Periodic tebulo pasukulu sayansi yamakompyuta

(Makadi owongolera)
(Yoperekedwa ku Chaka Chapadziko Lonse cha Periodic Table of Chemical Elements)
(Zowonjezera zaposachedwa zidapangidwa pa Epulo 8, 2019. Mndandanda wazowonjezera uli pansipa pansipa)

(Maluwa a Mendeleev, Kuchokera)

Ndikukumbukira kuti tinadutsa bakha. Awa anali maphunziro atatu nthawi imodzi: geography, sayansi ya chilengedwe ndi Russian. M’phunziro la sayansi, bakha ankaphunziridwa ngati bakha, mapiko omwe ali nawo, miyendo yake, mmene amasambira, ndi zina zotero. Mu phunziro la geography, bakha yemweyo adaphunziridwa ngati wokhala padziko lonse lapansi: kunali koyenera kusonyeza pamapu kumene amakhala ndi kumene kulibe. M’Chirasha, Serafima Petrovna anatiphunzitsa kulemba “u-t-k-a” ndi kuŵerenga za abakha ku Brem. M'kupita kwanthawi, adatidziwitsa kuti mu Chijeremani bakha ali chonchi, komanso mu French monga chonchi. Ndikuganiza kuti idatchedwa "njira yovuta" kalelo. M'malo mwake, zonse zidachitika "monga".

Veniamin Kaverin, Atsogoleri awiri

M'mawu omwe ali pamwambawa, Veniamin Kaverin adawonetsa mwaluso zofooka za njira yophunzitsira yovuta, komabe, muzochitika zina (mwina zosawerengeka), zinthu za njirayi ndizovomerezeka. Nkhani imodzi yotereyi ndi tebulo la nthawi ya D. I. Mendeleev pamaphunziro a sayansi yamakompyuta. Ntchito ya mapulogalamu a automation zochita ndi periodic tebulo ndi bwino kwa ana asukulu amene ayamba kuphunzira umagwirira, ndipo lagawidwa mu ambiri mmene mankhwala ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mkati mwa sayansi yamakompyuta, ntchitoyi imatithandiza kusonyeza m'njira yosavuta njira yoyendetsera makadi, yomwe ingakhale chifukwa cha zojambulajambula, zomwe zimamveka m'lingaliro lalikulu la mawu monga mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito zojambulajambula.

(Epulo 8, 2019 zowonjezera zidapangidwa:
Zowonjezera 1: Momwe Chemistry Calculator Imagwirira Ntchito
Zowonjezera 2: zitsanzo za ntchito zosefera)

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi ntchito yoyambira. Muzochitika zosavuta, tebulo la periodic liyenera kuwonetsedwa pazenera mu mawonekedwe a zenera, pomwe mu selo iliyonse padzakhala chizindikiro cha mankhwala: H - hydrogen, He - helium, ndi zina zotero. Ngati cholozera cha mbewa chikuloza ku selo, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe a chinthucho ndi nambala yake amawonetsedwa pagawo lapadera pa mawonekedwe athu. Ngati wosuta akanikizira LMB, ndiye kuti dzina ndi nambala ya chinthu chosankhidwachi zidzawonetsedwa m'gawo lina la fomuyo.

Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chilichonse chapadziko lonse lapansi. Titenga Delpi-7 yosavuta yakale, yomwe imamveka pafupifupi aliyense. Koma musanayambe kupanga PL, tiyeni tijambule zithunzi ziwiri, mwachitsanzo, mu Photoshop. Choyamba, tiyeni tijambule Periodic Table mu mawonekedwe omwe tikufuna kuti tiwone mu pulogalamuyi. Sungani zotsatira mu fayilo yojambula table01.bmp.

Kwa chojambula chachiwiri timagwiritsa ntchito choyamba. Tidzadzaza motsatizana ma cell a tebulo, ochotsedwa pazithunzi zonse, ndi mitundu yapadera mu mtundu wa RGB. R ndi G adzakhala nthawi zonse 0, ndi B = 1 wa haidrojeni, 2 wa helium, ndi zina zotero. Chojambulachi chidzakhala khadi lathu lolamulira, lomwe tidzasunga mu fayilo yotchedwa table2.bmp.

