifukwa kampaniyo imagwira ntchito mobisa. Komabe, masiku angapo apitawo nkhani zidawoneka kuti chivomerezo chalandiridwa ndipo . Mwambiri, ndalama ndi kuthekera kokambitsirana zinali yankho. Kulemera kwa ma satelayiti kumachokera ku 310 mpaka 450 magalamu, pakali pano pali ma satellite 7 mu orbit, ndipo maukonde athunthu adzagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa 2020. Lipoti laposachedwa likusonyeza kuti pafupifupi $ 25 miliyoni adayikidwa kale mu kampani, zomwe zimatsegula mwayi wopeza msika osati makampani apadziko lonse.
Kwa makampani ena omwe akubwera a satellite pa intaneti ndi omwe alipo akufufuza zanzeru zatsopano, zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu zikubwerazi zidzakhala zovuta kudziwa ngati pali kufunikira kwaukadaulo wawo pano ndi pano, kapena ngati tiwona mbiri ikubwerezanso ndi Teledesic ndi Iridium. Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani pambuyo pake? Mars, malinga ndi Musk, cholinga chake ndikugwiritsa ntchito Starlink kuti apereke ndalama pakufufuza kwa Mars, komanso kuyesa mayeso.
"Titha kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lomweli kuti tipange maukonde pa Mars," adauza antchito ake. "Mars idzafunikanso njira yolumikizirana padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo palibe ma fiber optic mawaya kapena chilichonse."
Zotsatsa zina π
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Source: www.habr.com