Starlink ndi chinthu chachikulu

Nkhaniyi ndi gawo la mndandanda woperekedwa kwa pulogalamu yamaphunziro m'munda waukadaulo wamlengalenga.

Starlink - Dongosolo la SpaceX logawa intaneti kudzera pa satelayiti masauzande masauzande ambiri ndiye mutu waukulu munkhani yokhudzana ndi mlengalenga. Zolemba zokhudzana ndi zomwe zakwaniritsa posachedwa zimasindikizidwa sabata iliyonse. Ngati ambiri chiwembu bwino, ndipo pambuyo kuwerenga lipoti ku Federal Communications Commission, munthu wolimbikitsidwa (titi, wanu moona) akhoza kukumba zambiri. Komabe, pali malingaliro olakwika ambiri okhudzana ndi luso latsopanoli, ngakhale pakati pa owonerera owunikira. Si zachilendo kuwona zolemba zomwe zikufanizira Starlink ndi OneWeb ndi Kuiper (pakati pa ena) ngati akupikisana pamipikisano yofanana. Olemba ena, okhudzidwa momveka bwino ndi ubwino wa dziko lapansi, amalira za zinyalala zamlengalenga, malamulo a zakuthambo, miyezo ndi chitetezo cha zakuthambo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti nditawerenga nkhaniyi yayitali, owerenga amvetsetsa bwino ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi lingaliro la Starlink.

Nkhani yapita mosayembekezeka ndinakhudza tcheru m'miyoyo ya owerenga anga ochepa. M'menemo, ndinalongosola momwe Starship idzayika SpaceX patsogolo kwa nthawi yaitali, pamene ikupereka galimoto yofufuza malo atsopano. Tanthauzo lake ndilakuti makampani amwambo a satana akulephera kuyenderana ndi SpaceX, yomwe yakhala ikuchulukirachulukira ndikuchepetsa ndalama za roketi za banja la Falcon, zomwe zikuyika SpaceX pamavuto. Kumbali imodzi, idapanga msika wamtengo wapatali, mabiliyoni angapo pachaka. Komano, adalimbikitsa chilakolako chofuna ndalama - pomanga roketi yaikulu, yomwe, komabe, palibe amene angatumize ku Mars, ndipo palibe phindu lomwe liyenera kuyembekezera.

Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi Starlink. Mwa kusonkhanitsa ndikukhazikitsa ma satelayiti ake, SpaceX ikhoza kupanga ndikutanthauzira msika watsopano wofikira bwino kwambiri komanso wademokalase wolumikizana ndi mlengalenga, kupanga ndalama zomangira roketi isanamiza kampaniyo, ndikuwonjezera mtengo wake pazachuma kufika mabiliyoni. Osapeputsa kukula kwa zokhumba za Elon. Pali mafakitale ochuluka a madola mabiliyoni ambiri: mphamvu, zoyendera zothamanga kwambiri, mauthenga, IT, zaumoyo, ulimi, boma, chitetezo. Ngakhale pali malingaliro olakwika ambiri, danga pobowola, migodi madzi pamwezi и mapanelo a dzuwa - bizinesi siyikuyenda. Elon walowa mu danga la mphamvu ndi Tesla wake, koma matelefoni okha ndi omwe angapereke msika wodalirika komanso wodalirika wa ma satelayiti ndi roketi.

Elon Musk adayamba kuyang'ana zamlengalenga pomwe amafuna kuyika $80 miliyoni kwaulere pantchito yolima mbewu pa kafukufuku wa Mars. Kumanga mzinda ku Mars mwina kungawononge ndalama zochulukirapo 100, kotero Starlink ndiye kubetcha kwakukulu kwa Musk kuti apereke ndalama zambiri zothandizira. autonomous city pa Mars.

Zachiyani?

Ndakhala ndikukonza nkhaniyi kwa nthawi yaitali, koma sabata yatha ndinapeza chithunzi chonse. Kenako Purezidenti wa SpaceX Gwynne Shotwell adapatsa Rob Baron kuyankhulana kodabwitsa, komwe pambuyo pake adafotokoza za CNBC mwachidwi. Twitter ulusi Michael Sheetz, ndi amene anapatulira angapo zolemba. Kuyankhulana uku kunawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pamachitidwe olumikizirana ma satellite pakati pa SpaceX ndi wina aliyense.

Concept Starlink idabadwa mu 2012, pomwe SpaceX idazindikira kuti makasitomala ake - makamaka opereka ma satellite - anali ndi ndalama zambiri. Malo otsegulira akukweza mitengo yotumizira ma satellites ndipo mwanjira ina akusowa gawo limodzi la ntchitoyi - zingatheke bwanji? Elon analota kupanga gulu la nyenyezi la satellite pa intaneti ndipo, polephera kukana ntchito yosatheka, adayamba ntchitoyi. Kukula kwa Starlink osati popanda zovuta, koma pofika kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi inu, owerenga anga, mwina mudzadabwitsidwa ndi momwe zovutazi zilili zazing'ono - kupatsidwa kukula kwa lingalirolo.

Kodi gulu lalikulu chotere ndilofunika pa intaneti? Ndipo chifukwa chiyani tsopano?

Pokhapokha m'makumbukidwe anga pomwe intaneti idasinthiratu kuchoka pamaphunziro apamwamba kukhala njira yoyamba yosinthira zinthu. Uwu si mutu womwe uyenera kukhala ndi nkhani yonse, koma ndikuganiza kuti padziko lonse lapansi, kufunikira kwa intaneti komanso ndalama zomwe zimapanga zipitilira kukula pafupifupi 25% pachaka.

Masiku ano, pafupifupi tonsefe timapeza intaneti yathu kuchokera kumagulu ochepa omwe ali kutali kwambiri. Ku US, AT&T, Time Warner, Comcast ndi osewera ang'onoang'ono ochepa adagawana magawo kuti apewe mpikisano, amalipira zikopa zitatu pazantchito ndikuyatsa chidani chapadziko lonse lapansi.

Pali chifukwa chabwino choti opereka chithandizo asakhale opikisana—kuposa umbombo wowononga. Kumanga maziko a intaneti—ma microwave cell tower ndi fiber optics—ndikokwera mtengo kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kuyiwala kudabwitsa kwa intaneti. Agogo anga aakazi anapita koyamba kukagwira ntchito pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse monga woyendetsa mauthenga, koma telegalafuyo inapikisana ndi njiwa zonyamulira njira zotsogola! Kwa ambiri aife, chidziwitso cha superhighway ndi chinthu chachilendo, chosawoneka, koma tizidutswa timayenda kudutsa dziko lapansi, lomwe lili ndi malire, mitsinje, mapiri, nyanja, mikuntho, masoka achilengedwe ndi zopinga zina. Kalelo mu 1996, pamene mzere woyamba wa fiber optic unayikidwa pansi pa nyanja. Neal Stephenson adalemba nkhani yokwanira pamutu wa cybertourism. M'mawonekedwe ake akuthwa, amafotokoza momveka bwino mtengo wake komanso zovuta zoyika mizere iyi, pomwe "makoteg" otembereredwa akuthamangabe. Kwa zaka zambiri za m'ma 2000, zingwe zambiri zidakoka kotero kuti mtengo wotumizira udali wodabwitsa.