Gawo loyamba la zojambulajambula mu Photoshop latha. Tiyeni tipitirire ku mapulogalamu a GUI mu Delpi-7 IDE. Kuti muchite izi, tsegulani polojekiti yatsopano, pomwe pa fomu yayikulu timayika batani la zokambirana (tableDlg), momwe ntchito ndi tebulo idzachitika. Kenako timagwira ntchito ndi fomu tableDlg.

Ikani gawo la kalasi pa fomu Chithunzi. Timapeza Chithunzi1. Dziwani kuti nthawi zambiri, pama projekiti akuluakulu, mayina amapangidwa okha ChithunziNkumene N akhoza kufika khumi ndi awiri kapena kuposerapo - iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mapulogalamu, ndipo mayina omveka bwino ayenera kuperekedwa. Koma mu polojekiti yathu yaying'ono, pomwe N sichingapitirire 2, mutha kuyisiya ngati yapangidwa.

Ku katundu Chithunzi1.Chithunzi kweza fayilo table01.bmp. Timalenga Chithunzi2 ndikunyamula khadi lathu lowongolera pamenepo table2.bmp. Pankhaniyi, timapanga fayilo kukhala yaying'ono komanso yosawoneka kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, monga momwe tawonetsera pakona yakumanzere kwa mawonekedwe. Timawonjezera zinthu zina zowongolera, zomwe cholinga chake ndi chodziwikiratu. Gawo lachiwiri la zojambulajambula za GUI mu Delpi-7 IDE zatha.

Tiyeni tipite ku gawo lachitatu - kulemba code mu Delpi-7 IDE. Mutuwu uli ndi osamalira zochitika zisanu zokha: kupanga mawonekedwe (FormCreate), kuyenda kwa cholozera Chithunzi1 (Image1MouseMove), kudina LMB pa cell (Image1Dinani) ndikutuluka pazokambirana pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani a OK (OKBtnClickkapena Kuletsa (CancelBtnClick). Mitu ya othandizira awa imapangidwa mwanjira yokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito IDE.

Module source code:

unit tableUnit;
// Периодическая таблица химических элементов Д.И.Менделеева
//
// third112
// https://habr.com/ru/users/third112/
//
// Оглавление
// 1) создание формы
// 2) работа с таблицей: указание и выбор
// 3) выход из диалога

interface

uses Windows, SysUtils, Classes, Graphics, Forms, Controls, StdCtrls, 
  Buttons, ExtCtrls;

const
 size = 104; // число элементов
 
type
 TtableDlg = class(TForm)
    OKBtn: TButton;
    CancelBtn: TButton;
    Bevel1: TBevel;
    Image1: TImage;  //таблица химических элементов
    Label1: TLabel;
    Image2: TImage;  //управляющая карта
    Label2: TLabel;
    Edit1: TEdit;
    procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject); // создание формы
    procedure Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState; X,
      Y: Integer);                        // указание клетки
    procedure Image1Click(Sender: TObject); // выбор клетки
    procedure OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);  // OK
    procedure CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject); // Cancel
  private
    { Private declarations }
    TableSymbols : array [1..size] of string [2]; // массив обозначений элементов
  public
    { Public declarations }
    selectedElement : string; // выбранный элемент
    currNo : integer;         // текущий номер элемента
  end;

var
  tableDlg: TtableDlg;

implementation

{$R *.dfm}

const
PeriodicTableStr1=
'HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKrRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLa';
PeriodicTableStr2='CePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu';
PeriodicTableStr3='HfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAc';
PeriodicTableStr4='ThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrKu ';

// создание формы  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
// создание формы
var
  s : string;
  i,j : integer;
begin
  currNo := 0;
// инициализация массива обозначений элементов:
  s := PeriodicTableStr1+ PeriodicTableStr2+PeriodicTableStr3+PeriodicTableStr4;
  j := 1;
  for i :=1 to size do
   begin
     TableSymbols [i] := s[j];
     inc (j);
     if s [j] in ['a'..'z'] then
      begin
        TableSymbols [i] := TableSymbols [i]+ s [j];
        inc (j);
      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate ____________________________________________________