Panthawi ina ndinagwira ntchito mu labotale ya optical ndipo (ngati kukumbukira kumagwira ntchito) tinaphwanya mbiri ya nthawi imeneyo, ndikupereka multiplex transmission speed ya 500 Gb / sec. Zochepera zamagetsi zidalola kuti fiber iliyonse ikwezedwe ku 0,1% ya mphamvu zake zongoyerekeza. Zaka khumi ndi zisanu pambuyo pake, ndife okonzeka kupyola malire: ngati kutumiza deta kupitirira, fiber idzasungunuka, ndipo ife tiri kale pafupi kwambiri ndi izi.

Koma tiyenera kukweza otaya deta pamwamba pa dziko lauchimo - mu mlengalenga, kumene satellite mopanda chopinga amazungulira "mpira" nthawi 30 mu zaka zisanu. Zingawoneke ngati yankho lodziwikiratu - ndiye chifukwa chiyani palibe amene adachitapo kale?

Gulu la nyenyezi la Iridium satellite, lomwe linapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi Motorola (mukuwakumbukira?), linakhala njira yoyamba yolumikizirana yotsika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (monga momwe tafotokozera moyesa mu buku ili). Pofika nthawi yomwe idatumizidwa, kuthekera kwapang'onopang'ono koyendetsa mapaketi ang'onoang'ono a data kuchokera kwa otsata katundu kudakhala ntchito yake yokhayo: mafoni am'manja anali atakhala otsika mtengo kwambiri kotero kuti mafoni a satana sanazime. Iridium inali ndi ma satelayiti 66 (kuphatikiza ma spare ochepa) mumayendedwe 6 - ocheperako kuti akwaniritse dziko lonse lapansi.

Ngati Iridium imafunikira ma satelayiti 66, ndiye chifukwa chiyani SpaceX ikufunika masauzande? Kodi zikusiyana bwanji?

SpaceX idalowa mu bizinesi iyi kuchokera mbali ina - idayamba ndikuyambitsa. Anakhala mpainiya pantchito yosungirako magalimoto otsegulira motero adapeza msika wamapadi otsika mtengo. Kuyesera kuwagonjetsa ndi mtengo wotsika sikungakubweretsereni ndalama zambiri, kotero njira yokhayo yopezera phindu kuchokera ku mphamvu zawo zowonjezera ndikukhala kasitomala wawo. Mtengo wa SpaceX poyambitsa ma satelayiti ake - gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a ndalama (pa 1 kg) Iridium, chifukwa chake amatha kulowa mumsika wokulirapo.

Kufalikira kwapadziko lonse kwa Starlink kudzapereka mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti yapamwamba kulikonse padziko lapansi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kupezeka kwa intaneti sikudzadalira kuyandikira kwa dziko kapena mzinda ku mzere wa fiber optic, koma pakuwala kwa mlengalenga. Ogwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi azitha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti yopanda malire padziko lonse lapansi mosasamala kanthu za kusiyanasiyana kwawo koyipa komanso/kapena nkhanza za boma. Kuthekera kwa Starlink kuswa maulamulirowa kudzalimbikitsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kudzagwirizanitsa anthu mabiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi m'tsogolomu.

Kuyimba kwakanthawi kochepa: izi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Kwa anthu omwe akukula m'nthawi yamasiku ano yolumikizana paliponse, intaneti ili ngati mpweya womwe timapuma. Iye ali basi. Koma izi - ngati tiyiwala za mphamvu yake yodabwitsa yobweretsa kusintha kwabwino - ndipo tili kale pakati pa izo. Mothandizidwa ndi intaneti, anthu akhoza kuyankha atsogoleri awo, kulankhulana ndi anthu akunja, kugawana malingaliro, ndi kupanga zatsopano. Intaneti imagwirizanitsa anthu. Mbiri yamakono ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha luso la kusinthanitsa deta. Choyamba - kudzera m'mawu ndi ndakatulo zapamwamba. Ndiye - m'malemba, amene amapereka mau kwa akufa, ndipo amatembenukira kwa amoyo; kulemba kumapangitsa kuti deta isungidwe ndipo imapangitsa kuti kulankhulana kwa asynchronous kutheke. Makina osindikizira amafalitsa nkhani zambiri. Kuyankhulana kwamagetsi - kwathandizira kutumiza deta padziko lonse lapansi. Zida zolembera zolemba zamunthu pang'onopang'ono zakhala zovuta kwambiri, kuchokera ku zolemba kupita ku mafoni am'manja, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi intaneti, yodzaza ndi masensa ndikukhala bwino poyembekezera zosowa zathu tsiku lililonse.

Munthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito kulemba ndi kompyuta m'kati mwa kuzindikira ali ndi mwayi wogonjetsa malire a ubongo wosakhazikika. Zabwinonso ndizakuti mafoni am'manja ndi zida zamphamvu zosungira komanso njira yosinthira malingaliro. Ngakhale kuti anthu ankadalira malankhulidwe olembedwa m’mabuku kuti agawane maganizo awo, masiku ano chizolowezi n’chakuti m’manotebook muzigawana maganizo amene anthu apanga. Chiwembu chachikhalidwe chadutsamo. Kupitiliza koyenera kwa njirayi ndi mtundu wina wa metacognition, kudzera pazida zamunthu, zophatikizika kwambiri muubongo wathu ndi kugwirizana wina ndi mzake. Ndipo ngakhale tingakhalebe okhumudwa chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwathu kotayika ndi chilengedwe komanso kukhala patokha, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti ukadaulo ndi ukadaulo wokha ndiwo womwe umayambitsa gawo la mkango pakumasulidwa kwathu ku "zachilengedwe" zaumbuli, kufa msanga (komwe kungakhale kupewedwa), chiwawa, njala ndi kuwola kwa mano.

Motani?

Tilankhule za mtundu wamabizinesi ndi kamangidwe ka polojekiti ya Starlink.

Kuti Starlink ikhale bizinesi yopindulitsa, kulowa kwandalama kuyenera kupitilira mtengo womanga ndikugwira ntchito. Mwachizoloŵezi, ndalama zogulira ndalama zimakhala zokwera mtengo zam'tsogolo, ndalama zamakono zapadera komanso njira za inshuwaransi kuti mutsegule satellite. Satellite yolumikizirana ndi geostationary imatha kuwononga $500 miliyoni ndikutengera zaka zisanu kuti isonkhane ndikuyambitsa. Chifukwa chake, makampani omwe ali ndi gawoli nthawi imodzi amamanga zombo za jet kapena zombo zonyamula katundu. Zowonongeka zazikulu, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe sizimalipira ndalama zolipirira, komanso bajeti yocheperako yogwirira ntchito. Mosiyana ndi izi, kugwa kwa Iridium yoyambirira kunali kuti Motorola idakakamiza wogwiritsa ntchitoyo kulipira chindapusa chopumira, kuyimitsa bizinesiyo m'miyezi yochepa chabe.

Kuti achite bizinesi yamtunduwu, makampani amtundu wa satelayiti amayenera kutumizira makasitomala achinsinsi ndikulipiritsa ndalama zambiri. Ndege, malo akutali, zombo, madera ankhondo ndi zomangamanga zazikulu zimalipira pafupifupi $ 5 pa MB, zomwe ndi zokwera mtengo nthawi 1 kuposa ADSL yachikhalidwe, ngakhale kuchedwa komanso kutsika kwa satellite.

Starlink ikukonzekera kupikisana ndi opereka chithandizo chapadziko lapansi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti iyenera kubweretsa deta yotsika mtengo ndipo, moyenera, ilipira ndalama zosakwana $ 1 pa 1 MB. Kodi izi zingatheke? Kapena, popeza izi ndizotheka, tiyenera kufunsa: izi zingatheke bwanji?

Chinthu choyamba mu mbale yatsopano ndikuyambitsa kotsika mtengo. Masiku ano, Falcon amagulitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa matani 24 pafupifupi $ 60 miliyoni, yomwe ndi $ 2500 pa 1 kg. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti pali ndalama zambiri zamkati. Ma satellites a Starlink adzakhazikitsidwa pamagalimoto oyambitsiranso, kotero mtengo wam'mphepete mwa kukhazikitsa kamodzi ndi mtengo wagawo lachiwiri (pafupifupi $ 4 miliyoni), ma fairings (1 miliyoni) ndi chithandizo chapansi (~ 1 miliyoni). Total: pafupifupi 100 madola zikwi pa satellite, i.e. zotsika mtengo nthawi zopitilira 1000 kuposa kukhazikitsa satana yolumikizirana wamba.

Ma satellites ambiri a Starlink, komabe, adzakhazikitsidwa pa Starship. Zowonadi, kusinthika kwa Starlink, monga malipoti osinthidwa ku chiwonetsero cha FCC, kumapereka zina lingaliro la momwe, momwe lingaliro la Starship linafikira, lidasinthika kamangidwe ka mkati mwa polojekitiyi. Chiwerengero chonse cha masetilaiti m’gulu la nyenyezilo chinakula kuchoka pa 1 kufika pa 584, kenako kufika pa 2 ndipo pomalizira pake kufika pa 825. Chiwerengero chochepa cha ma satelayiti a gawo loyamba lachitukuko kuti polojekitiyi ikhale yotheka ndi 7 mumayendedwe a 518 (30 okwana), pamene kuphimba kwathunthu mkati mwa madigiri a 000 a equator kumafuna maulendo a 60 a satellites 6 (360 onse). Ndiko kukhazikitsidwa 53 kwa Falcon pamtengo wa $24 miliyoni chabe wamkati. Kumbali inayi, Starship idapangidwa kuti iziyambitsa ma satelayiti 60 nthawi imodzi, pamtengo womwewo. Ma satellites a Starlink adzafunika kusinthidwa zaka 1440 zilizonse, chifukwa chake ma satellite 24 amafunikira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Starship 150 pachaka. Idzawononga ndalama zokwana 400 miliyoni / chaka, kapena 5 zikwi / satellite. Satellite iliyonse yomwe idakhazikitsidwa pa Falcon imalemera 6000 kg; ma satellite okwezedwa pa Starship amatha kulemera 15 kg ndikunyamula zida za gulu lachitatu, kukhala okulirapo ndipo osapitilira katundu wololedwa.

Kodi ma satelayiti amakhala ndi mtengo wanji? Pakati pa abale awo, ma satellites a Starlink ndiachilendo. Amasonkhanitsidwa, kusungidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa mosabisa ndipo motero ndi osavuta kupanga zambiri. Zochitika zikuwonetsa kuti mtengo wopangira uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mtengo wa woyambitsa. Ngati kusiyana kwa mtengo kuli kwakukulu, zikutanthauza kuti chuma chikugawidwa molakwika, popeza kuchepetsa kwathunthu kwa ndalama zochepetsera pamene kuchepetsa ndalama sikuli kwakukulu. Kodi ndizothekadi kulipira madola masauzande 100 pa satellite pagulu loyamba la mazana angapo? Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi satellite ya Starlink mu chipangizo sizovuta kuposa makina?

Kuti tiyankhe funsoli mokwanira, tiyenera kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake mtengo wa satellite yolumikizirana yozungulira ndi 1000 nthawi zambiri, ngakhale sizili zovuta nthawi 1000. Kunena mwachidule, chifukwa chiyani zida zamlengalenga ndi zokwera mtengo kwambiri? Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi, koma chofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi ichi: ngati kuyambitsa satelayiti mu orbit (Falcon isanakwane) kumawononga ndalama zoposa 100 miliyoni, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuti zibweretse zina. phindu. Kuonetsetsa kudalirika kotereku pakugwira ntchito kwa chinthu choyamba ndi chokhacho ndi njira yopweteka ndipo imatha kukoka kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe zimafuna khama la anthu mazanamazana. Onjezani ndalama, ndipo ndizosavuta kulungamitsa njira zowonjezera ngati ndizokwera mtengo kukhazikitsa.

Starlink imaphwanya paradigm iyi pomanga mazana a ma satelayiti, kukonza mwachangu zolakwika zamapangidwe, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira misa kuwongolera ndalama. Ineyo pandekha ndimatha kulingalira mzere wa msonkhano wa Starlink pomwe katswiri amaphatikiza china chatsopano mu kapangidwe kake ndikusunga chilichonse ndi tayi ya pulasitiki (NASA level, inde) mu ola limodzi kapena awiri, ndikusunga gawo lofunikira la ma satelayiti 16 / tsiku. Satellite ya Starlink ili ndi zigawo zambiri zovuta, koma sindikuwona chifukwa chomwe mtengo wa chikwi chimodzi chochokera pamzere wa msonkhano sungathe kutsitsidwa ku 20 zikwi. Inde, mu May, Elon analemba pa Twitter kuti mtengo wopangira satellite ndi kale otsika kuposa mtengo woyambitsa.

Tiyeni titenge nkhani yapakati ndikusanthula nthawi yobwezera, ndikuzungulira manambala. Satellite imodzi ya Starlink, yomwe imawononga 100 zikwi kuti isonkhane ndikuyambitsa, imatha zaka 5. Kodi idzadzilipira yokha, ndipo ngati itero, posachedwa bwanji?

M'zaka 5, satellite ya Starlink idzazungulira dziko lapansi nthawi 30. Panjira iliyonse ya ola limodzi ndi theka, imathera nthawi yambiri panyanja yamchere ndipo mwina masekondi 000 kudutsa mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Pawindo lalifupili, amawulutsa deta, akuthamangira kuti apeze ndalama. Kungoganiza kuti mlongoti umathandizira mizati 100 ndipo mtengo uliwonse umatumiza 100 Mbps pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wamakono wa encoding. Chithunzi cha 4096QAM, ndiye satelayiti imapanga $ 1000 phindu pa njira iliyonse-ndi mtengo wolembetsa wa $ 1 pa 1 GB. Izi ndizokwanira kubweza ndalama zotumizira 100 zikwi pa sabata ndikufewetsa kwambiri kapangidwe ka likulu. Matembenuzidwe otsala a 29 ndi phindu kuchotsera ndalama zokhazikika.

Ziwerengero zoyerekezedwa zimatha kusiyana kwambiri, mbali zonse ziwiri. Koma mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, ngati mutha kuyambitsa gulu la nyenyezi lapamwamba kwambiri la ma satelayiti kukhala otsika otsika kwa 100 - kapena ngakhale 000 miliyoni pagawo lililonse - ichi ndi pempho lalikulu. Ngakhale ndi nthawi yayifupi yogwiritsa ntchito mopusa, satellite ya Starlink imatha kutulutsa 1 PB ya data pa moyo wake wonse - pamtengo wamtengo wapatali wa $ 30 pa GB. Nthawi yomweyo, potumiza maulendo ataliatali, ndalama zocheperako sizimakwera.

Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la chitsanzochi, tiyeni tiyerekeze msanga ndi mitundu ina iwiri yoperekera deta kwa ogula: chingwe chachikhalidwe cha fiber optic, ndi gulu la nyenyezi la satellite loperekedwa ndi kampani yomwe siichita ukadaulo wotsegulira ma satelayiti.