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор =========================================

procedure TtableDlg.Image1MouseMove(Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState;
  X, Y: Integer);
// указание клетки
var
  sl : integer;
begin
  sl := GetBValue(Image2.Canvas.Pixels [x,y]);
  if sl in [1..size] then
   begin
    Label1.Caption := intToStr (sl)+ ' '+TableSymbols [sl];
    currNo := sl;
   end
  else
    Label1.Caption := 'Select element:';
end; // Image1MouseMove   ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.Image1Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
  if currNo <> 0 then
   begin
    selectedElement := TableSymbols [currNo];
    Label2.Caption := intToStr (currNo)+ ' '+selectedElement+ ' selected';
    Edit1.Text := selectedElement;
   end;
end; // Image1Click  ____________________________________________________

// выход из диалога  ==================================================

procedure TtableDlg.OKBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
    selectedElement := Edit1.Text;
    hide;
end;  // OKBtnClick ____________________________________________________

procedure TtableDlg.CancelBtnClick(Sender: TObject);
begin
  hide;
end;  // CancelBtnClick ____________________________________________________

end.

Mu mtundu wathu, tidatenga tebulo la zinthu 104 (nthawi zonse kukula). Mwachiwonekere kukula uku kungawonjezeke. Matchulidwe azinthu (zizindikiro zamankhwala) amalembedwa kumagulu angapo TableSymbols. Komabe, pazifukwa za kuphatikizika kwa code source, zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera kulemba mndandanda wa zolembazi mu mawonekedwe a zingwe zokhazikika. PeriodicTableStr1..., PeriodicTableStr4kotero kuti pamene mawonekedwe apangidwa, pulogalamuyo imabalalitsa mayinawa pakati pa zinthu za gululo. Chilembo chilichonse chimakhala ndi chilembo chimodzi kapena ziwiri zachilatini, ndipo chilembo choyamba chimakhala chachikulu ndipo chachiwiri (ngati chilipo) chaching'ono. Lamulo losavutali likugwiritsidwa ntchito pokweza mndandanda. Choncho, ndondomeko ya notation ingalembedwe mwachidule popanda mipata. Kuphwanya mndandanda mu magawo anayi (constants PeriodicTableStr1..., PeriodicTableStr4) ndi chifukwa cha kulingalira kosavuta kuwerenga kachidindo kochokera, chifukwa Mzere womwe ndi wautali kwambiri sungakhale pa zenera.

Pamene cholozera cha mbewa chimayenda pamwamba pa Chithunzi1 wogwira ntchito Image1MouseMove chochitika ichi chimatsimikizira mtengo wa buluu mtundu chigawo cha ulamuliro khadi pixel Chithunzi2 kwa ma coordinates apano. Mwa kumanga Chithunzi2 mtengo uwu ndi wofanana ndi nambala ya chinthu ngati cholozera chiri mkati mwa selo; ziro ngati pamalire, ndi 255 nthawi zina. Zochita zotsala zomwe zimachitidwa ndi pulogalamuyi ndi zazing'ono ndipo sizifuna kufotokozera.

Kuphatikiza pa njira zopangira ma stylistic zomwe tazilemba pamwambapa, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kalembedwe ka ndemanga. Kunena zowona, kachidindo komwe kakambidwako ndi kakang'ono komanso kosavuta kotero kuti ndemanga sizikuwoneka ngati zofunikira. Komabe, adawonjezedwanso pazifukwa zamakina - kachidindo kakang'ono kamene kamatilola kupanga ziganizo zina momveka bwino. Mu code yomwe yaperekedwa kalasi imodzi imalengezedwa (TtableDlg). Njira za kalasiyi zitha kusinthidwa ndipo izi sizingakhudze magwiridwe antchito mwanjira iliyonse, koma zitha kusokoneza kuwerenga kwake. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zotsatirazi:

OKBtnClick, Image1MouseMove, FormCreate, Image1Click, CancelBtnClick.