SEA-WE-ME - chingwe chachikulu cha intaneti cha pansi pa madzi, yolumikiza France ndi Singapore, inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2005. Bandwidth - 1,28 Tb/s, mtengo wotumizira - $500 miliyoni. Ngati ikugwira ntchito pa 10% mphamvu kwa zaka 100, ndipo ndalama zowonjezera zimakhala 100% ya ndalama zazikulu, ndiye kuti mtengo wosinthira udzakhala $ 0,02 pa 1 GB. Zingwe za Transatlantic ndi zazifupi komanso zotsika mtengo pang'ono, koma chingwe cha sitima yapamadzi ndi gulu limodzi pagulu lalitali la anthu omwe amafuna ndalama pazambiri. Kuyerekeza kwapakati kwa Starlink kumakhala kotsika mtengo nthawi 8, ndipo nthawi yomweyo onse akuphatikiza.

Kodi izi zingatheke bwanji? Satellite ya Starlink imaphatikizapo zida zonse zamakono zosinthira zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira kuti zilumikize zingwe za fiber optic, koma zimagwiritsa ntchito chopukutira m'malo mwa waya wodula, wosalimba potumiza deta. Kutumiza kudzera mumlengalenga kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omasuka komanso okhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kudzera pazida zocheperako.

Tiyeni tifananize ndi wopanga ma satellite OneWeb. OneWeb ikukonzekera kupanga gulu la nyenyezi la ma satelayiti 600, omwe idzayambitse kudzera mwa ogulitsa malonda pamtengo wa pafupifupi $20 pa 000 kg. Kulemera kwa satellite imodzi ndi 1 kg, mwachitsanzo, pamalo abwino, kukhazikitsidwa kwa unit imodzi kudzakhala pafupifupi 150 miliyoni. Mtengo wa satellite hardware umayesedwa pa 3 miliyoni pa satellite, i.e. pofika chaka cha 1, mtengo wa gulu lonse udzakhala 2027 biliyoni. pachimake, moyenera, pa cheza chilichonse cha 2,6. Kutsatira njira yomweyi yomwe tinkawerengera mtengo wa Starlink, timapeza: satellite iliyonse ya OneWeb imapanga $ 50 pa orbit, ndipo m'zaka 16 zokha idzabweretsa $ 80 miliyoni - osalipira ndalama zoyambira, ngati mungawerengenso kutumiza kwa data kumadera akutali. . Zonse timapeza $5 pa 2,4 GB.

Gwynne Shotwell posachedwapa adanena izi Starlink akuti ndi yotsika mtengo nthawi 17 komanso yachangu kuposa OneWeb, zomwe zikutanthauza mtengo wampikisano wa $ 0,10 pa 1 GB. Ndipo izi zikadali ndi kasinthidwe koyambirira kwa Starlink: ndi kupanga kocheperako, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Falcon ndi zolepheretsa pakusamutsa kwa data - ndikungopezeka kumpoto kwa US. Zikuoneka kuti SpaceX ili ndi mwayi wosatsutsika: lero atha kuyambitsa satelayiti yoyenera kwambiri pamtengo (pa unit) 15 nthawi zochepa kuposa omwe akupikisana nawo. Starship idzawonjezera kutsogolera kwa nthawi 100, ngati sichoncho, kotero sizovuta kulingalira SpaceX ikuyambitsa ma satellites 2027 ndi 30 kwa ndalama zosakwana $ 000 biliyoni, zomwe zambiri zidzapereka kuchokera ku chikwama chake.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti pali zowunikira zambiri zokhudzana ndi OneWeb ndi ena omwe akubwera-ndi-kubwera opanga magulu a nyenyezi, koma sindikudziwa momwe zinthu zimawagwirira ntchito.

Posachedwapa Morgan Stanley owerengekakuti ma satelayiti a Starlink adzawononga 1 miliyoni kuti asonkhane ndi 830 poyambitsa. Gwynne Shotwell adayankha: "adachita cholakwika chotere". Chosangalatsa ndichakuti manambalawa ndi ofanana ndi kuyerekezera kwathu kwamitengo ya OneWeb, ndipo ndi okwera kuwirikiza ka 10 kuposa kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa Starlink. Kugwiritsa ntchito Starship ndi kupanga ma satellite amalonda kumatha kuchepetsa mtengo wotumizira ma satellite mpaka pafupifupi 35K / unit. Ndipo ichi ndi chiwerengero chotsika modabwitsa.

Mfundo yomaliza yomwe yatsala ndikufanizira phindu pa 1 Watt ya mphamvu yadzuwa yopangira Starlink. Malinga ndi zithunzi zomwe zili patsamba lawo, gulu la solar la satellite iliyonse lili ndi malo pafupifupi 60 masikweya mita, i.e. pafupifupi imapanga pafupifupi 3 kW kapena 4,5 kWh pakusintha kulikonse. Monga kuyerekezera kovutirapo, njira iliyonse yozungulira ipanga $1000 ndipo setilaiti iliyonse ipanga pafupifupi $220 pa kWh. Izi ndi nthawi 10 mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa mphamvu ya dzuwa, zomwe zimatsimikiziranso kuti: kuchotsa mphamvu ya dzuwa mumlengalenga ndi ntchito yopanda chiyembekezo. Ndipo kusintha ma microwave kuti atumize deta ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri.

zomangamanga

M'gawo lapitalo, m'malo mwake ndidawonetsa gawo lofunikira kwambiri la zomangamanga za Starlink - momwe zimagwirira ntchito ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu padziko lapansi. Satellite ya Starlink imatulutsa kuwala komwe kumapanga mawanga padziko lapansi. Olembetsa mkati mwa malo amagawana bandwidth imodzi. Kukula kwa malo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi physics yofunikira: poyambirira m'lifupi mwake ndi (kutalika kwa satellite x kutalika kwa ma microwave / mlongoti wa mlongoti), yomwe kwa satellite ya Starlink ndi, makamaka, makilomita angapo.

M'mizinda yambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala pafupifupi 1000 anthu / sq. M'madera ena a Tokyo kapena Manhattan pakhoza kukhala anthu opitilira 100 pamalo aliwonse. Mwamwayi, mzinda uliwonse womwe uli ndi anthu ambiri uli ndi msika wampikisano wapaintaneti wa Broadband Internet, osatchulanso ma netiweki am'manja otukuka kwambiri. Koma, ngakhale zikanakhala choncho, ngati nthawi ina iliyonse pamakhala ma satellites ambiri a gulu la nyenyezi lomwelo pamzindawu, kutulutsako kumatha kukulitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa ma antennas, komanso kugawa pafupipafupi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ma satelayiti ambiri amatha kuyang'ana mtengo wamphamvu kwambiri pa mfundo imodzi, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito m'derali adzagwiritsa ntchito ma terminals omwe amagawa pempho pakati pa ma satelayiti.

Ngati pazigawo zoyamba msika woyenera kwambiri wogulitsa ntchito uli kutali, kumidzi kapena madera akumidzi, ndiye kuti ndalama zowonjezera zimachokera ku ntchito zabwino kupita kumizinda yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri. Zomwe zikuchitikazi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe msika umakulirakulira, momwe ntchito zopikisana zomwe zimayang'ana m'mizinda zimapeza phindu lochepera pomwe akuyesera kukulitsa madera osauka komanso ocheperako.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, pamene ndimawerengera, awa anali mapu abwino kwambiri a kuchulukana kwa anthu.

Ndinatenga deta kuchokera pa chithunzichi ndikupanga ma graph a 3 pansipa. Yoyamba imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa malo a dziko lapansi ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti ambiri a Dziko lapansi sakhala anthu konse, pamene pafupifupi palibe dera lomwe lili ndi anthu oposa 100 pa sq.

Chithunzi chachiwiri chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu potengera kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ndipo ngakhale kuti dziko lonse lapansi mulibe anthu, anthu ambiri amakhala m'madera omwe kuli anthu 100-1000 pa sq. Kutalikitsidwa kwa nsonga iyi (kuchulukirachulukirako) kumawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamatauni. 100 anthu / sq.km. ndi malo akumidzi okhala ndi anthu ochepa, pomwe chiwerengero cha anthu 1000 pa sq.km. kale chikhalidwe cha ozungulira. Matawuni amawonetsa mosavuta anthu 10 pa sq.km., koma kuchuluka kwa Manhattan ndi anthu 000 pa sq.km.

Chithunzi chachitatu chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu potengera latitude. Zitha kuwoneka kuti pafupifupi anthu onse amakhala pakati pa madigiri 20 mpaka 40 kumpoto kwa latitude. Izi ndizo, makamaka, zomwe zidachitika potengera malo komanso mbiri yakale, popeza gawo lalikulu la kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi lili ndi nyanja. Ndipo komabe, kuchulukana kwa anthu koteroko ndizovuta kwambiri kwa omanga gulu, chifukwa ... Masetilaiti amathera nthawi yofanana m'magawo onse awiri. Kuphatikiza apo, satellite yozungulira Dziko Lapansi pamtunda wa, titi, madigiri 50 amatenga nthawi yochulukirapo pafupi ndi malire omwe atchulidwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Starlink imangofunika ma orbit 6 okha kuti itumikire kumpoto kwa US, poyerekeza ndi 24 kuti ifike ku equator.

Zowonadi, ngati mutaphatikiza graph ya kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi graph ya kachulukidwe ka nyenyezi, kusankha kwamayendedwe kumawonekera. Gulu lililonse la bar likuyimira chimodzi mwazosefera zinayi za SpaceX za FCC. Payekha, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti lipoti latsopano lililonse liri ngati kuwonjezera pa lapitalo, koma mulimonsemo, sikovuta kuona momwe ma satellites owonjezera amawonjezera mphamvu pazigawo zofananira kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Mosiyana ndi izi, mphamvu yosagwiritsidwa ntchito yofunikira idakali kumwera kwa dziko lapansi - sangalalani, Australia!

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa data ya ogwiritsa ntchito ikafika pa satellite? M'mawonekedwe oyambilira, satellite ya Starlink nthawi yomweyo idawatumizanso kumalo odzipatulira pafupi ndi malo othandizira. Kukonzekera uku kumatchedwa "Direct relay". M'tsogolomu, ma satellites a Starlink azitha kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera pa laser. Kusinthana kwa data kudzafika pachimake m'mizinda yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri, koma detayo itha kugawidwa pa netiweki ya ma lasers mu miyeso iwiri. Pochita izi, izi zikutanthauza kuti pali mwayi waukulu wolumikizana mobisala mu network ya satellite, kutanthauza kuti deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito "ikhoza kutumizidwanso ku Earth" pamalo aliwonse oyenera. Mwakuchita, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti masiteshoni a SpaceX adzaphatikizidwa malo osinthira magalimoto kunja kwa mizinda.

Zikuoneka kuti kuyankhulana kwa satellite-to-satellite si ntchito yaing'ono pokhapokha ngati ma satellite akuyenda pamodzi. Malipoti aposachedwa kwambiri ku FCC akuwonetsa magulu 11 a nyenyezi ozungulira ma satelayiti. Mkati mwa gulu linalake, ma satelayiti amayenda pamtunda womwewo, pa ngodya yofanana, komanso mofanana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma laser atha kupeza ma satelayiti moyandikira kwambiri. Koma kuthamanga kwapakati pakati pa magulu kumayesedwa mu km/sec, kotero kuti kulumikizana pakati pamagulu, ngati kuli kotheka, kuyenera kuchitidwa kudzera pamalumikizidwe amfupi, owongolera mwachangu a microwave.

Orbital group topology ili ngati chiphunzitso cha wave-particle cha kuwala ndipo sichigwira ntchito makamaka ku chitsanzo chathu, koma ndikuganiza kuti ndi chokongola, kotero ndinachiphatikiza m'nkhaniyi. Ngati mulibe chidwi ndi gawoli, dumphani molunjika pa “Malire a Fundamental Physics.”

Torasi - kapena donati - ndi chinthu cha masamu chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ndi ma radii awiri. Ndikosavuta kujambula mabwalo pamwamba pa torasi: yofananira kapena perpendicular mawonekedwe ake. Mungapeze kuti ndizosangalatsa kupeza kuti pali mabanja ena awiri ozungulira omwe amatha kujambula pamwamba pa torasi, yomwe imadutsa pabowo pakati pake ndi kuzungulira autilainiyo. Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "Vallarso mabwalo", ndipo ndinagwiritsa ntchito kamangidwe kameneka pamene ndinkapanga toroid ya koyilo ya Burning Man Tesla mu 2015.

Ndipo ngakhale ma satellite ozungulira ali, kunena mosapita m'mbali, ma ellipses m'malo mozungulira, mapangidwe omwewo amagwiranso ntchito ku Starlink. Gulu la nyenyezi la ma satelayiti 4500 pandege zingapo zozungulira, zonse zili mu ngodya yofanana, zimapanga mapangidwe oyenda mosalekeza pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Mapangidwe olunjika kumpoto pamwamba pa malo opatsidwa a latitude amatembenuka ndikubwerera kumwera. Pofuna kupewa kugundana, njirazo zidzatalikitsidwa pang'ono, kotero kuti gawo losunthira kumpoto likhale makilomita angapo pamwamba (kapena pansi) kumwera-kusuntha. Pamodzi, zigawo zonse ziwirizi zimapanga torasi wophulika, monga momwe tawonetsera m'munsimu mu chithunzi chokokomeza kwambiri.

Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti mkati mwa torus iyi, kulumikizana kumachitika pakati pa ma satellite oyandikana nawo. Nthawi zambiri, palibe kulumikizana kwachindunji komanso kosalekeza pakati pa ma satelayiti m'magulu osiyanasiyana, popeza kutsekeka kwa chiwongolero cha laser ndikokwera kwambiri. Njira yotumizira deta pakati pa zigawozo, imadutsa pamwamba kapena pansi pa torus.

Ma satellites okwana 30 apezeka m'malo 000 okhala ndi zisa, kuseri kwa njira ya ISS! Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa momwe zigawo zonsezi zimadzaza, popanda kukokomeza mokokomeza.

Pomaliza, muyenera kuganizira za kutalika kwa ndege komwe kuli koyenera. Pali vuto: kutsika, komwe kumapereka kutulutsa kwakukulu ndi makulidwe ang'onoang'ono amitengo, kapena mtunda wautali, zomwe zimakulolani kuphimba dziko lonse lapansi ndi ma satellite ochepa? M'kupita kwa nthawi, malipoti a FCC ochokera ku SpaceX adalankhula za kukwera kotsika, chifukwa, pamene Starship ikupita bwino, zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kutumizira magulu akuluakulu a nyenyezi.