Mwina sizingawonekere, koma zidzakhala zovuta kuziwerenga ndi kuzimvetsa. Ngati palibe njira zisanu, koma nthawi zambiri mu gawoli kukhazikitsa ali ndi dongosolo losiyana kotheratu kuposa momwe amafotokozera m'kalasi, ndiye kuti chisokonezo chidzangowonjezeka. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuli kovuta kutsimikizira mosamalitsa ndipo mwina kungakhale kosatheka, munthu atha kuyembekeza kuti kuyambitsa dongosolo lowonjezera kumapangitsa kuwerengeka kwa code. Dongosolo lowonjezerali limayendetsedwa ndi gulu lomveka la njira zingapo zomwe zimagwira ntchito zogwirizana. Gulu lirilonse lipatsidwe mutu wake, mwachitsanzo:

// работа с таблицей: указание и выбор

Mitu imeneyi iyenera kukopera koyambirira kwa gawoli ndi kukonzedwa ngati mndandanda wa zomwe zili mkati. Nthawi zina ma module aatali, zomwe zili mkatizi zimapereka njira zina zoyendera. Mofananamo, mu thupi lalitali la njira imodzi, ndondomeko kapena ntchito, ndizofunika, choyamba, kuwonetsa mapeto a thupi ili:

end; // FormCreate

ndipo, chachiwiri, m'mawu anthambi okhala ndi mabulaketi a pulogalamu amayamba - kutha, lembani mawu omwe bulaketi yotseka ikunena:

      end; // if s [j] in
   end; // for i :=1
end; // FormCreate

Kuti muwunikire mitu yamagulu ndi malekezero a magulu a njira, mutha kuwonjezera mizere yayitali kuposa mawu ambiri ndipo imakhala, mwachitsanzo, ya zilembo "=" ndi "_", motsatana.
Apanso, tiyenera kusungitsa malo: chitsanzo chathu ndi chosavuta. Ndipo ngati kachidindo ka njira sikukwanira pa zenera limodzi, zimakhala zovuta kumvetsetsa malekezero asanu ndi limodzi motsatizana kuti musinthe ma code. M'magulu ena akale, mwachitsanzo, Pascal 8000 ya OS IBM 360/370, gawo lautumiki ngati ili lidasindikizidwa kumanzere pamndandanda.

B5
…
E5

Izi zikutanthauza kuti kutsekera kwa makolo pa mzere E5 kumagwirizana ndi zoyambira zoyambira pamzere B5.

Zoonadi, kalembedwe ka mapulogalamu ndi nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri, choncho malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa apa sayenera kutengedwa ngati chakudya chokha. Zitha kukhala zovuta kwa opanga mapulogalamu awiri odziwa bwino ntchito, omwe apanga ndi kuzolowera masitayilo osiyanasiyana pazaka zambiri zantchito, kuti agwirizane. Ndi nkhani yosiyana kwa wophunzira kuphunzira pulogalamu yemwe sanakhale ndi nthawi yopezera kalembedwe kake. Ndikuganiza kuti pamenepa mphunzitsi ayenera kufotokozera ophunzira ake lingaliro losavuta, koma losadziwikiratu kwa iwo kuti kupambana kwa pulogalamu kumatengera kalembedwe kamene kalembedwe kameneka. Wophunzira sangatsatire sitayilo yovomerezeka, koma mloleni iye aganizire za kufunikira kwa "zowonjezera" zochita kukonza mapangidwe a code code.