Malo otsika ali ndi maubwino ena, kuphatikiza chiwopsezo chochepa cha kugundana ndi zinyalala zamlengalenga kapena zotsatira zoyipa za kulephera kwa zida. Chifukwa chakuchulukira kwa mlengalenga, ma satelayiti otsika a Starlink (makilomita 330) adzawotcha pakatha milungu ingapo atasiya kuwongolera. Zowonadi, 300 km ndi malo okwera pomwe ma satelayiti sawuluka, ndipo kusunga mtunda kumafunikira injini ya roketi yamagetsi ya Krypton, komanso kapangidwe kake. Mwachidziwitso, satelayiti yowoneka bwino yoyendetsedwa ndi injini ya roketi yamagetsi imatha kukhazikika pamtunda wamakilomita 160, koma SpaceX ndiyokayikitsa kutulutsa ma satelayiti otsika kwambiri, chifukwa pali zanzeru zina zowonjezera kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu.

Zochepa za Physics ya Fundamental

Zikuwoneka kuti sizokayikitsa kuti mtengo wakuchititsa satana udzatsika pansi pa 35, ngakhale kupanga kwatsogola komanso kokhazikika, ndipo zombo za Starship zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo sizikudziwika bwino lomwe zomwe fizikiki idzaika pa satana. . Kusanthula komweku kumatengera kuchuluka kwa 80 Gbps. (ngati mutazungulira matabwa 100, iliyonse yomwe imatha kutumiza 100 Mbps).

Kuchuluka kwa tchanelo kwakhazikitsidwa Theorem ya Shannon-Hartley ndipo imaperekedwa mu ziwerengero za bandwidth (1 + SNR). Bandwidth nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa kupezeka sipekitiramu, pamene SNR ndi mphamvu yopezeka ya satellite, phokoso lakumbuyo ndi kusokoneza pa njira chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa mlongoti. Chopinga china chodziwika bwino ndikuthamanga kwachangu. Ma Xilinx Ultrascale + FPGA aposachedwa ali nawo Kutulutsa kwamtundu wa GTM mpaka 58 Gb/s., zomwe zili bwino poganizira zoperewera zomwe zilipo pakalipano za chidziwitso cha tchanelo popanda kupanga ma ASIC achikhalidwe. Koma ngakhale ndiye 58 Gb / sec. idzafuna kugawa pafupipafupi kochititsa chidwi, makamaka m'magulu a Ka- kapena V-band. V (40-75 GHz) imakhala ndi mikombero yofikirako, koma imatha kuyamwa kwambiri ndi mlengalenga, makamaka m'malo achinyezi.

Kodi mizati 100 ndi yothandiza? Pali mbali ziwiri pavutoli: beamwidth ndi kachulukidwe kagawo kagawo kakang'ono. Kutalika kwa mtengo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa kutalika komwe kugawidwa ndi mlongoti awiri. Digital phased array antenna akadali ukadaulo wapadera, koma miyeso yothandiza kwambiri imatsimikiziridwa ndi m'lifupi. reflow uvuni (pafupifupi 1m), ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency a wailesi ndikokwera mtengo kwambiri. M'lifupi mwake mu gulu la Ka-band ndi pafupifupi 1 cm, pomwe mtandawo uyenera kukhala 0,01 radian - ndi sipekitiramu m'lifupi pa 50% ya matalikidwe. Kungotengera mbali yolimba ya 1 steradian (yofanana ndi kuphimba kwa lens ya kamera ya 50mm), ndiye kuti mizati 2500 ingakhale yokwanira mderali. Linearity amatanthauza kuti matabwa a 2500 angafune zinthu zosachepera 2500 za antenna mkati mwa gululo, zomwe ndizotheka, ngakhale zovuta kuzikwaniritsa. Ndipo zonsezi zidzatentha kwambiri!

Zambiri mpaka 2500, iliyonse yomwe imathandizira 58 Gb/s, ndi chidziwitso chochuluka - kunena pang'ono, ndiye 145 Tb/s. Poyerekeza, kuchuluka kwa anthu pa intaneti mu 2020 akuyembekezeka pa avareji pa 640 Tb/sec. Nkhani yabwino kwa iwo omwe ali ndi nkhawa za kuchepa kwa bandwidth pa intaneti ya satellite. Ngati magulu a nyenyezi 30 ayamba kugwira ntchito pofika 000, kuchuluka kwa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi kungakhale 2026 Tb/sec. Ngati theka la mphamvuzi likanaperekedwa ndi ~ 800 satellites m'madera omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri nthawi ina iliyonse, ndiye kuti chiwongolero chapamwamba pa satelayiti chikanakhala pafupifupi 500 Gbps, yomwe ndi yokwera ka 800 kuposa kuwerengera kwathu koyambirira, mwachitsanzo. kuchuluka kwachuma kumatha kuchuluka nthawi 10.

Kwa satellite munjira ya 330-kilomita, mtengo wa ma radian 0,01 umakwirira dera la 10 sq. km. M'madera okhala ndi anthu ambiri ngati Manhattan, anthu opitilira 300 amakhala mderali. Nanga bwanji ngati onse ayamba kuwonera Netflix nthawi imodzi (000 Mbps mumtundu wa HD)? Pempho lonse la deta lidzakhala 7 GB / sec, yomwe ili pafupifupi nthawi za 2000 malire okhwima omwe alipo panopa ndi FPGA serial interface. Pali njira ziwiri zochotsera izi, yomwe imodzi yokha ndi yotheka mwakuthupi.

Yoyamba ndikuyika ma satelayiti ochulukirapo kuti nthawi ina iliyonse pakhale oposa 35 akulendewera m'malo ofunikira kwambiri. Ngati titenganso 1 steradian kudera lovomerezeka lakumwamba komanso kutalika kwapakati kwa 400 km, timapeza kachulukidwe kamagulu a 0,0002 / sq. padziko lonse lapansi. Tikumbukire kuti mayendedwe osankhidwa a SpaceX amachulukitsa kwambiri madera okhala ndi anthu ambiri mkati mwa madigiri 100 mpaka 000 kumpoto, ndipo tsopano kuchuluka kwa ma satellite 20 kukuwoneka ngati zamatsenga.

Lingaliro lachiwiri ndi lozizira kwambiri, koma, zomvetsa chisoni, ndizosatheka. Kumbukirani kuti kutalika kwa mtengowo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi m'lifupi mwa mlongoti wotsatizana. Nanga bwanji ngati masanjidwe angapo pama satellite angapo ataphatikiza mphamvu kuti apange mtengo wocheperako - monga ma telescope a wailesi monga chonchi VLA (dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri la mlongoti)? Njirayi imabwera ndi vuto limodzi: maziko pakati pa ma satelayiti adzafunika kuwerengedwa mosamala-ndi kulondola kwa submillimeter-kuti akhazikitse gawo la mtengowo. Ndipo ngakhale izi zikanakhala zotheka, mtengo wotsatirawo ukanakhala wokayikitsa kukhala ndi ma lobe am'mbali, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nyenyezi za satelayiti kumwamba. Pansi, m'lifupi mwake mtengowo umakhala wocheperako mpaka mamilimita angapo (okwanira kutsatira mlongoti wa foni yam'manja), koma pangakhale mamiliyoni ambiri chifukwa cha kufooka kwapakatikati. Zikomo temberero la gulu la tinyanga tating'onoting'ono.

Zinapezeka kuti kulekanitsidwa kwa mayendedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - pambuyo pake, ma satelayiti amatalikirana mlengalenga - kumapereka kusintha kokwanira kopitilira popanda kuphwanya malamulo afizikiki.

Ntchito

Kodi mbiri yamakasitomala a Starlink ndi chiyani? Mwachikhazikitso, awa ndi mazana mamiliyoni a ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi tinyanga kukula kwa mabokosi a pizza padenga lawo, koma palinso magwero ena opeza ndalama zambiri.

Kumadera akumidzi ndi akumidzi, malo ochitirapo masewerawa safuna tinyanga tating'onoting'ono kuti tiwonjezere kuwala, kotero kuti zida zing'onozing'ono zolembetsa zimakhala zotheka, kuchokera ku ma tracker amtundu wa IoT kupita ku ma satellite a m'manja, ma beacons kapena zida zasayansi zotsata nyama.

M'madera akumidzi, Starlink ipereka zoyambira ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera pamanetiweki am'manja. Chinsanja chilichonse cha cell chikhoza kukhala ndi malo ogwirira ntchito kwambiri pamwamba, koma gwiritsani ntchito magetsi oyambira pansi kuti akulitse komanso kutumiza mailosi omaliza.

Pomaliza, ngakhale m'malo omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri panthawi yotulutsidwa koyambirira, kugwiritsa ntchito ma satellite otsika omwe ali ndi latency yotsika ndikotheka. Makampani azachuma amayika ndalama zambiri m'manja mwanu - kungopeza zofunikira kuchokera kumakona onse adziko lapansi mwachangu pang'ono. Ndipo ngakhale deta kudzera pa Starlink ili ndi ulendo wautali kuposa nthawi zonse - kudutsa danga - liwiro la kufalikira kwa kuwala mu vacuum ndilokwera 50% kuposa galasi la quartz, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu potumiza mtunda wautali.

Zotsatira zoyipa

Gawo lomaliza likunena za zotsatira zoyipa. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuchotsani malingaliro aliwonse olakwika okhudza polojekitiyi, ndipo zotsatirapo zoyipa za mikangano ndizo zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Ndipereka zambiri, ndikupewa kutanthauzira kosafunika. Sindinebe clairvoyant, ndipo ndilibe olowera ku SpaceX.

M'malingaliro anga, zotulukapo zowopsa kwambiri zimabwera pakuwonjezeka kwa intaneti. Ngakhale kumudzi kwathu ku Pasadena, mzinda wokongola komanso waukadaulo wokhala ndi anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni omwe amakhala ndi malo angapo owonera, mayunivesite apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, ndi malo akulu a NASA, zosankha pankhani ya mautumiki a pa intaneti ndizochepa. Kudera lonse la US ndi dziko lonse lapansi, intaneti yasanduka ntchito yobwereketsa, pomwe ma ISPs amangoyesa kupanga $50 miliyoni pamwezi m'malo abwino, osapikisana. Mwina, ntchito iliyonse yoperekedwa ku nyumba zogona ndi nyumba zogona ndi ntchito ya anthu wamba, koma ntchito zapaintaneti sizofanana ndi madzi, magetsi kapena gasi.

Vuto la momwe zinthu ziliri ndizomwe, mosiyana ndi madzi, magetsi kapena gasi, intaneti ikadali yachichepere ndipo ikukula mwachangu. Nthawi zonse tikupeza zatsopano zogwiritsa ntchito. Zinthu zosintha kwambiri sizinapezekebe, koma mapulani a phukusi amalepheretsa kuthekera kwa mpikisano ndi luso. Anthu mabiliyoni ambiri atsala kusintha kwa digito chifukwa cha kubadwa, kapena chifukwa dziko lawo liri kutali kwambiri ndi njira ya chingwe chapansi pamadzi. Intaneti imaperekedwabe kumadera akuluakulu a dziko lapansi ndi ma satellites a geostationary, pamitengo yachinyengo.

Starlink, yomwe imafalitsa mosalekeza intaneti kuchokera kumwamba, ikuphwanya chitsanzo ichi. Sindikudziwa njira ina yabwino yolumikizira anthu mabiliyoni ambiri pa intaneti. SpaceX yatsala pang'ono kukhala wothandizira pa intaneti komanso, mwina, kampani yapaintaneti yomwe imapikisana ndi Google ndi Facebook. Ine kubetcherana inu simunaganize za izi.

Sizodziwikiratu kuti satellite Internet ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri. SpaceX ndi SpaceX yokhayo yomwe ili ndi mwayi wopanga ma satelayiti ambiri mwachangu, chifukwa idangotha ​​zaka khumi ndikuphwanya ulamuliro wankhondo ndi boma pakukhazikitsa ndege. Ngakhale Iridium ikadakhala yoposa mafoni am'manja pamsika kakhumi, sikanakwanitsa kutengera kutengera anthu ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zoyambira zachikhalidwe. Popanda SpaceX ndi mtundu wake wapadera wamabizinesi, pali mwayi woti intaneti yapadziko lonse lapansi satanena sizingachitike.

Kugunda kwakukulu kwachiwiri kudzakhala ku zakuthambo. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma satelayiti 60 oyambirira a Starlink, panali chidzudzulo chochokera ku gulu la zakuthambo lapadziko lonse lapansi, ponena kuti kuchuluka kwa ma satelayiti ochulukitsa kambirimbiri kudzawalepheretsa kupita kumwamba usiku. Pali mwambi wakuti: Pakati pa akatswiri a zakuthambo, imene ili ndi telesikopu yaikulu kwambiri ndiyo yozizira kwambiri. Popanda kukokomeza, kuchita zakuthambo m'nthawi yamakono ndi ntchito yovuta, kukumbukira kulimbana kosalekeza kukonzanso khalidwe la kusanthula motsutsana ndi kukula kwa kuwonongeka kwa kuwala ndi magwero ena a phokoso.

Chinthu chomaliza chomwe katswiri wa zakuthambo amafunikira ndi ma satelayiti owala masauzande ambiri akuthwanima molunjika pa telesikopu. Zowonadi, gulu la nyenyezi loyamba la Iridium lidadziwika bwino popanga "flare" chifukwa cha mapanelo akulu omwe amawonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kumadera ang'onoang'ono a Dziko Lapansi. Zinachitika kuti anafika kuwala kwa kotala la Mwezi ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale mwangozi kuonongeka masensa tcheru zakuthambo. Mantha oti Starlink adzaukira magulu a wailesi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zakuthambo wa wailesi nawonso alibe maziko.

Mukatsitsa pulogalamu ya satana, mutha kuwona masatilaiti ambiri akuwuluka m'mlengalenga madzulo opanda mitambo. Masetilaiti amawonekera dzuŵa litaloŵa komanso m’bandakucha, koma kokha akaunikiridwa ndi cheza cha dzuŵa. Pambuyo pake usiku, ma satellites sawoneka mumthunzi wa Dziko lapansi. Zing'onozing'ono, zakutali kwambiri, zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri. Pali mwayi woti abisa nyenyezi yakutali kwa mphindi zosachepera millisecond, koma ndikuganiza kuti ngakhale kuzindikira izi kudzakhala hemorrhoid.

Nkhawa zamphamvu zokhudzana ndi kuunikira kwa mlengalenga zinachokera ku mfundo yakuti kusanjikiza kwa ma satelayiti a kukhazikitsidwa koyamba kunamangidwa pafupi ndi terminator ya Earth, i.e. Usiku ndi usiku, ku Ulaya - ndipo kunali chilimwe - kumayang'ana chithunzi chapamwamba cha ma satelayiti akuwuluka mlengalenga madzulo madzulo. Kupitilira apo, zoyerekeza kutengera malipoti a FCC zidawonetsa kuti ma satelayiti omwe ali pamtunda wa 1150 km amawonekera ngakhale mdima wa zakuthambo utatha. Kawirikawiri, madzulo amadutsa magawo atatu: Civil, Maritime ndi Astronomical, i.e. pamene dzuwa ndi 6, 12 ndi 18 madigiri pansi pa chizimezime, motero. Kumapeto kwa mdima wa zakuthambo, kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakhala pafupifupi makilomita 650 kuchokera pamwamba pa zenith, kupitirira mlengalenga ndi malo otsika kwambiri a Earth. Kutengera deta kuchokera Webusayiti ya Starlink, Ndikukhulupirira kuti ma satellites onse adzaikidwa pamalo okwera pansi pa 600 km. Pamenepa, zikanawoneka madzulo, koma osati pambuyo pa usiku, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu yokhudzana ndi zakuthambo.