Kubwerera ku vuto lathu loyamba pa Periodic Table: kupititsa patsogolo kungathe kupita mbali zosiyanasiyana. Mmodzi mwa mayendedwe ake ndi oti afotokozere: mukamayendetsa cholozera cha mbewa pamwamba pa tebulo, zenera lazidziwitso limawonekera lomwe lili ndi zina zowonjezera pazomwe zatchulidwa. Kupititsa patsogolo ndi zosefera. Mwachitsanzo, kutengera kuyika, zenera lazidziwitso lidzakhala ndi: chidziwitso chofunikira kwambiri chakuthupi ndi chamankhwala, chidziwitso chambiri chopezeka, chidziwitso pakugawa m'chilengedwe, mndandanda wazinthu zofunika kwambiri (zomwe zimaphatikizapo chinthu ichi), physiological properties, dzina m'chinenero chachilendo, etc. e. Kukumbukira "bakha" Kaverin limene nkhani ino ikuyamba, tinganene kuti ndi chitukuko cha pulogalamuyi tidzapeza maphunziro zovuta mu sayansi zachilengedwe: kuwonjezera pa kompyuta. sayansi, physics ndi chemistry - biology, economic geography, mbiri ya sayansi komanso zilankhulo zakunja.

Koma nkhokwe yakumaloko si malire. Pulogalamuyi imalumikizana ndi intaneti mwachilengedwe. Mukasankha chinthu, ulalo umatsegulidwa, ndipo nkhani ya Wikipedia yokhudza chinthuchi imatsegulidwa pazenera la msakatuli. Wikipedia, monga mukudziwa, si gwero lovomerezeka. Mutha kukhazikitsa maulalo kumagwero ovomerezeka, mwachitsanzo, encyclopedia yamankhwala, TSB, magazini osamveka, kuyitanitsa mafunso mumainjini osakira pazinthu izi, ndi zina zambiri. Kuti. Ophunzira azitha kumaliza ntchito zosavuta koma zomveka pa DBMS ndi mitu ya intaneti.

Kuphatikiza pa mafunso pa chinthu chimodzi, mutha kupanga magwiridwe antchito omwe, mwachitsanzo, amalemba ma cell patebulo omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zina ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zitsulo ndi zopanda zitsulo. Kapena ma cell omwe amaponyedwa m'madzi ndi chomera cham'deralo.

Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito za wolemba mabuku. Mwachitsanzo, onetsani mutebulo zinthu zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu mayeso. Kenako onetsani zinthu zomwe wophunzirayo waphunzira/zobwereza pokonzekera mayeso.

Ndipo apa, mwachitsanzo, ndi amodzi mwamavuto omwe amachitikira kusukulu:

Anapatsidwa 10 g choko. Ndi hydrochloric acid yochuluka bwanji yomwe iyenera kumwedwa kuti isungunuke choko chonsechi?

Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, m'pofunika kulemba chemu. zochita ndikuyika ma coefficients mmenemo, kuwerengera zolemera zama cell a calcium carbonate ndi hydrogen chloride, kenako ndikulemba ndikuthetsa gawolo. Chowerengera chotengera pulogalamu yathu yoyambira chikhoza kuwerengera ndi kuthetsa. Zowona, muyenera kukumbukira kuti asidi ayenera kumwedwa mopitilira muyeso komanso mokhazikika, koma izi ndi chemistry, osati sayansi yamakompyuta.
Zowonjezera 1: Momwe Chemistry Calculator Imagwirira NtchitoTiyeni tiwunike ntchito yowerengera pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha vuto lapamwamba la choko ndi "hodgepodge". Tiyeni tiyambe ndi zomwe anachita:

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O

Kuchokera apa tikuwona kuti tidzafunika kulemera kwa atomiki kwa zinthu zotsatirazi: calcium (Ca), carbon (C), oxygen (O), haidrojeni (H) ndi klorini (Cl). Munjira yosavuta, titha kulemba zolemera izi kukhala gawo limodzi lofotokozedwa ngati

AtomicMass : array [1..size] of real;

pomwe mndandanda wazinthu umagwirizana ndi nambala ya element. Zambiri pa malo aulere a fomu tableDlg ikani minda iwiri. M'munda woyamba adalembedwa kuti: "Reagent yoyamba imaperekedwa", yachiwiri - "Reagent yachiwiri ndikupeza x". Tiyeni titchule minda reagent1, reagent2 motsatana. Zina zowonjezera pa pulogalamuyi zidzamveka bwino kuchokera ku chitsanzo chotsatira cha chowerengera.

Timalemba pa kiyibodi ya pakompyuta: 10 g. Kulemba m'munda reagent1 amasintha: "Reagent yoyamba imapatsidwa 10 g." Tsopano tikulowa chilinganizo cha reagent iyi, ndipo chowerengera chidzawerengera ndikuwonetsa kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyulu mukamalowa.

Dinani LMB pa tebulo la tebulo ndi chizindikiro cha Ca. Kulemba m'munda reagent1 kusintha: "Choyamba choyamba Ca 40.078 chapatsidwa 10 g."

Dinani LMB pa tebulo selo ndi chizindikiro C. Zolemba m'mundamo reagent1 zosintha: "Chothandizira choyamba CaC 52.089 chapatsidwa 10 g." Iwo. Chowerengeracho chinawonjezera kulemera kwa atomiki ya calcium ndi carbon.

Dinani LMB pa tebulo cell ndi chizindikiro O. Kulemba m'munda reagent1 kusintha: "Choyamba chothandizira CaCO 68.088 chapatsidwa 10 g." Chowerengeracho chinawonjezera kulemera kwa atomiki kwa okosijeni ku chiwerengerocho.

Dinani LMB pa tebulo cell ndi chizindikiro O. Kulemba m'munda reagent1 zosintha: "Chothandizira choyamba CaCO2 84.087 chapatsidwa 10 g." Chowerengetseracho chinawonjezeranso kulemera kwa atomiki kwa okosijeni pa chiwerengerocho.

Dinani LMB pa tebulo cell ndi chizindikiro O. Kulemba m'munda reagent1 kusintha: "Choyamba chothandizira CaCO3 100.086 chapatsidwa 10 g." Chowerengeracho chinawonjezeranso kulemera kwa atomiki kwa okosijeni pa chiwerengerocho.

Dinani Enter pa kiyibodi ya pakompyuta yanu. Kutsegulira kwa reagent yoyamba kumamaliza ndikusinthira kumunda reagent2. Onani kuti mu chitsanzo ichi tikupereka zochepa Baibulo. Ngati mungafune, mutha kupanga ma atomu ochulukitsa amtundu womwewo mosavuta, kotero kuti, mwachitsanzo, simuyenera kudina kasanu ndi kawiri motsatana pa cell ya okosijeni mukalowa mu fomula ya chromium (K2Cr2O7).

Dinani LMB pa tebulo selo ndi chizindikiro H. Kulemba m'munda reagent2 zosintha: "Chithandizo chachiwiri H 1.008 pezani x."

Dinani LMB pa tebulo la tebulo ndi chizindikiro cha Cl. Kulemba m'munda reagent2 kusintha: "Chithandizo chachiwiri HCl 36.458 pezani x." Chowerengeracho chinawonjezera zolemera za atomiki za haidrojeni ndi klorini. Mu equation yomwe ili pamwambapa, hydrogen chloride imatsogozedwa ndi koyefiyenti ya 2. Choncho, dinani LMB pamunda. reagent2. Kulemera kwa mamolekyu kumawirikiza kawiri (katatu mukapanikizidwa kawiri, etc.). Kulemba m'munda reagent2 kusintha: "Chithandizo chachiwiri 2HCl 72.916 pezani x."

Dinani Enter pa kiyibodi ya pakompyuta yanu. Kulowa kwa reagent yachiwiri kumalizidwa, ndipo chowerengera chimapeza x kuchokera pagawo

Ndi zomwe timafunikira kuti tipeze.

Onani 1. Tanthauzo la gawo lotsatira: kutha 100.086 Da choko amafuna 72.916 Da asidi, ndipo kuti asungunuke 10 g choko muyenera x asidi.

Onani 2. Zosonkhanitsira zovuta zofanana:

Khomchenko I. G., Kutolere mavuto ndi ntchito chemistry 2009 (makalasi 8-11).
Khomchenko G. P., Khomchenko I. G., Kutoleretsa mavuto mu chemistry kwa ofunsira ku mayunivesite, 2019.