Vuto lachitatu ndi zinyalala zomwe zili munjira. MU post yapitayi Ndidawonetsa kuti ma satelayiti ndi zinyalala pansi pa 600 km zidzatuluka munjira mkati mwa zaka zingapo - chifukwa cha kukoka kwa mlengalenga, kuchepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwa Kessler syndrome. SpaceX ikusokoneza dothi ngati kuti sasamala kanthu za zonyansa za mumlengalenga. Apa ndikuyang'ana tsatanetsatane wa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Starlink, ndipo ndikuvutika kulingalira njira yabwinoko yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala mu orbit.

Ma satellites amathamangitsidwa kumtunda wa 350 km, ndiye, pogwiritsa ntchito injini zomangidwa, amawulukira kumalo omwe akufuna. Setilaiti iliyonse yomwe imafa potsegulira idzakhala itachoka mkati mwa milungu ingapo, ndipo sidzakhala ikuzungulira kwinakwake kumtunda kwa zaka chikwi zikubwerazi. Kuyika uku kumafuna kuyesa kulowa kwaulere. Kupitilira apo, ma satelayiti a Starlink amakhala athyathyathya m'magawo opingasa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akataya kuwongolera, amalowa mumlengalenga.

Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti SpaceX idakhala mpainiya mu zakuthambo pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina yoyikira m'malo mwa squibs. Pafupifupi malo onse otsegulira amagwiritsa ntchito squibs poyika magawo, ma satellites, fairings, etc., etc., potero akuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala. SpaceX imachotsanso dala masitepe apamwamba kuchokera ku orbit, kuwalepheretsa kuti asagwedezeke mumlengalenga kwamuyaya, kuti asawonongeke ndi kuwonongeka mu malo ovuta kwambiri.

Pomaliza, nkhani yomaliza yomwe ndikufuna kutchula ndi mwayi woti SpaceX ichotse zomwe zilipo pa intaneti popanga zake. Mu niche yake, SpaceX imayang'anira kale kukhazikitsidwa. Chikhumbo chokha cha maboma omwe amapikisana nawo kuti apeze mwayi wopezeka m'mlengalenga chimalepheretsa mizinga yokwera mtengo komanso yakale, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasonkhanitsidwa ndi makontrakitala akuluakulu oteteza chitetezo kuti asatayidwe.

Sizovuta kulingalira SpaceX ikukhazikitsa 2030 ya ma satelayiti ake chaka chilichonse mu 6000, kuphatikiza ma satellite angapo aukazitape chifukwa cha nthawi zakale. Ma satellites otsika mtengo komanso odalirika SpaceX adzagulitsa "malo osungira" pazida zachitatu. Yunivesite iliyonse yomwe imatha kupanga kamera yogwiritsa ntchito malo idzatha kuyiyambitsa mozungulira popanda kunyamula mtengo womanga nsanja yonse yamlengalenga. Ndi mwayi woterewu komanso wopanda malire wopita kumlengalenga, Starlink imalumikizidwa kale ndi ma satelayiti, pomwe opanga mbiri akukhala chinthu chakale.

Mbiri ili ndi zitsanzo zamakampani oganiza zamtsogolo omwe adakhala pamsika waukulu kwambiri kotero kuti mayina awo adakhala mayina apanyumba: Hoover, Westinghouse, Kleenex, Google, Frisbee, Xerox, Kodak, Motorola, IBM.

Vuto likhoza kubwera pamene kampani ya upainiya ikuchita zinthu zotsutsana ndi mpikisano pofuna kusunga msika wake, ngakhale kuti izi zakhala zikuloledwa kuyambira Purezidenti Reagan. SpaceX ikhoza kusunga ulamuliro wake wa Starlink, kukakamiza opanga magulu ena a satana kuti akhazikitse ma satellite pa roketi zakale za Soviet. Zofanana zomwe zachitika Kampani ya United Aircraft and Transportation, pamodzi ndi kukonza mitengo ya zonyamula makalata, zinachititsa kuti chigwere mu 1934. Mwamwayi, SpaceX ndiyokayikitsa kukhalabe yokhazikika pamiyala yogwiritsidwanso ntchito kwamuyaya.

Chowonjezeranso ndichakuti kutumizidwa kwa SpaceX kwa ma satelayiti otsika kwambiri kumatha kupangidwa ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi commons. Kampani yabizinesi, yomwe ikufunafuna zopindulitsa, ikutenga umwini wanthawi zonse wa malo omwe anthu amafikirako komanso osagwira ntchito. Ndipo ngakhale zatsopano za SpaceX zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga ndalama popanda kanthu, zambiri zanzeru za SpaceX zidamangidwa ndi mabiliyoni a madola muzofufuza.

Kumbali imodzi, timafunikira malamulo omwe angateteze ndalama zachinsinsi, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko. Popanda chitetezo chimenechi, opanga nzeru sangathe kupereka ndalama zothandizira ntchito zazikulu kapena kusuntha makampani awo kumalo kumene chitetezo choterocho chidzaperekedwa kwa iwo. Mulimonsemo, anthu amavutika chifukwa phindu silinapangidwe. Kumbali ina, tikufunika malamulo omwe adzateteze anthu, eni ake azinthu zodziwika bwino kuphatikiza mlengalenga, ku mabungwe omwe akufuna lendi omwe amawonjezera katundu wa boma. Payokha, palibe chimodzi kapena china chilichonse chomwe chili chowona kapena chotheka. Zochitika za SpaceX zimapereka mwayi wopeza malo apakati pamsika watsopanowu. Tidzamvetsetsa kuti zapezeka pamene tikukulitsa maulendo azinthu zatsopano komanso kupanga chitukuko cha anthu.

Malingaliro omaliza

Ndinalemba nkhaniyi nditangomaliza ina - za Starship. Kwakhala sabata yotentha. Onse Starship ndi Starlink ndi matekinoloje osinthika omwe akupangidwa pamaso pathu, m'moyo wathu. Ndikawona zidzukulu zanga zikukula, adzadabwa kwambiri kuti ndine wamkulu kuposa Starlink, osati kuti pamene ndinali mwana kunalibe mafoni a m'manja (zowonetsera zakale) kapena intaneti yapagulu.

Olemera ndi asitikali akhala akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti ya satellite kwa nthawi yayitali, koma Starlink yopezeka paliponse, wamba komanso yotsika mtengo popanda Starship ndizosatheka.

Akhala akulankhula za kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma Starship, nsanja yotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa, sizingatheke popanda Starlink.

Kufufuza kwa malo opangidwa ndi anthu kwanenedwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo ngati ... woyendetsa ndege wandege ndi neurosurgeon, ndiye muli ndi kuwala kobiriwira. Ndi Starship ndi Starlink, kufufuza malo aumunthu ndizotheka, pafupi-fupi mtsogolo, kungoponya mwala kuchokera kumalo ozungulira kupita kumizinda yolemera kwambiri.

Source: www.habr.com