Onani 3. Kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yosavuta, mutha kusavuta kulowa kwa fomula mu mtundu woyamba ndikungowonjezera chizindikiro cha chinthu kumapeto kwa mzerewu. Ndiye chilinganizo cha calcium carbonate chidzakhala:
CaCOOO
Koma mphunzitsi wa chemistry sangakonde kujambula kotere. Sikovuta kupanga cholowera choyenera - kuti muchite izi muyenera kuwonjezera mndandanda:

formula : array [1..size] of integer;

kumene index ndi nambala ya chinthu cha mankhwala, ndipo mtengo pa index iyi ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu (poyamba zinthu zonse za gululo zimasinthidwa kukhala ziro). Dongosolo lomwe maatomu amalembedwa mu chilinganizo, monga amatengera mu chemistry, ayenera kuganiziridwa. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ochepa angakonde O3CaC mwina. Tiyeni tisinthe udindo kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Kupanga mndandanda:

 formulaOrder : array [1..size] of integer; // можно взять покороче

pomwe timalemba nambala ya chinthu chamankhwala molingana ndi kalozera kawonekedwe kake mu formula. Kuwonjezera atomu currNo mu formula:

if formula [currNo]=0 then //этот атом встретился первый раз
 begin
 orderIndex := orderIndex+1;//в начале ввода формулы orderIndex=0
 formulaOrder [orderIndex] :=  currNo;
 end;
formula [currNo]:=formula [currNo]+1;

Kulemba fomula ku mzere:

s := ''; // пустая строка для формулы
for i:=1 to  orderIndex do // для всех хим.символов в формуле 
 begin
 s:=s+TableSymbols [ formulaOrder[i]];// добавляем хим.символ
 if formula [formulaOrder[i]]<>1 then //добавляем кол-во атомов
  s:=s+ intToStr(formula [formulaOrder[i]]);
 end;

Onani 4. Ndizomveka kupereka mwayi wolowetsa njira ya reagent kuchokera pa kiyibodi. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kukhazikitsa yosavuta parser.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti:

Masiku ano, pali mitundu mazana angapo a tebulo, ndipo asayansi nthawi zonse amapereka zosankha zatsopano. (Wikipedia)

Ophunzira atha kuwonetsa luntha lawo potsatira imodzi mwazosankha zomwe zaperekedwa kale kapena kuyesa kupanga yawoyawo. Zitha kuwoneka kuti iyi ndiye njira yothandiza kwambiri pamaphunziro a sayansi yamakompyuta. Komabe, mu mawonekedwe a Periodic Table yomwe yakhazikitsidwa m'nkhaniyi, ophunzira ena sangaone ubwino wa makadi olamulira pa njira ina pogwiritsa ntchito mabatani wamba. TButton. Maonekedwe ozungulira a tebulo (pomwe maselo ali amitundu yosiyanasiyana) awonetsa bwino kwambiri ubwino wa yankho lomwe laperekedwa pano.

(Njira ina yazinthu ndi Theodore Benfey, Kuchokera)

Tiwonjezenso kuti mapulogalamu angapo apakompyuta omwe alipo a Periodic Table akufotokozedwa posachedwa pa Habré. nkhani.

Zowonjezera 2: zitsanzo za ntchito zoseferaPogwiritsa ntchito zosefera mutha kuthetsa, mwachitsanzo, ntchito zotsatirazi:

1) Sankhani mu tebulo zinthu zonse zodziwika mu Middle Ages.

2) Dziwani zinthu zonse zomwe zidadziwika panthawi yomwe Lamulo la Nthawi Zonse.

3) Dziwani zinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe alchemists amaziwona ngati zitsulo.

4) Sankhani zinthu zonse zomwe zili mu mpweya wabwino (n.s.).

5) Sankhani zinthu zonse zomwe zili mumadzi pa no.

6) Sankhani zinthu zonse zomwe zili zolimba pa no.

7) Sankhani zinthu zonse zomwe zimatha kuwululidwa kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kusintha kowoneka bwino.

8) Sankhani zitsulo zonse zomwe zimasungunuka mu hydrochloric acid.

9) Sankhani zitsulo zonse zomwe zimasungunuka mu sulfuric acid pa no.

10) Sankhani zitsulo zonse zomwe zimasungunuka mu sulfuric acid zikatenthedwa.

11) Sankhani zitsulo zonse zomwe zimasungunuka mu nitric acid.

12) Patulani zitsulo zonse zomwe zimachita mwankhanza ndi madzi pamalo ozungulira.

13) Sankhani zitsulo zonse.

14) Dziwani zinthu zomwe zili zofala m'chilengedwe.

15) Dziwani zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe mwaulere.

16) Dziwani zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pathupi la munthu ndi nyama.

17) Sankhani zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku (mwaulere kapena kuphatikiza).

18) Dziwani zinthu zomwe zili zowopsa kwambiri kuti mugwiritse ntchito ndipo zimafunikira miyeso yapadera ndi zida zodzitetezera.

19) Dziwani zinthu zomwe, mu mawonekedwe aulere kapena mawonekedwe azinthu, zimawopseza kwambiri chilengedwe.

20) Sankhani zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

21) Dziwani zinthu zodula kuposa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

Mfundo

1) Ndizomveka kupereka zosefera zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutsegula fyuluta kuti muthane ndi vuto 1 (zinthu zonse zomwe zimadziwika ku Middle Ages) ndi 20 (zitsulo zamtengo wapatali), ndiye kuti maselo okhala ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali omwe amadziwika m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages adzawonetsedwa (mwachitsanzo, ndi mtundu) ( mwachitsanzo, palladium sidzawonetsedwa, yotsegulidwa mu 1803).

2) Ndizomveka kuonetsetsa kuti zosefera zingapo zimagwira ntchito kotero kuti fyuluta iliyonse imasankha maselo okhala ndi mtundu wake, koma samachotsa kwathunthu kusankha kwa fyuluta ina (gawo la selo mumtundu umodzi, gawo lina). Kenako, pankhani yachitsanzo cham'mbuyomu, zinthu za mphambano za seti zomwe zidapezeka ku Middle Ages ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, komanso zinthu zamtundu woyamba komanso zachiwiri, zidzawoneka. Iwo. zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zosadziwika m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, ndi zinthu zomwe zinkadziwika m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages koma osati zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

3) Ndizomveka mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito fyuluta kuti muwonetsetse mwayi wa ntchito ina ndi zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, pokhala ndi zinthu zosankhidwa zomwe zimadziwika ku Middle Ages, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amadina LMB pa chinthu chomwe chasankhidwa ndipo amapita ku Wikipedia nkhani ya chinthuchi.

4) Ndizomveka kupatsa wogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wosankha podina LMB pa cell yomwe yasankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zawonedwa kale.

5) Ndizomveka kuwonetsetsa kuti mndandanda wa maselo osankhidwa umasungidwa mu fayilo komanso kuti fayilo yotereyi imadzazidwa ndi maselo osankhidwa okha. Izi zidzapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wopuma pantchito.

Tidagwiritsa ntchito mapu osasunthika, odziwikiratu, koma pali ntchito zambiri zofunika pomwe mamapu owongolera omwe amasintha momwe pulogalamu ikuyendera angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Chitsanzo chingakhale graph editor, momwe wosuta amagwiritsa ntchito mbewa kusonyeza malo a vertices pawindo ndi kujambula m'mphepete pakati pawo. Kuti achotse vertex kapena m'mphepete, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kuloza. Koma ngati ndikosavuta kuloza vertex yolembedwa ndi bwalo, ndiye kuti zimakhala zovuta kuloza m'mphepete mwake ndi mzere wopyapyala. Mapu owongolera athandiza apa, pomwe ma vertices ndi m'mphepete amakhala ndi madera ambiri kuposa momwe amawonekera.

Funso losangalatsa la mbali yokhudzana ndi njira yophunzitsira yovutayi ndi yakuti: kodi njirayi ingakhale yothandiza pophunzitsa AI?

Source: www.habr.com